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(zLa ) = (eaL(z) ) = (eaL(z) ) 1z = a(eaL(z) ) eL(z)
= a(e(a1)L(z) ) =
azL
$# .2- # z

x x > 0 a

a
' !)
) .
sin x
cos x
S
w = sin z
-/2
/2
z = Arcsin w
-1
w-
z-
! 1%@
,

cos x =
ex ex
ex + ex
, sin x =
,
2
2
>2

$ x z

$

) -
ez + ez
ez ez
, sin z =
.
2
2
.

$

) " '

" )
$ C
(

"

0 w C cos z = w Z = ez Z 2 +
2wZ + 1 = 0 Z1 , Z2 ,
Z1 = ez

z1,k = log |Z1 | + ArgZ1 + 2k ) k
# Z2
cos z =
w = sin z
-/2
/2
z = Arcsin w
-1
w-
z-
! 11@
#

$
$

(
$

.
$

LAURENT
>9
" 0

$

" Q

. (
$

4

"

$
(

,$
)#
)# Laurent
&
)#

! (an )+

n=0
$
S0 = a0 , S1 = a0 + a1 , Sn =
n

ak = a0 + a1 + . . . + an ,
k=0
- (-
an a0 + a1 + . . . .
n=0
,
$

a C lim Sn = a a !
n+

an = a
(- (
"
n=0
'
(
$ "

. (

n=k
an ak + ak+1 + . . .
>>

ak+n
n=0
" $

-

an b
n=0
bn =
n=0
(aan bbn ).
n=0
! -

n=0
an )(

n=0

bn ) = (
cn )
n=0

c0 = a0 b0 , c1 = a0 b1 + a1 b0 cn = a0 bn + a1 bn1 + . . . + an b0

?
an

|an |
n=0
n=0

'
$ $
$

"
Sn $ Cauchy)
limn,m |Sn Sm | = 0 ) > 0
n0 ()
$
|Sn Sm | = am + am+1 + . . . + an < n > m > n0 ()

,
m = n1

5 - 7

an
n=0
5 an 07 <

1/n

,
n=0 an

5
7
$ ..-
% 53 7 ,

|an | |bn |

5
n > N 7 n=0 bn

n=0 an

LAURENT
, Sn (a) Sn (|a|)
>A
an
n=0
|an |

n=0
lim
n,m+
|Sn (a) Sm (a)| = 0
!- |Sn (a) Sm (a)| |Sn (|a|) Sm (|a|)| )

Cauchy

-
% ' -

$ (

|Sn (|a|) Sm (|a|)| |Sn (|b|) Sm (|b|)|.
E
$

z

az n
, z
+

az n , a = 0,
n=0
@
|z| < 1
a
|z| 1
1z

z n 0
!
$

Sn = a + az + . . . + az n =
az n+1
a
z1
z1
'
|z| < 1 z n+1
lim Sn =
n+
a
.
1z
>:

<
$

$ - $

#
$

) +

( ,

-

"

a
-

,
(a r, a + r) an
(a r, a + r)

$ n) $ an r

$ ,

$ (
$ (- liman
+
,
n=0 an @

n
, lim |an | < 1

, lim n |an | > 1
$ ..2
,

( $ n |an | <
|an | < ||n ) !

)
(

!

|an+1 |
lim

5

|an |

7
lim n |an | .

(( "

1 ..- , f

A z A
f z A $
$ fn (z) f (z) )
> 0 z A
n0 (, z) $
n
|fn (z) f (z)| < n > n0 (, z)

LAURENT
>=
'

z ,

z

z1
- 9;
z2 ;
zn P (zn )
P (zn ) +
!

)
n0 () 5

z 7 "
1 ..2 , f

A " f
, fn
A z A
f > 0 z A
n0 () 5 z 7
$ |fn (z) f (z)| < n > n0 ()
n
#

< > 0 z A
n0 () 5 z 7
$ |fn (z) f (z)| < n, m > n0 ()
%
lim supzA |fn (z) f (z)| = 0
n+
$ ... , $

"

$
$ "
$ $
-

.
$ $ -
+

fn
n=0
! "

)

+

fn (z) 5 7 '$
(
n=0
A;

( $ $ ) z

- $ $
%

" '" -

"
$
Sn (z) = f1 (z) + f2 (z) + . . . fn (z)

$ ..3 . f (z) "

+
n=0
A > 0 z A

n0 ()
5 z 7 $
|Sn (z) Sm (z)| = |fm+1 (z) + fm+2 (z) + . . . + fn (z)| <

n > n0 () z A
!

$

$ $)

" 0
$ ..4 5.test7
, |fn (z)| Mn z A

n > N

Mn )
fn (z)
n=0

" A
4

)
n=0
fm+1 (z) + fm+2 (z) + . . . + fn (z) |fm+1 (z)| + |fm+2 (z)| + . . . + |fn (z)|
Mm+1 + Mm+2 + . . . + Mn
Cauchy $
,$

)#
, z0 C "

n=0
an (z z0 )n

LAURENT
- z0

, z " n -
an (z z0 )n

$ ..5 ,

z
|z z0 |lim n an < 1

an (z z0 )n

n=0
|z z0 |lim n an > 1

!

an = 0

|
lim |a|an+1

n|
n

|an+1 |
|z z0 | lim
n |an |
. ( x1 (- +, x1 , 0 x )

" +
,
$

$

1
, R =

an (z z0 )n
lim n an
n=0

! ..-
4

|z z0 | < R
5
7 |z z0 | > R
% , r < R

"
|z z0 | r
$# ..-
< R = 0

z = z0 a0 < R = +

C ! |z z0 | = R

"

"
(

(( -

$
A%

% ,
R
|an |

-
|an+1 |

$

<
z = z0 + r |z z0 | = r < R

|an |r n
n=0
< |z z0 | r |an (z z0 )n | |an |r n '" - $

-
$# ..- !

r

|z z0 | < R

, z0 C
z0 0 +

-

z0 R #

"

4 R

-
$ ..8 , "

R1 < R2 R1
'

, -

( z R1 < |z| < R2
,

(
)

$# ..2 ,

!

LAURENT
A1
,

$
"
$

$
**
$++

, (

- ) $
-
$
! ..2 ? a (z z )

n=0

nan (z z0 )
n=1
n1

=
(n + 1)an+1 (z z0 )n
n=0
#

% ,
5 7

n=0
an (z z0 )n ) =
nan (z z0 )n1
n=1

!
$ 4

nan (z z0 )n1

nan (z z0 )n 5 7
n=1
n=1
,
limn+ n n = 1

lim n n|an | = lim n |an |

! )

-
z0 = 0
, r < R) -

$

|an |n2 r n1
n=1
<
( $
$

$

"

A2

, |z| r |w0 | r
z n w0n
n2 r n1
nw0n1 | |z w0 |
z w0
2
, w0

z n w0n
lim
(
nw0n1) = 0
zw0
z
w
0
n=0
< z
w0
r $ |z|, |w0 | r < R)

z n w0n
|
(
nw0n1 )| |z w0 |
|an |n2 r n1
z
w
0
n=0
n=0
' $ " z 0 -
! )
|z k w0k | = |z w0 ||z k1 + w0 z k2 + . . . + w0k1 | |z w0 |kr k1

z n w0n
nw0n1 | = |(z n1 w0n1 )+w0 (z n2 w0n2 )+. . .+w0n2 (zw0 )|
z w0
n(n 1) n1
r
|z w0 |((n 1)r n1 + (n 2)r n1 + . . . + r n1 ) =
2
|
0 -

..- ? ) a (z z )

n=0
n(n 1)...(n k + 1)an (z z0 )nk
n=k
#

LAURENT
A9
% , )

$

n=0
n (k)
an (z z0 ) )
n(n 1)...(n k + 1)an (z z0 )nk
n=k
1 , f (z)

$
f (n) (z0 )
an =
n!
..2 # a (z z )
(z z0 )n+1

n
0
n+1
n=0
n=0

$ 54

$ 7

an
$# ... <

-
$ )
z
" -
$ $ C
"

"

|an+1 /an |
n |a
n | - !

$ " "
an (z z0 )h(n)
h(n) > n
"$ $ ,

"
"

$ (-

an (z z0 )h(n) ,
-

? "

z 2n
n2n
n=1
4

"

z 2n
fn (z) =

"
n2n
n n
A>

&#

" "

"
"

, $

" $
!
$

k

z 2n
S1 = z /3, S2 = z /2 + z /8, Sk =
n2n
n=1
2
!

$

S1 = 0, S2 = S1 , S3 = S1 , . . . S2n
= Sn , S2n+1
= Sn
H
$
"

($

! $ "

( "
-

,

|an |

|an+1 |
$ $ , "

z $ $
"
0 $
|z|2 n
|z|2

n

2(n + 1)
2
|z| < 2

2
#

$

-

R=
lim
1

h(n)
|an |
!

"
lim(
1
n2 2n
1
1
) 2n =
2

LAURENT
AA
2
' ..- F

$
nn
n+1 6 1 5
)n z n .
(
n!
n!
n
n!
<
$ n!
$ $

zn ,
nn
zn ,
nn
n!
(n+1)n+1
(n+1)!
1
(1 + n1 )n
1/e

<
" -
" -
|z| -

#

(n+1)n+1 z (n+1)
(n+1)!
nn z n
n!
= (1 +
1 n 2n1
) z
n

|z| < 1 |z| = 1
e > 1 |z| > 1 + '

<

"

R=
1
1
1

= lim
1 n = .
5
6
e
(1 + n )
lim n ( n+1
)n
n
!-

$ <
!
' ..2 F
n z
n=0
k n

k = 1, 2, 3
A:

3
nk
=1
n (n + 1)k
R = lim
R

$
n2 = n(n 1) + n, n3 = n(n 1)(n 2) + 2n(n 1) + n

< k = 3
n3 z n =
n=0
=z
nz n +
n=0
n
(z ) + 2z
n=0
2n(n 1)z n +
n=0
n
(z ) + z
n=0
n(n 1)(n 2)z n
n=0
n
(z )
n=0
'" - $

$ $
zn =
n=0
1
1z
|z| < 1

"
z(
1
1
1
) + 2z 2 (
) + z3(
)
1z
1z
1z
&#

" $
&'

1/(1z)

|z| < 1 ,
f (z) z0
/

,
"

f (n) (z0 )
(z z0 )n
n!
n=0
H
$

LAURENT
A=
' ... F " (z 1 a) , k = 1, 2, . . .

k
" b = a R = |b a|

3
1
1
1
=
zb
za
b a 1 ab
'

|z b|
<1
|a b|
,

(z b)n
1
=
zb
(z a)n
1 ab
n=1

(z b)n
1
=
.
z a n=0 (b a)n+1
<
-

n(z b)n1
1
=
.
(z a)2
(b a)n+1
n=0
5H$
$

7
!-
$
,"
$ (

$
# ez / cos z / sin z Logz $

)#
'
ez

"
(n)
1

$
an = fn! = n!

zn
n!
n=0
:;

< R = lim (n+1)!

= + , E(z)
n!

-

E (z) = E(z) '

E(0) = 1 &#

"

E(z) = ez
5,
" $
z
e
7
,
$

ez
1
1 (z)n (z)n
cos z = (ez + ez ) = (
+
)
2
2 n=0 n!
n!
n=0

(1)n+1 z)2n
n=0
= 1 z 2 /2! + z 4 /4! z 6 /6! + . . .
(2n)!
#
(1)n+1 z 2n+1
1
sin z = (ez ez ) =
= z z 3 /3! + z 5 /5! z 7 /7! + . . .
2
(2n
+
1)!
n=0
! $ "
z0 = 0

$
sin z = sin(z z0 + z0 ) = sin(z z0 ) cos z0 + cos(z z0 ) sin z0 , cos z = . . . .

! Logz 53 7

z0
** ++

D(z0 , |z0 |)

D(z0, |Imz0 |)

'

(Logz) = z 1 , (Logz) = (1)z 2 , (Logz)(n) = (1)n1 (n 1)!z n )

"
Logz0 +
(1)n1
n=1
z0n
(z z0 )n
n
' z0 = 1
Logz =

(1)n1
n=1
(z 1)n

LAURENT
|z 1| < 1

1 n
Log(1 z) =
z
n
n=1
|z| < 1

, ez + e1/z $
$ " (

zn 1
z
1/z
e +e =
+
.
n! n=0 z n n!
n=0
,
"

1/z
"
an (z z0 )n
n=
- Laurent
'
&
)# Laurent
! *M ++ " (zn )

n=

$ Sm,n = zm + zm+1 + . . . z0 + . . . + zn
-
(-

zn 4

lim Sn,m
m,n
n=

z $ > 0
" n()
$ |Sm,n z| < m, n > n()

"

n=0
zn = z0 + z1 + z2 + . . .

n=1
zn = z1 + z2 + . . .
:%

54
" $ 7 .

$ $ .

"
an (z z0 )n
- Laun=
rent z0
'

Laurent "

$ "
( - Laurent "
" Laurent
(
Laurent "

z

an (z z0 )n
n=1
an (z z0 )n
n=1
4
$ -
-
Laurent
) Z = (z z0 )1

|Z| <
1

n
lim |an |

|z z0 | > r = lim n |an |
. (

"

|z z0 | > r
C(z0 , r)
1

R =
'

n
lim |an |

r |z z0 | R . (

"$

LAURENT
$ .3-
Laurent
:1
, r > R

% , r = R

C(z0 , r)
1 , r < R Laurent
"

(z0 , r, R)

'
Laurent $
$

! .3- ? Laurent

an (z z0 )n
n=
n(n 1)...(n k + 1)an (z z0 )nk
n=
#

% , r < R f (z)
+

(k)
f (z) =
n= n(n
1)...(n k + 1)an (z z0 )nk

!"

$
H

+

'

an Z n
n=1
Z = 1/(z z0 )
"

,

Laurent $
" )
an (z z0 )n
(z z0 )n+1
an
" n = 1) a1 /(z z0 )
n+1

:2

, "

)

"

0

"

$
a1 = 0
"
1

$
.32
, (z , r, R)

+
n=
an (z z0 )n -
z n+1
n=1 an n+1
, f (z), F (z)

$
a1
F (z) = f (z)

z z0
#

$

$
Laurent $

Laurent 4

(

$

" 0

0

**$++

Laurent

5 7

"
5 7)

( ,

' .3- F
Laurent 1/(za)
(a, 0, ) = C {a} (b, |b a|, +) = {z : |z b| >

|z a|}
&# "
$
a)

" Laurent . . . 0+0+(za)1 +0+0+
. . . 5
"

7

P

LAURENT
:9

( 0
ab

|
|<1
zb

1 (a b)n (a b)n
1
1
1
=
=
.
=
.
n+1
za
(z b) 1 (ab)
(z b) n=0 (z b)n
(z
b)
n=0
(zb)
<
1/(za)k k "
-

k "

(

" $
K (

$

Laurent

- -

- H

' .32 F

Laurent 1 <
1
|z 1 | <
2
z 2 (1 z)2
1
1
2
2
+ 2+
+

z z
1 z (1 z)2
<

Z = z 1 -

(

1 < |Z| < 2
1
|Z|
<1
!
)
|1+| = 2
Z +1+
|1 + |

1
1
1
(1)n
=
.
=
Zn
n+1
Z +1+
(1 + ) 1 Z(1)
(1
+
)
n=0
4 "
1+
1 (1)n
=
(z 1 )n
n+1
z
(1
+
)
n=0

$

1
(1)n+1
=
n(z 1 )n1 .
n+1
z2
(1
+
)
n=0
:>

<
1
Z+

| Z | < 1

1
1
1
= .
=
(1)n n Z n1
Z +
Z 1 (1)
n=0
Z

1
(1)n n (z 1 )n1
=
z 1 n=0

$

1
=
(1)n n (n + 1)(z 1 )n2 .
(z 1)2
n=0
4

"
$
' .3. F
Laurent ( , 0, +)
2
sin z + sin

, sin2 z =
1
2
1
2z1
1
2
+ 12 cos 2z Z = z
1
2
1 1
1 1
+ cos(Z + 1) = + (cos Z cos 1 sin Z sin 1) =
2 2
2 2
(1)n Z 2n+1 1

1
Z 2n
sin 1
=
1/2 + cos 1
(1)n
2
(2n + 1)!
2
(2n)!
n=0
n=0
sin2 z =

1 2n+1 1
1
1 1
(1)n
(1)n
+ cos 1
(z )
(z )2n .
sin 1
2 2
(2n + 1)!
2
2
(2n)!
2
n=0
n=0
<

1
(1)n
1
= cos
=
2z 1
2Z
(2n + 1)!22n+1 Z 2n+1
n=0
cos

1
(1)n
(z )2n1
=
(2n + 1)!
2
n=0
4
" $

LAURENT
:A
' .33 F
Laurent ( , 0, +)
1
3
1
(3z1)3
z 2 e

? z 13 = Z

1
1
1
2
1
2
( + Z 2 + Z)e 27Z = ( + Z 2 + Z)
=
n
9
3
9
3 n=0 27 n!Z n
+

n=0
< Z = z
1
3

1
1
2
+
+
.
n
n
n
n
n2
927 n!Z
27 n!Z
327 n!Z n1
n=0
n=0
+
-
::

'
0

" $
'
(( "

5 (( "
"
7 $ -
"
"

4

$ E

"

57
4
$ (
(

" (

4
"
)

$ (

(

$ -
: [a, b] C

! "

" *B

:=
=;

++

a

(a) b (b)
t ( (t) 4 57
$
[a, b] 0
$ )
$ " -

(( "
<
$ [a, b] 5

7

(-
.

-
( t
'

"

"

"
$

4 ** ++

(

, ** ++
"
** ++ " "

"

1 3--
, 1 , 2
[a1 , b1 ], [a2 , b2 ]

1 2 51 2 7

[a1 , b1 ] = [a2 , b2 ] $
2 ((t)) = 1 (t) t [a1 , b1 ]
," $

)
) &, 1 2 2 1
&, 1 2 2 3 1 3
!
(t), t [a, b]

" **
" ++
1 (t) = (a + b t), t [a, b]

5

(- 7
"
(t)

$ *S
++

,
, = {a = t0 < t1 < . . . < tn = b} [a, b])
n
(, ) =
k=0 |(tk+1 (tk )|

() = sup (, ) [a, b])

() <

!

() -

4

$ $

#

(
$ Riemann

$ tk tk1 (tk ) (tk1 )
0 f

[a, b]
) = {a = t0 < t1 < . . . < tn = b}
[a, b] T = {1 < 2 , < . . . < n }

$ tk1 k tk
S(f, , , T ) =
((tk ) (tk1 ))f ((k )
,
lim S(f, , , T )
()

T
-

f

(- f (z)dz f (z)d

! $

(- f (z)dz $ S(f, , n , Tn )
lim (n ) = 0

,
(tk ) (tk1 ) |(tk ) (tk1 )|
($ -

(- f (z)|dz| 0

"

=%
$

$
$

" 0

"
"

$
$ 0

"

"

$

"

$ 3-- , "

f

[a, b]
4
() =
b
|dz|
=
| (t)|dt]
a
% E

b
b
b

f (z)dz =
f ((t) (t)dt =
Re[f ((t) (t)]dt+
Im[f ((t) (t)]dt

f (z)|dz| =
f ((t)| (t)|dt

"
'

"

$

!

,

$
"

" "

" $

- !
(

$ 3-2 , ,

f (z)
1
$

$

$

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-$

'$

" $ -$

'*$ 34- F

$
1
f(
)=
3 2
n +1
5
(n2 +1)5
% f ( n1 ) =
(1)n
n
1
5) f (2) = 13
2
1
f ( n
)
=
1
f( n )
1

f (
3
f(
n2 +1
1
)
3 2
n +1
14(n2 +1)5
)f (0)
(n2 +1)5 +1
= 2
1
)
f (zn ) =
<
$ $ , zn =
3 2
n +1
15
5zn zn 0
, 5z 15

f (z)

C)
-
< $ , zn = n1 ) f (z2n ) = z2n z2n 0)

$
f (z) = z z C '
f (z2n+1 ) = z2n+1
(

f (z) = z z C

< $ 4 "

g(z) $ ff (z(znn)) = gg(z(znn)) !

g(z) = e5z ,

( fg ) (zn ) = 0
( fg )

$ -$
( fg ) = 0

f (z) = ce5z

c = 13e10

%%
< $ , zn =

f (z
14
14zn
15 +1
zn
3 2
n +1
0)
" f (znn)) =

, g(z) = z 15 + 1) "
(f g f g )(zn ) = 0 )
" -$
(f g f g )(z) = 0
, f /g

g -

(f /g) = 0
f = cg ,
$
$ -$
f cg

f (z) = c(z 15 + 1)

,

c = 0
' 34- , $

,

-

f (z0 ) = 0)

D(z0 , r)
f -

- g . ( $ -$ g -
5H$

$

"

-

7
#

**
++
$

R

$

"

$

**

(++
! 34. 5?$
Riemann7
, f "

D(z0 , r) {z0 }
limzz0 f (z)

z0 f (z0 )

&',

%1
, F (z) = [z0 ,z] f ()d - F

F (z) = f (z)

F

G
,
G = F G
G
,
G (z) =
F (z) = f (z)
G

f
$# 34. . (
$

, "

**$++
$
"
" ,
" Cauchy

((f (z) f (a))/(z a)
$ a

- ) ,
(

'

a

F- $
$ " *V

(++

$

*V

(+ !

Laurent
"

'+
!
* $ $
! 35-
, f (z)

OC D(z0 , r) OC
z D(z0 , r) $ |f (z) > |f (z0 )|
%2

? (

!

(

.

, f (z)
OC
|f (z)|

. "

$ 35- , "

OC f

OC = OC OC ) |f |

OC )
max{|f (z)| : z OC} = max{|f (z)| : z OC}
&', '
OC
" 5 7

)
|f |

$ $ ,
OC
(

OC

4

** ++
$

'
"
-
!

-

.

/
-

$ "
f1

,

$

" -

"
! 352
, f (z)

OC Ref, Imf

%9
% , "

OC f

OC = OC OC ) Ref, Imf |f |
OC
&',
, F = ef F

5 W7
'" -
F ,
|F | = eRef

-
Ref '" -

Re(f ) ) Re(f ) = Imf

$# 35- , a, b, c
(a, b) = (0, 0)

"
aRef + bImf + c - ReF
F = (a b)f + c
/0# 35- ? f

OC )
OC1 $ OC1 OC ,

/

a, b aRef (z) + bImf (z) + c = 0

OC1 f 5
OC
<
(
D 5'

OC1 7
! (

F = (a b)f + c
$
aRef + bImf + c = ReF )
"

,

0 = min ReF (OC1 ) = min ReF (OC1 ) = min ReF (OC1 ) =
max ReF (OC1 ) = max ReF (OC1 )

F -
OC1.
D %5.
-

OC17

%>
'" - C-R

OC1

4
( "
$
D 1 4 F -
OC -
OC1

$ )

/
"
F ,
F
" f

/0# 352 , f (z) = z 5z + 6 f (z) = z 5z)

1

D[0, 1]
" $
"
0, 1, 1 + ,
&', $ # $% *$%
,

D[z0 , r] $ |f (z0 ) |f (z)| z D[z0 , r] < r
f (z0 ) = |f (z0 )|et0 " - $
2
1
t0
|f (z0 )| = f (z0 )e
=
et0 f (z0 + e )d
2 0

2
2
1
1
t0
Re[e f (z0 + e )]d

|f (z0 + e )|d
2 0
2 0

2
1
(|f (z0 + e ) |f (z0 ))|d 0.
2 0
4

|f (z0 )|
|f (z)| 0 D[z0 , r]
|f (z)| =
|f (z0 )| z D[z0 , r]

$

'5
%A
!
)# $
#
,

OC

$ C-R "

, $
u

(

!

(

,
(
$ ,
f = u + v

C-R ux = vy , uy = vx '
f

u, v
$
,
uxx = vyx = vxy = uyy

uxx + uyy = 0
'$

1 38- .
u
O

)
5u C 2 (O)7

uxx + uyy = 0
. (

u

1 382 , (u, v) -

$

) v - u u
- v 5
7 f = u+v

.

-
!- $ $

' 38- F -
u(x, y) = x3 3xy 2
3 uxx + uyy = 6x 6x = 0 , - -

C-R ,
ux = 3x2 3y 2 = vy $
y ( v = 3x2 y y 3 + c(x) ,

vx = uy
6xy + c (x) = 6xy )
c(x) = c ) v = 3x2 y y 3 + c f = x3 3xy 2 +
(3x2 y y 3 + c) = z 3 + c
%:

' 382 F -

Log|z| C 0
, "

C Logz = log|z|+Argz

-$ $
C " Argz+
c '

$

-

$# 38- ,

(

$

(

$
"

! $ )

$

**

++

0 $

x
y

$

- "
-

-
!
$

(

$

$
,

**
++

$
! 38- .
u(x, y)

-
&',

<
,
f = u + v f (z) = ux (z) + vx (z) = ux (z) uy (z)
. (
h(z) = ux (z) uy (z)

h
- f 0 hx = uxx
uyx ) hy = uxy uyy
u

C-R hx = hy )
h !

g = u + v
) g (z) = ux (z) uy (z) = ux (z) uy (z)
,

u (z) + c = u(z)

u

g + c

%=
$# 38-
!

$
" -
( !

( !

,

"
$ ,

,
) ) "
)

-

% E

$ $

(
$

- ,

z
z
4 x = z+
) y = z

2
2
f (z)+f(z)
" u " u =

f
2

, " -
$

3 z3
u(z) = z +
= Re(z 3 ))
-
2
f (z) = z 3 - u
" Im(z 3 ) + c
2 y 2
H
$ u(x, y) = (xx2 +y
2 )2
'" -
(
2 z2
u(x, y) = z2z +
= 12 ( z12 + z12 ) = Re( z12 )
2 .
z2
. (

u

- Im( z12 ) + c
<

**

++
$

-
$

#

"

$ 38- ,

)

1;

&',, f

OC ) OC

1

F1 ) F2
OC1 ) OC2 F1 (z) = f (z) F2 (z) = f (z)

'
F1 (z) = F2 (z)

F2 (z) = F1 (z) + c ? $ F
F (z) = F1 (z) + c OC1 F (z) = F2 (z) OC2 ' $

" F
f

OC1 OC2
. (

$

H

4

% < )
"
)

$ 1/(z z0 )

# -

z0
!

**

++

H(z0 , ) = {z0 + te : 0 t < }
C H(z0 , )

0
)
"$

"$

$
'

"$
'" -

!-
- ,
$

** ++
$ 382
, ? z0

H(z0 , ) = {z0 + te : 0 t < })

H(z0 , )

&',
!

"

50

z0 ) " "

$

" #

7 < n $ 2/n

- 2n
, T1 T2

$

2/n

" $ (
T2 T3 '

T1 T2 T3 !-
$

' 38. 0 $

$

< 2

,

$

,

0
-
$ $

"

$) $

(
! 382 5K Coursat7 ,

" $ ABC

[ABCA] -
&',
, ABC A1 , B1, C1

$
AB, BC, CA ,

T = [ABCA] = [AB1 C1 A] + [C1 A1 B1 C1 ] + [A1 BB1 A1 ] + [B1 CC1 B1 ].
T f (z)dz

'
T1

1%

f (z)dz| 4|
f (z)dz|.
T1
'
( T1

2
n
| f (z)dz| 4|
f (z)dz| 4 |
f (z)dz| . . . 4 |
T
T1
T2
f (z)dz|.
Tn
'
(T ) = 2(T1 ) = . . . = 2n (Tn )
, n

" $
1 2 . . . n . . . d(n ) 0 ) "

$

'

$ ( $ Baire
, z0

$ f (z0 ) (

f (z) = f (z0 ) + (z z0 )f (z0 ) + H(z, z0 )(z z0 )

H(z, z0 ) 0 z z0
K (

f (z0 ) + (z
z0 )f (z0 )

zf (z0 ) + 12 (z z0 )2 f (z0 )

"
** z0 ++
|H(z, z0 )| < |z z0 | < (Tn )

n
n
n
| f (z)dz| 4 |
f (z)dz| 4 |
|zz0 ||dz| |4 (Tn )|
|dz|| = (T )
T
Tn
Tn
Tn
> o
'6 )# # Residues

!
"

Lau-

!

RESIDUES
11
rent H
$

"
$

! 3:- ? f
[z0 , r, R] )
1 (t) = z0 + ret ) 2 (t) = z0 + Ret t [0, 2]
.

1 f (z)dz = 2 f (z)dz
% , a
f (z)
f (z)
1
1
f (a) = 2
dz 2
dz
2 za
2 za

$
Laurent

$
! 3:2 ,

Laurent
? (

$ ** 5
7++

1 3:- ? f

D(a, r) {a} !

a)

)
- 5
7 a
a $ f
4

D(a, r){a}) "
f (z) = f1 (z) + f2 (z)
)
f1 (z) =
)
a2
a1
ak
+
+ ...+
+ ...
2
z a (z a)
(z a)k

- C {a}
f2 (z) = a0 + a1 (z a) + a2 (z a)2 + . . . + ak (z a)k + . . .

12

0 " f (z)f1 (z) -

D(a, r) {a}
a $
a0
'
-

$
0$

-
- 5 0 = a1 = a2 = . . . = an = . . . 7
!

a -
$

4 "

a $
$
Riemann
"$
$
$
! 3:. #

a
$ f
% 4 "
D(a, r)
{a}
1 4
D(a, r) {a}

limza f (z) C
2 E

D(a, r)
{a}

H

# -

" m $
am = 0 0 = am1 = am2 = . . .

Laurent "
am
am+1
+
+ . . . am = 0.
(z a)m (z a)m1
.

a -
m
! 3:3 #

a
m f
% E
g(z) D(a, r) g(a) = 0
$ f (z) = (z a)m g(z)
D(a, r) {a}

!

RESIDUES
19
1 E

D(a, r) {a}
- 1/f )

a
- m
&',
+%
,

m f (z) = (z a)m g(z)

g(z) = am + am+1 (z a) + am+2 (z a)2 + . . . .

0
4 g(z) g(a) = am =
%+1
'
g(a) = 0
D(a, r1 )
g -)

1
1
= (z a)m g(z)

f (z)
1
'
g(z) -
a

-
1+
,

1
= (z a)m h(z) h(a) = 0)
f (z)
1

a

h(z)
1
1
=
+ a1 (z a) + a2 (z a)2 + . . .
h(z)
h(a)

f (z) =
1
a1
a2
+
+
+ ....
m
m1
h(a)(z a)
(z a)
(z a)m2
3:- a

D(a, r) {a} limza f (z) =
limza |f (z)| = +
!-
1
limza |f (z)| = + limza |f (z)|
=0

$

-

1>
3:2 , a

m f
Res(f, a) =
1
(m1)!
m1
d
m
limza dz
m1 f (z)(z a)
,
f (z) = (z a)m g(z)
g(z)
am + am+1 (z a) + am+2 (z a)2 + . . . + a1 (z a)m1 .

'
a1 = Res(f, a) m 1

g (m1) (a)/(m 1)!
5'
f (z)(z a)m
a

" "
Res(f, a) =
1
(f (z)(z a)m )(m1) (a).
(m 1)!

4 $

Laurent an = 0

n !

$ - $ $ ,

" $

$

- 5
C 7

(
$
1
1
cos 1z zn = 2n
0 f (zn )
0 , f (z) = z1
1
wn = 2n+ 0 f (wn ) = 0) (
2
$

" " " '

$ $
.
" z0

$ $

" f (zn ) zn z0

.

, " f " z

w

** ++

!

RESIDUES
1A

z0 $ "

z0

"

, ** ((

z0 ++
"
$
! 3:4 5Casorati-Weierstras7, z $

0
f (z)

z0 $ $
% ,

D(z0 , )

) f (D(z0 , )) = C
1 < w

zn z0 f (zn ) w
&',
+ % , (

D(w, r) D(z0 , ) $
$

) |f (z) w| > r z
D(z0 , )
1
'
f (z)w
" z0

1
a C limzz0 f (z)w
= a
, a = 0 limzz0 f (z) = w + a1 ) z0

$ f

$ , a = 0
limzz0 f (z) = z0
f

#

" $

"
! $

1:

$ 3:- ,

$
$

,

D(a, r)
1

) |f (z)a| > r |f (z)a|
< 1r

'" - ?$
Rie1
mann f (z)a

f
" )

$# 3:-
! $

"
$

, z0
$ f

m g z0
m f g
! (-

5
)
m7
m
!-

(
%5
)
7

15
)
7

25
m)
n < m7
m
9 5$ $ ) $ $ 7 7 $ $
> 5$ $ ) $ $ 7 7
#

"

A <

$
-

!
- k
ek )

m em )
!

en n > 0 - n n < 0

n n = 0
0
3
f1 ) - 8 f2 - 9 f3

3 .e8
10 f4 ff13 ff24 ee9 e10
= e6
- 6 $ ff31 ff42

6

!

RESIDUES
1=
: !

z0
"
5 7 p
1 q )
p(z0 ) = 0 z0
1 pq p(z0 ) = 0

3

$ Res( pq , z0 ) = limzz0
p(z)
q (z)
$# 3:- , f
O {a1 , a2 , . . . , ak } fa1 , fa2 , . . . , fak

f $ fa1 +fa2 , . . .+
fak C {a1 , a2 , . . . ak }
f (fa1 + fa2 , . . . + fak )
O
4

H
" a1 " $
fa1 ! " fa2
f fa1 !&
-
-
4

#

"
-
1
$
,

$

! 3:5 , OC

) f
OC {a1 , a2 , . . . , ak } a1 , a2 , . . . , ak OC

OC {a1 , a2 , . . . , ak } )

f (z)dz = 2n(, a1 )Res(f, a1 )+
2n(, a2 )Res(f, a2 ) + . . . + 2n(, an )Res(f, ak ).
&',
'
f (fa1 + fa2 , . . . + fak )

OC 5
7

- )

2;
f (z)dz =
fa1 (z)dz +
,

fa2 (z)dz + . . . +
fak (z)dz.
fa1 (z)dz

1)
**
" ++
1 ) Res(f,a
za1

$ - .

Res(f, a1 )
fa1 (z)dz =
dz = 2n(, a1 )Res(f, a1 ).
z a1

"
$# 3:2 &#

"

$ O

O 5n(, C O) = {0})7
' 3:- F

$

I(k, n) =
e3z
dz J =
(z zk )n
e3z 1
dz,
(z 4 1)z 3

z1 = 1, z2 = 1, z3 = 0, z4 = , z5 = ) n

"

-1
1
-i
! 21@

!

RESIDUES

$

n 0

- !

n
" "
Residues

" (z a)n )

Cauchy
n(, a)f
(n1)
(n 1)!
(zk ) =
2
f (z)
dz.
(z zk )n
!

f (z) = e3z , f (z) = 3e3z , f (z) = 32 e3z
f (n1) (zk ) = en1 e3zk
. (

- $

2
I(n, k) = (n1)!
n(, zk )en1 e3zk
,

n(, z1 ) = n(, 1) = 2) n(, z2 ) = n(, 1) = 1) n(, z3 ) = n(, 0) = 1)
n(, z4 ) = n(, ) = 0 n(, z5 ) = n(, ) = 0
, $ $ "

<
"
f (z) =

e3z 1
z 3 (z + 1)(z 1)(z + )(z )
$ 0, 1, <

-
$
5(e3z 1) (0) = 3 = 0)7

'" - $

$

Res(f, 0) =
3ze3z e3z + 1
1
4z 2
1
lim (f (z)z 2 ) = lim 4
(
+
).
z0
1! z0
(z + 1)2 z 4 + 1
z2
'" - $ HOSPITAL

2%
9
3ze3z e3z + 1
9e3z
= .
=
lim
2
z0
z0 2
z
2
lim

Res(f, 0) = 92 .

$
-

3z 1
7ze6 3z
2 )
Res(f, 1) =
e3 1
e3z 1
e3 1
.
Res(f, 1) = (
)(1)
=
4
4z 3
4

$

"

(

3
3
" e +e 4 +16
' 3:2 F

$

1
(e z 1)1 !

5
)

C( 2 , 14
1
$

- e z = 1
zn = 2n
, n = 0 1 2 . . .

(

$

$ )

'

1
1 1
(e z 1) (zn ) = 2 e zn = 4 2 n2 = 0
zn
$ -
$

-

$
Res(f, zn ) =
1
1
z
(e
1)
(zn ) =
1
.
4 2 n2

!

RESIDUES
21
1
5
,

|zn 2
| < 14

27 < n < 12
7

$
(
z1 , z2
'

$
2(Res(f, z1 ) + Res(f, z2 )) =
5
.
8 2
' 3:. F
$

sin z
tan z = cos
!

z
(t) = e4t , t [0, 4] 5F

"
7
# - cos z = 0 zn = 2 + n, n = 0 1 2 . . . ,

(cos z) (zn ) = sin zn = (1)n+1 = 0)

- 1

-

zn

$ Re(f, zn ) = sin
= 1 ,

sin zn
/2 (

|z| < 2

$ n(, 2 ) = n(, 0) '

"

$
"

1
n(, 0) =
2
1
1
dz =
z
2
1
e4t
(4)e4t dt = 4.
$ 8
' 3:3 , f (z) =
cos z
)
z 2 (ez 1)

Res(f, 0) "
$ (

Laurent
'

$ -
-

. (

Laurent "
a3 z 3 + a2 z 2 + a1 z 1 + . . . .

22
,

cos z = 1
z2 z4
+ ...,
2
8
z3 z4 z5
z z2 z3
z 2 (ez 1) = z 2 ( +
+
+ . . .) =
+
+
+ ...,
1
2
6
1
2
6
cos z = f (z)z 2 (ez 1)
$

a3 a2 1
a3 a2
a3
,0 =
+
, =
+
+ a1 ,
1
2
1
2
6
2
5

Res(f, 0) = a1 = 12
.
1=
'6
! #
< $

**

++

" Ur = {z C : |z| > 1r } ,

- $

"

1 3:2
, f O

$

r > o $ Ur = {z C : |z| > 1r } O
1 3:. , $

f
) limz f (z)

)

$

'
"

$ 3:2
)
) $ $
f (z)
)
) $ $ f ( 1z )

!

RESIDUES
29

- f (z)

-

f ( 1z )
< Laurent

)
an
1
a1
+ a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + . . . + an z n + . . . .
f( ) = . . . + n + . . . +
z
z
z
H
$ $ $
$
$
, a1 = a2 = . . . = 0)
$

, ak = 0 ak+1 = ak+2 = . . . = 0
k
, ak = 0
k $ $

#
Res(f, ) -

<

C "
(

" S2 "
( "
(
N = (0, 0, 1)
-

D(N, a) " , $
(

"
Ur = {z C : |z| > 1r } {} .

C

C( 1r ) '

"

. (

Residues

1 3:3 ,
f (z) U
Res(f, ) =
1
2
C(0, 1r
f (z)dz r <
-)

2>
,

"

r
$ 3:. .

Res(f, ) = Res(
&',
1 1
f ( ), 0).
z2 z
4 "
C(0, 1r ) (t) = 1r et , t [0, 2]
= 1z = ret ) dz = 12 d

1 1
1 1
f (z)dz =
f ( )d = Res( 2 f ( ), 0).
2
1
z
z
C(0, r )
C(0,r) z
$ 3:3 , f

"
C {z1 , z2 , . . . , zk } Res(f, ) + Res(f, z1 ) + . . . + Res(f, zk ) = 0
&', ? R $ z , z , . . . , z
D(0, R)

- $ $

Res(f, )

1
1
Res(f, ) =
2

f (z)dz = (Res(f, z1 )+Res(f, z2 )+. . .+Res(f, zk )).
C(0,R)
$# 3:2
, f (z) . . . + a1
+ a0 + . . .
Laurent
z
f (z) z12 f ( 1z ) . . . a1
+ . . .

z
Res(f, ) = a1
% <

Ur
!
"
ez11 ) 1z ) tan z

$
!
$
2n )
n 2 + n .

!

RESIDUES
2A
1 $ $

< pq

$
, " 5D q D p7

$
( ,

" k < 0
k
&#

f ( 1z )

' 3:4 F

Residues
f1 (z) =
1 + z2
1
1
, f2 (z) = z 2 sin , f3 (z) = e2zz , f4 (z) = (z 1)2 (z 2)2 .
2
1z
z
! f1

z 1

Res(f, ) = 0
! f2

4
$

Laurent
z 2 sin
1
1
1
1
1
1
= z2(
+
+
+ ... = z
...
3
5
z
z 3!z
5!z
3!z 5!z 2

1 Res(f, ) = 3!1 = 16 .
4
f2 ( 1z )
"
$
! f3
zn = n

2
f (z2n ) 1 f (z2n+1 ) 1

-
$ $ <

4 "
2z z 1
f3 (z) = e e
+ k
+

2 k (1)n n
z )(
z ).
=(
k!
n!
n=0
k=0
,

$ " "
az a -

#
a

1

2:
+ k

2 (1)(1k)
k=0
k! (k 1)!
.
4
! f4
f4 ( 1z ) = (z1)2z(2z1)2

f (z)
<

h(z) =
1 1
z2
f
(
)
=
4
z2
z
(z 1)2 (2z 1)2

Res(f, ) = [h(z)z 2 ] (0) = 4.

Residues
$

$

) 5 $7

2
R(cos , sin )d
0
, R
- x2 +y 2 =
1

C(0, 1)

z = e ) dz = e d ) d = zz dz )
cos = 12 (e + e ) = 12 (z + 1z ))
sin = 21 (e e ) = 21 (z z1 ) )

1($ $ 0#
1 1 (z 2 + 1) 1 (z 2 1)
R(
,
).
z 2
z
2
z

2 Res(f, zk )
zk $

( 5# "

$
0 2 )
- $

0 4 7
f (z) =

!

RESIDUES
2=
' 3:5 F
$

I(n, a, b) =
0
1
, J(n, a, b) =
(a + b cos )n
2
0
1
a > b > 0, n = 1, 2.
(a + b cos2 )n
<
$

"
f (z) =
4
z n1
.
(bz 2 + 2az + b)n
a
+a
#
- z1 = a b
z2 = a b

b
b
z1
" < n = 1 z1

$

1
4
4
=
.
I(1, a, b) = 2Res(f, z1 ) = 2 .
2bz1 + 2a
bz1 + a
n = 2

g(z) =
b2 (z
4z
z1 )2 (z z2 )2

Res(g, z1 ) = (
ib2 (z
4z
4 (z1 + z2 )
) (z1 ) = 2
2
z2 ) )
b (z1 z2 )3

I(2, a, b) = 2Res(g, z1) =
2a
3
(a2 b2 ) 2
<

( $ -

( ?
"

)
cos2 =
1
1 + cos 2
, 2 = [0, 4], d = d.
2
2

9;
, "

[0, 4] "

[0, 2])
J(n, a, b) = I(n, a + 2b , 2b ).
2
F
0 cosn
#
$ $

"

"
!

$

-

3
' 3:8
n
1
1 n k (nk)
n
cos = n (e + e ) = n
.
e e
2
2
k
n
k=0
'
0 e d = 0
"

n i(n+2k)
1 n k (nk)
e
e
e
=
n = 2k
n = 2k + 1
n
k
k
2
-

< n = 2k $
I2k = 212k 2k
2
k
, $

2 )n

f (z) = (1+z

z n+1
$
n + 1 <
"

n "
"

f (z) =
1
z n+1
n
n

n 2k
n 2kn1
.
z =
z
k
k
k=0
k=0
,

Laurent a1
z

"

n = 2k z 2k

Res(f, 0) =
k
2k
k
!

n = 2k + 1

"
"

!

RESIDUES

)

( ( 0z

$ 3:4 , 0) n() = 0 = 0) n() = 1
> 0)
$ p, q $ 1 + n()6( Xq Y ( XpY 2
q(z) -

F (z) = ez
p(0)
p(z)
zq(z) q(0)z

r

p(0)
p(z)
lim
F (x)dx =
Res(ez
+ 2
, zk ),
r+ r
q(0)
zq(z)
k

zk

5Imz > 07
z2
z1
zp
-r
! 22@
&',
p(z)

$ p(0) = 0
zq(z)

p(0) = 0)

p(0)
p(0)

,
f "
q(0)
q(0)z
, f (z) = ez

9%

" $

- F
I-
r0 > 0 $ |z| r0

M2
|p(z)|
M1

k ) k = ( Xq Y ( XpY |ez | = er sin
|q(z)|
|z|
|z|
> 0
, (

M
|z| r0 " |f (z)| m m 2
|z|
? $ r > r0 $ D(0, r) (

f

?

= +
= [r, r] (t) = ret , t
[0, ] "

,
$ $

F (z)dz = 2
Res(F, zk ) = 2
Res(f, zk )

zk

'

M
2M
| f (z)dz| |
|)|dz||
=
m
r m1
r

lim
r+

F (z)dz = lim
lim
r+
f (z)dz = 0,
r+
p(0)
p(0)
dz =
q(0)z
q(0)

Res(f, zk ) = lim
r+
p(0)
1
ret dt =
t
re
q(0)

F (x)dx + lim
r
r+
F (z)dz.
.

$ $
!
$ ) k " ( $

!

RESIDUES
91
p(z) = an z n + . . . + a0 q(z) = bn+k z n+k + . . . + b0 )

z
an
z p(z)
)
= 0) "

q(z)
bn+k
)
M
|z|k |p(z)|
|p(z)|
M
k |z| > r0
|q(z)|
|q(z)|
|z|
# H

$ ?$
k
! 3:8 5K Jordan7
e
dt
, 0 a b > 0
&', '

sin t
b sin t
a
2
t

[0,

sin t 2 t 0

C

$

]
2
sin t
e
a

dt
sin t

dt = 2
0
$ 3:5 , pp
1
2
sin t

dt
2t
dt =
(1e ) .

(
Xp2 Y ( Xp1 Y 2

+

p1 (x)
p1
dx =
Res( , zk )
p2 (x)
p2
k

zk

4

2:9
q = p2 , p1 = zp = 0
,
$
Riemann

$

$
$

**- ++

$ !

(

$

92
$ 3:8 , pp
1
2

(
Xp2 Y ( Xp1 Y 1 > 0
ex

p1 (x)
p1 (z)
Res ez
dx = 2
, zk
p2 (x)
p
2 (z)
k

zk

,

$

"

ez p (z)

cos(x)p1 (x)
1
dx = 2Im
, zk
Res
p2 (x)
p2 (z)
k
ez p (z)

sin(x)p1 (x)
1
Res
dx = 2Re
, zk .
p2 (x)
p
2 (z)
k
4

2:9
q = p2 , p1 = zp > 0
$# 3:. ,

$ p, q

"

sin(x)p(x)
ez p(z)
dx = + 2Re
, zk )
Res(
xq(x)
zq(z)
k

zk

p = 1, q = 1, = 1

+
sin(x)
dx = .
x
'
3::
F

1
+
(x4 + 1)(x2 + 1)2
dx.

!

RESIDUES
99
(+2k)
,
z 4 + 1 = 0

- zk = e 4 , k =
0, 1, 2, 3 ,
z0 , z1

#

-

1
Res(f, zk ) =

((z 4 + 1)(z 2 + 1)2 ) (zk )
4

4z 3 (z 4 + 1 + 2z 2 ) + ((z 2 + 1)2 ) (z 4 + 1)
1
zk
zk
8zk
Res(f, zk ) =
=
8zk
8
K (

2
2
3
+
z0 = e 4 =
z1 = e 4 = z0

2
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
(
) Res(f, z1 ) =
(
).
Res(f, z0 ) =
8 2
2
8
2
2
,
z 2 + 1 = 0 - (

Res(f, i) = (
(z 4
) () = .
2
+ 1)(z + )
2
$
2
1
.
2(Re(f, z0 ) + Re(f, z1 ) + Res(f, i)) =
2
4
' 3:; F
I =
'

1
xex
1 xsinx
dx
=
Re
dx.
I=
2
2 x2 + 1
2
x + 1
x sin x
dx
x2 + 1
ez

$
1 + z2
zez
, ) = e1 '

$
Res(
1 + z2

4

9>
xex
e1
1
dx = e
I =
x2 + 1
2
'
3:-<
F cos

$
sin x
x1
+
dx)
dx
x(x2 + 1)
x(x2 + 1)
!"
2:9
lim (
r+
ex
1
ez
)dx
=
+
2Res(
, ) = e1 .
x(x2 + 1) x
z(z 2 + 1)
,
"

+
sin x
dx = e1 .
2 + 1)
x(x

-

?

$ " $

$ "

$

+
F
$ 0 cos t2 dt
+
cos t2 dt
0
54

$ Fresnel7
?
R = [0, R] + CR + [Re 4 , 0]
CR (t) =
Ret , t [0, 4 ]
2
, f (z) = ez R f (z)dz = 0. '

' 3:--
f (z)dz| = |
CR
R2 e2t
Rdt|
eR
sin(2t)
Rdt.
,
Jordan

R +
-

!

RESIDUES
9A

[Re 4 , 0]
0 2
z = te 4 ) dz = e 4 dt R e 4 et dt. ,

R +

+
+
2
t2
4
0=
e e
et dx.
0
+ 2
K (

I = 0 et dt =

"

2

1

-
2 2
$# 3:3

I

(

"
$

$ . $

$

! (
&'

-
((
" F
H
" H

"

(() 'F, 'I!,<Q<I3# .,?4., !I! .I<,HI3'! !EF,Z4
!'I!)University studio press.
2
ez
<

sin z

[R 12 R, R+ 12 R, R+ 12 R, R
1
R].
2
4
$

$

1

2 < R + -
$
-
$

2I

.
$ 3:: ? f

$ |z|+1 |f (z)|

9:
0 z 0 z 50 < + 1 < ( (

7
'
L(z) = Log|z| + ArgL (z)
0 < ArgL (z) < 2 z w )
wL(z)
(z)w

L = e
.

I=
0
x f (x)dx =
e
Res(zL f (z), pn )
sin n

pn

! 29@
&',
?
1 = 1 (R, ), 2 = 2 (R, r, ), 3 = 3 (R, r, ), 4 =
4 (r, )

= 1 +2 3 4 ?

R r, $
f

!

RESIDUES
9=
(

,
$
$

z
f
(z)dz
=
2 n Res(zL f (z), pn )
L
,

|I2 | = |
zL f (z)dz|
|z| |f (z)||dz|
2
max |z| |f (z)|m(2 ) 2 max |z|+1 |f (z)| 0 rightarrow + .
|z|=R
|z|=R

> 0 |I2 | < 4 R > R0 5

7

,

I4 = 4 zL f (z)dz 0 r 0
|I4 | < 4 r < r0

! I1 = 1 zL f (z)dz 0

-

ArgL (z) 0) L(z) Logx) zL = |z| eArgL (z) x

I1 =
1 (R,r,)
zL f (z)dz
x f (x)dx = I(R, r).

r
! I3 = 3 zL f (z)dz 0

-

ArgL (z) 2 ) L(z) Logx + 2 )
zL = |z| eArgL (z) x e2

I3 =
3 (R,r,)
zL f (z)dz
x e2 f (x)dx = e2 I(R, r).
,

> 0, R > R0 , r < r0
theta $

|I1 + I2 I3 + I4 I(R, r) + e2 I(R, r)| <

|2

n
Res(zL f (z), pn ) I(R, r) + e2 I(R, r)| <

>;
R > R0 , r < r0
(1 e2 )I =
lim
(1 e2 )I(R, r) = 2
R+,r0
Res(zL f (z), pn )
' 3:-2 F
I =
+
0
1 < 1
x
dx
x2 + 1
3
I=

e
z
z
e ()L ()L
Res( 2 L , ) + Res( 2 L , ) =
(
+
)).
sin
z +1
z +1
sin 2
2
'

()L = eL() = e(Log||+ArgL ()) = e
3
2
()L = e

e 2
I=(
)
=
.
2
2 sin
(cos( 2 )
$ 3:; ? f = pq

( [q] ( [p] 2
'
L(z) = Log|z| + ArgL (z)
0 < ArgL(z) < 2
.

+

I=
f (x)dx =
Res(L(z)f (z), pn )
0

pn

<

$

L(z)f (z)

!

RESIDUES
>
' 3:-. F

+ 1
dx
x3 +1
0
? "

L(z)
z3 + 1

zk

5
3
3
1
1
+
, z2 = 1, z3 = e 3 =
+
z1 = e 3 =

2
2
2
2
+
zk L(zk )
zk L(zk )
L(zk )
1

=

dx
=
3zk2
3
x3 + 1
3
0
k
5
, $ L(z1 ) = L(e 3 ) = , L(z2 ) = L(1) = , L(z3 ) = L(e 3 ) =

3
2 3
5

$

3
3
.

" $

$
$ 3:-< , f "

z1 , z2 , . . . zk limz zf (z) = 0
lim
N +
lim
N +
N

f (n) =
n=zi ,n=N
N

n=zi ,n=N
Res(f (z)
(1)n f (n) =

i
cos z
, zi )
sin z
Res(f (z)
1
, zi )
sin z
z
1
$# 3:4 4
cos
)
" )
sin z sin z

"
) $

cos z
1
, n) = 1 Res(
, n) = (1)n
Res(
sin z
sin z
?

f (z) = z12k ) k "

"
+
+

1
(1)n

4

2k
2k
n
n
n=1
n=1

>%
"
**
++
-
z

Laurent cos
)
sin z
1
'

"
sin z

Laurent "
cos z
a1
b1
1
=
+ a1 z + a3 z 2 + . . . ,
=
+ b1 z + b3 z 3 + . . .
sin z
z
sin z
z

a1
1
b1
a2k1
b2k1
1 cos z
1
= 2k+1 + . . . +
+ . . . , 2k
= 2k+1 + . . . +
+...
2k
z sin z
z
z
z sin z
z
z

a2k1 = Res(
1
1 cos z
1
, 0), b2k1 = Res( 2k
, 0).
2k
z sin z
z sin z
!-

+
+

1
(1)n
= a2k1
= b2k1 .
2k
2k
n
2
n
2
n=1
n=1
x1
1
=
+ x1 w + x3 w 3 + . . .
<

sin w
w

w2 w3
+
+ . . .)(x1 + x1 w + x3 w 3 + . . .) =
2
6
x1
x1 x1
) + w 3 (x3
+
) + ...
x1 + w 2 (x1
6
6
120
1 = (w

1
1
z 7 3 z 3
1
7
,
=
+
+
+ ...
x1 = 1, x1 = , x3 =
6
360 sinz
z
6
360

!

RESIDUES
+

(1)n
n=1
n2
>1
(1)n
2
7 4
.

=
4
12
n
720
n=1
+
#
w2 w4
1
w 7w 3
1
w w3
cos w
= (1
+
+ . . .)( + +
+ . . .) =
+ ...
sin w
2
24
w
6
360
w
3
45

1
z 3 z 3
cos z
=
+ ...
sin z
z
3
45

+
+

2 1
4
1
=
=
,
.
n2
6 n=1 n4
90
n=1
&', $ &$ 3:-<
< N

CN " (N + 12 ) (N + 12 ) .

| cos z|
< 2 '

$

| sin z|
(CN )
|z| > N
N |z| > N + 12 =

8
N +

cos z
dz| 2 max |f (z)|(CN ) 16 max |zf (z)| 0.
|
f (z)
CN
CN
sin z
CN
,
$ $

CN
N

cos z
cos z
cos z
dz = 2(
, n)+
, i)) =
f (z)
Res(f (z)
Res(f (z)
sin z
sin z
sin z
i
n=z ,n=N
i
2(
N

n=zi ,n=N
f (n) +

i
Res(f (z)
cos z
, zi ))
sin z

>2
K (
- N +

-
1
=
!
)

sin2 z
cos2 z
1
1+

<
5 !
| sin z|
sin2 z

' 3:-3 F
S

(1)n
S2 = +

n=0 2
n +4
'

2, z2 = 2
+

n=0
1
)
n2 + 4
cos z

z1 =
(z 2 + 1) sin z
+

cos zk
1
1
cos z
=
,
z
2S1 =
Res(
)
=
k
4 n= n2 + 1
(z 2 + 1) sin z
(2zk ) sin zk
k
k

+

(1)n
1
1
1
=
,
z
2S2 =
Res(
)
=
k
2
2
4 n= n + 1
(z + 1) sin z
(2zk ) sin zk
k
k
K (

cos z1 = cos 2 =
e2 + e2
e2 e2
= cos z2 , sin z1 = sin 2 =
= sin z2
2
2

S1 =
1
(e2 + e2 ) 1
+ S2 =
+ .
2
2
2
2
4(e e ) 8
2(e e ) 8

!

RESIDUES
>9
'6 1 7 2

" '6 '6

$#
,
(

? f
[z0 , r, R] )
1 (t) = z0 + ret 2 (t) = z0 + Ret t [0, 2]
.

1 f (z)dz = 2 f (z)dz
%, a
f (z)
f (z)
1
1
f (a) = 2
dz
dz
2 2 za
2 za
,

Laurent
?

$ $
$
'" f (z)

n
Laurent +
a
(zz
)

"
0
n= n

" ? $

?

1
f ()
f ()
1
d
d.
f (z) =
2 2 z
2 2 z
" -

"
! 3:-
! 3:2
&', "#$ 3:2
1
2

1
f ()
d =
an (z z0 )n mean =
a
2
n=0
+
f (z)
dz.
(z z0 )n+1
,$

Laurent
z0 1/( z)
$
(| z0 |/|z z0 |) < 1

$
"
Laurent

f ()
f (z)
n
d =
an (z z0 ) an =
dz.
n+1
z
2 (z z0 )
n=1

>>
&', "#$ 3:-
H
$

$

, f (z)
O

O (z0 , r1 , R1 ) r1 < r < R < R1 0

C O +

r1 =
r ) R1 = R +

.

a
) z0

[z1 , w1 ] [z2 , w2 ]

-
0

[z1 , w1 ] + [w2 , z2 ]6z2 z1 -
#

[z2 , w2 ] + w2 w1 + [w1 , z1 ]6z1 z2
5#

$

"7
? (f (z) f (a))/(z a)

a $

, $

?$
$ &', $% !"#$ 3:- %$ *)

H - [r, R] [, ]
r = s0 < s1 < . . . sn = R = t0 < t1 < . . . tn =

, (s, t) = z0 + set : (s, t) [r, R] [, ])

k (t) = (sk , t), k = 0, 1, . . . , n , 0 1
$ 0 (tk ) 1 (tk )
-
1k , k = 1, 2, . . . n

1k = 1 |[tk , tk+1 ] + [
1 (tk+1 , 0 (tk+1 )] 0 |[tk , tk+1] + [
0 (tk ), 1 (tk )].

!

RESIDUES
>A
, $

1k
$

" )

)
n

k=1

f (z)dz =
1k

f (z)dz
f (z)dz.
'

,
a

"
= a4
> 0
$
|(s, t) (s , t )| < a4 |s s | < |t t | <
,

5sk+1
sk < , tk+1 tk < 7 $

1 (tk ) a2

1k

'

1k f (z)dz = 0 ,- (

f (z)dz = 0 f (z)dz !-

f (z)dz =
1

f (z)dz =
f (z)dz = . . .
f (z)dz =
f (z)dz.
2
$# 3:5 0 $

$ s
s (t) = (s, t)

" "

$ "

! " s

s
#
"

(s, t)

)

s ,

>:

" $

" -

! 3::
? $

s (t)) s [a, b], t
[c, d] $ (s, t) = s (t) [a, b][c, d])
O

f
O .

/

f

s
<
$

(

$

'8 2
Cauchy "
(
$

$

(
" # ")

" )

!

(

)

( "$

!

"$ O
$

O - '

-

"

$

"

CAUCHY

>=

5n(, C{O}) = {0}.7

$

$
! 3;- 5?$ Cauchy 7
, f (z) O )

O n(, z) = 0 z C O

f (w)
n!
(n)
n(, z)f (z) =
, n = 0, 1, 2 . . . , z G .
2 (w z)n+1
,

"

"

f (z)(z a) z = a, n =
0

-

,

3;- &'

) "

? $

"
$

$

'8
, #
-# $
$

, f (z)

" $ , z

"$

z0
" f (z)
f (z0 )
!
$ w = f (z0 )

f ()
n(f (), w) '

"

A;
1
n(f (), w) =
2
f ()
1
dz
=
zw
2
f ()
d,
f () w
"

$

)

$ (ffw)
w

(

" $

" f /f
4

$
f

( "
-
1 3;-
#- f "

O z O
)
$
)
"
O

, a - k f ) f (z) = (z
a)k g(z) g(a) = 0
f (z)
k
g (z)
=
+
.
f (z)
za
g(z)
, a
k

k k .

"
g -
$ , "

-$

5
- -7

-
K
# 3;- , , . . .
1
" f (z)
-
p1 , p2 . . . , pn

k
n

f (z)
1
1
g (z)
=
+
f (z)
z m m=1 z pm
g(z)
m=1

g " O

-

"

CAUCHY

K $ Cauchy

Arg(f (), w) =
2n(f (), w)
$
! 3;2 5, 7 ? O)

O 5n(, C
O) = {0}) ?
f (z) w " O

-
- 1 , 2 . . . k
p1 , p2 . . . , pn

5 (

7
.

/

1
1
f (z)
Arg(f (), w) = n(f (), w) =
dz =
2
2 f (z) w
k

m=1
&',
n(, m )
n

n(, pm ).
m=1
. (
K
1
n(f (), w) =
2

k
n

f (z)
g (z)
1
dz =
dz.
n(, m )
n(, pm )+
f (z) w
2
g(z)
m=1
m=1
(z)

,

gg(z)
dz = 0 '
gg

$

O

/
" ? Cauchy
(z)
dz = 0
)
gg(z)
! 3;. 5< 7
,

/

h O
1
2

k
n

h(z)f (z)
dz =
n(, m )h(m )
n(, pm )h(pm )
f (z) w
m=1
m=1
A%

4

(

" $
$# 3;-
,

% , " -$

(

1
f (z)
1
Arg(f (), 0) = n(f (), 0) =
dz = N(f, ) P (f, )
2
2 f (z)

N(f, )
-$ P (f, )

,

" n(f (), 0)
-
-$ N 3

"

= f () "

-$

, "

$
"
O - f -$

(
"
" .

-$

((

/

" **
++
-
(

"
"

-$
f (z)
1
dz

-
2
f (z)

'
-

" 0.5 (

-$
(

"

CAUCHY

A1
' 3;- F (
-$
f (z) =
z 4 139z 3 + 4z 2 + 212z + 5

3 z = t
"
Ref (z) = t4 4t2 + 5 > 0
< R > 0
R = [R, R] + CR )
CR (t) = Ret , t [

, ]
2 2

" $ (

-
"
limR+ n(f (R ), 0)
'
f "
(

-

1
2

[R,R]
f (z)
1
1
1
f (R)
dz =
Logf (R)
Logf (R) =
Log(
).
f (z)
2
2
2
f (R)
(z)
1
'
ff(z)
1 |z| + limR+ 2
Log( ff(R)
) = 0.
(R)
!
CR (

zf (z)
4 |z| +) R +
f (z)
1
2

1
2

CR
1
f (z)
dz =
f (z)
2
f (Ret )
Ret dt]
f (Ret )
4dt = 2
,-
( -

limR+ n(f (R ), 0) = 2
$# 3;- 3 "

( $

$ (

- " -

A2

. "

-$

?$
(( "
Rouche
! 3;3 5?$ Rouche7
, f, g D[a, R]

|g()| < |f ()| C(a, R)
f f + g
-$ 5"
N[f + g, D(a, R)] = N[f, D(a, R)]7
&', ? = C(a, R) 4

h(z) = 1 +
g(z)
g(z) + f (z)
=
f (z)
f (z)
"

D[a, R]

h (z)
1
dz = N(h, ) P (h, ) = N(f + g, ) N(f, ).
n(h(), 0) =
2 h(z)
,

Reh() = Re(1 +
g()
|g()|
)1
> 0.
f ()
|f ()|
,

h() (

(

0 = n(h(), 0) = N(f + g, ) N(f, ).
$# 3;2 , F = f + g

"
|F () f ()| < |f ()| 3

()
(
Ff ()
!

|F () f ()| < |F (z)| + |f ()|

4
-

|w 1| = |w| + 1

"

CAUCHY

A9
w R w 0
|w 1| < |w| + 1
w [(, 0] . (

F ()
F ()
|
1| < |
|+1
f ()
f ()
()

Ff ()
[(, 0])
( " $
$
, 0) = 0 ' $

n( Ff()
(
"
( ? Rouche
! 3;4
5D ?$ Rouche7 , F, f

D[a, R] |F () f ()| <
|f ()| + |F ()| C(a, R) f F

-$
$# 3;. < " $ Rouche

(
-$ F

(
f

(

!
$ " "
(
? ,(
n
, F (z) = a0 + a1 z + . . . + an1 z n1 + z n
| F (z)z
| 0
zn
|z| + R > R0 |F (z) z n | < |z n |
|z| = R ,
?$ Rouche

$ F

-$ z n n
' 3;2 D
-$
p(z) =
z 37 + 72z 30 + z 2 + 68z + 1 D(0, 1) D(0, 2)

! |z| = 1
|p(z) 72z 30 | |z|37 + |z|2 + 68|z| + 1 = 71 < |72z 30 |.

' $ "
" ?$ Rouche
72z 30

A>

$ -$ 72z 30
30 ( ((

< |z| = 2
|p(z)z 37 | 72|z|30 +|z|2 +68|z|+1 = 72230 +22 +682+1 < 237 = |z|37 .
!-

(
D(0, 2)
37 -

' 3;.
, f |z| < R

R > 1 |f (z)| < 1 |z| = 1 (
-$
F (z) = f (z) z n
(

, g(z) = z n |z| = 1
|F (z)g(z)| = |f (z)| < 1 = |g(z)| . "
Rouche

-$
n
' 3;3 , F (z) = z +b+ae
> 0, |a| < |Reb| (

-$ F
(

?
R
2= g(z) = z + b

! " $ $ z = t, t R7
|F (z) g(z)| = |a| < |Reb| < |t + b| = |z + b|.

!
" CR R
|F (z) g(z)| = |a||ez | = |a|eRez < |a| < R |b| = |z| |b| |z + b|.
' "
" $ Rouche
R
-$ z + b
,
-

R R > R0 b

- "

,
** ++
" - ** ++

"

CAUCHY

AA
, ( $

-

<
"
- &#

(

( ?
Rouche
"

! 3;5 5?$ Hurwitz7
? O )

O ?
$
fn (z) O
f (z)

O
-
.

/

N
$ n > N fn
-$
f

&'

,

- z0

(
$

$ fn -
.

- fn
-
z0
fn f

3 f (z) '

f ( )
-

m = min |f ( )| > 0 K (
"

N $
|fn (z) f (z)| < m |f (z)| z n > N
'
"

" ? Rouche

-

!

&',
3;2 ? $ f (z)

n

OC - , f (z)
"

OC ) f

)
5
-7
A:

&', ,
f -
- 5$

7 -$

(
D[z0 , r] OC
'" - ?$
Hurwitz
C(z0 , r) fn
-

3;. ? $ f
f

"

OC ,

1 1
1 1
n
&',
, f 1 1

" z1 , z2
f (z1 ) = f (z2 ) = a ? C(z1 , r1 )) C(z2 , r2 )

fn a
f a "

OC '" -

$ Hurwitz
C(z1 , r1 ) C(z2 , r2 ) n > N
fn a - w1 D(z1 , r1 ), w2 D(z2 , r2 ) '

fn (w1 ) = fn (w2 ) = a fn 1 1 w1 = w2

D(z1 , r1 ) D(z2 , r2 )

! 3;8 , f (z) z
0

- m f (z) w0
D(w0 , a)
Vz0
z0 $ f (Vz0 ) = D(w0 , a) f :
Vz0 {z0 } D(w0 , a) m
1) w D(w0 , a) {w0 }
m
"$ Vz0 {z0 }
&', '

z )

0
D[z0 , r]

C(z0 , r) f (z) = f (z0 )
" -
,

- f (z) w
, = C(z0 , r)
w0 = f (z0 )
Cf () ($ ($ $
Hw0 )

D(w0 , a) Hw0 #

"

CAUCHY

A=
" n(f (), w)

( $

$

n(f (), w0 ) = n(f (), w)
w D(w0, a) '" - $
m = N(f w0 , ) = n(f (), w0 ) = n(f (), w) = N(f w, )
,

w D(w0 , a)
f (z) = w m

-

w = w0
($ m

" <

D(w0 , a)
-
Vz0 = f 1 (D(w0 , a))

$

! 3;: 5?$

7
3

) -

% 3

&',
, G

$ w0
f (G)
-
w0
f (G) , w0 = f (z0 ), z0 G

" -
$ D(w0 , a) = f (Vz0 ) f (G)

"

3;3 . f (z) z

" f (z0 ) = 0

&', 4

m
1 m -

- z0 f (z) f (z0 )

-
f (m) (z0 ) = 0 f (k) (z0 ) = 0 k < m H
"
$
$# 3;3 4 "

"

"

:;

" "
, "
f (z) = ez '

f (z) = ez = 0

"
f (z) = f (z + 2n)

n !

$

(
5

7

(

"

!

$

!( "
(

"
$
! 3;;
, f (z) z0

- m f (z) w0
D(z0 , a)
$ f (z) = w0 + g m (z)
g 1 1
&',
3 z0 - m f (z) w0

f (z) w0 = (z z0 )m q(z) q(z0 ) = 0 ,

|q(z) q(z0 )| < |q(z0 )| |z z0 | < r Z

g(z)

D(q(z0 ), |q(z0 )| '

"

)

- Loga Z
1
? $ h = e m Loga q
hm = eLoga q = q )
1
h q m
, g(z) = (z z0 )h(z) f (z) = f (z0 ) + g(z)n ,

q(z0 ) = 0 h(z0 ) = g (z0 ) = 0
g

" z0
'8 &-
2
Cauchy
0
$ $ $ $

? 2=

"

CAUCHY

. "
"
$

$
"

)

g(a) =
f (z) f (a)
dz =
za
f (z)
dz 2n(, a)f (a), a
/ .
za
4 g

"

!

( K Coursat
"

!

O

$

-
"
O -

g

$
(

G
(
/
-

(
(
? Cauchy
R "

&#

f (z) f (w)
, h(z, z) = f (z)
zw
h
(
4 h ( $

- (z, w)
$
w

O $
h ( $

" (
$

?$ h $
(w)

g(z) = f (z)f
dw
zw
h(z, w) =

:%
g(z) = h(w, z)dw $

g

) O '$
(
"
# 3;2 , f (z) O )
f (z) f (w)
, h(z, z) = f (z), z, w O,
zw

O

g(z) = h(z, w)dw,
h(z, w) =
g G

4
"
!

(
"

**

++

$ 3;- 4 g

O O1 ) O1 = {z C : n(, z) = 0}
&',
? O1 O 4 g

(w)

g(z) = fwz
dz
(w)
dz C
<-
fwz

O1
<

$
/

)
n(, C O) = {0} O O1 = C
'$
$ " -
/

$ Liouville "

"

CAUCHY

:1
&', $% !"#$ ,

G
"

,

" $ C g(z) =
f (w)
dz '
g(z) 0 z
wz
" )

$ Liouville

,

G

1
f (w)
, n = 0, 1, 2 . . . , z G .
n(, z)f (z) =
2 (w z)
'

-

$

$ )
-
-

C
(

$

"
! 3;-< 5!" $ Cauchy7
, f (z) ,

m G ) k , k = 1, 2, . . . m

G
k=0 n(k , z) = 0
z C G)
m

k=0
n(k , z)f
(n)

m

n!
f (w)
(z) =
, n = 0, 1, 2 . . . , z G .
n+1
2 k (w z)
k=1
4

$

)$
m O
m

k=0 n(k , z) = 0 g(z) =
k=1 k h(w, z)dw
O ,
z0 O
"

k

D(z0 , rk
n(k , z0 ) = n(k , z)

,

$ D(z0 , r)
:2

" $ " - )

D(z0 , r) O

" $
$# 3;2 " $ "
Cauchy
$ &'

- "
)

"

,

" -

/
" 0 $ Residues '
"
$

"

"
,

*J++

#

(

$
, *B" ++

(

$ Liouville

" 5
=A
7

$

$ $

0
$ 3

K 2=%
# 3;.
, G )

) F (z, w), z,
G, w
(z, w) G

z

z
(z, w)
) g(z) = F (z, w)dw G
g (z) = Fz (z, w)dw
&', , U(z, w) = ReF (z, w), z = x + y , z = (x + y)

0
$

U(z, w) U(z0 , w) = (xx0 )Ux (z , w)

U(z, w)dw U(z0 , w)dw
= Ux (z , w)
(x x0 )

"

CAUCHY

:9
x x0 z z0 ) Ux (z , w) U
x (x0 , w)
5$

7 Ux (z , w) Ux (z0 , w))
U(z,
w)dw
=
U(z, w)dw
x
x
'
(
U(z, w) = ReF (z, w)
gx (z) = Fx (z, w)dw

gy (z) =
F (z, w)dw
y
# C-R Fx = Fy gx = gy ,

Fx , Fy

gx , gy 5$

-
7)
g
, $

x

z
- H

"

3
w (

z
z0
< > 0
() 5$ -

" ()

w 7
$ |Ux (z, w) Ux (z0 , w)| < |z z0 | < w )

|x x0 | <

| Ux (z , w)dw Ux (z0 , w)dw| |Ux (z , w) Ux (z0 , w)||dw| ()

x x0 Ux (z , w) Ux (z0 , w) #

# 3;3 , f (z) , G

(w)
h(z, w) = f (z)f
, h(z, z) = f (z), z, w G)
zw
h z
h(z, w) G G
&',
, - $

$

" $

, $ (z0 , z0 )
D[z0 , r] G
1
z, w D[z0 , r] h(z, w) = 0 f (tw + (1 t)z)dt
C
$ f " -
"$

h $
(z0 , z0 )
, f (tw + (1 t)z)
(
(t, z)
$

/

h(z, w)
z

h(z, w) = 0 (1 t)f (tw + (1 t)z)dt

z
4 z
h(z, w) (z0 , z0 )

$
"
(1 t)f (tw + (1 t)z)
(z, w, t)

D[z0 , r] D[z0 , r]
&', $% #$ 3;2
,
K 2=2

/

" K 2=1 h(z, w)

"
' 9 &* $)# # ".#

,
|z| |z|2 + |z 1| z C z C
< |z| 1 |z| + |z 1| |z| + |z| 1 |z|

2
< |z| > 1 |z| < |z|2 |z|2 + |z 1|
5'

z = 17
% , -
z n + an1 z n1 + an2 z n2 + . . . + a0 )

|| < 1 + |an1 | + |an2 | + . . . + |a0 |

, || > 1
|| = |
an1 an2
a0
+ 2 + . . . + n1 | |an1 | + |an2 | + . . . + |a0 |.
1 E

max
|z|1
|z 3 2|
|z 3 2|
.

min
|z|1 |z 3 + 2|
|z 3 + 2|

. (
|z|3 + 2|
|z 3 2|
3
.
3
3
|z + 2|
2 |z|
1
!
- $
( "

!

" 3

z = 1
H

2 ? z, w C Im(z)Im(w) > 0 D
f (x) = |x z| + |x w|) x R
-
z w|.
|x z| + |x w| = |

3
$-
$
(
, Z, W

X

Z, W

< W W

X XW = XW XW +
XZ = XW + XZ W Z ' $
"
X W Z

**. "- ++

$ < x R
x = x
|x w| + |x z| = |x w|
+ |z x| |z w|.
,
x

- |z w|
'

z x =
t(x w),
t 0 Rez x = t(x Rew)) Imz = tImw t 0)
Imz
> 0

t = Imw
Imz

|z w|
x = Rez+tRew
t = Imw
t+1
4

x

" $ -

(
9 , a, b C {0} n "

r > 0
z C |z| = r $ |a + bz n | > |a|

? a = |a|et1 , t1 = arga) b = |b|et2 ) z = ret

|a + bz n | = ||a|et1 + |b|et2 r n ent | = ||a| + |b|r n e(nt+t2 t1 ) |

,
t nt + t2 t1 = 0
|a| + |b|r n

|z| = r

(
5,
t nt + t2 t1 =

||a| |b|r n | 7
> E

w = (1 + 3)24 ) Rew ) Imw ) X(w, )

, z = 1 + 3)
$ z 2 = 2
z
z 3 = 2
zz =
2
2|z| = 8)
w = (z 3 )8 = 88 X(w, ) =
2
1+|w|2
= . . .
5'
$ " 7
A 0 @
a. A = {z C : Re(z 2 ) = 1},
b. B = { 1z : Re(z) 1}
c. C = {z C : Re(
z ) = Re((z)},

< A x2

y 2 = 1
< B
$ $ $
$
Z = 1z ) z =
1
)
Z
Z
Rez = Re Z1 = Re |Z|
2)
1
1 2
1
Z
2
Re |Z|
2 1)|Z| 2Re( 2 Z) 0) |Z 2 | 4
' $
"
-

D[ 12 , 12 ]
5R
(

( 7
C
"
x + y = 0
: 0

|z|2 + 5Re(z) + 3Im(z) + d = 0) " d R

.

(
x2 + y 2 + 5x + 3y + d = 0 (x + 52 )2 + (y + 32 )2 =
34
4
d
,

"

$
,
,
34
4
34
4
d < 0

d < 0 z = ( 52 , 32 ) = 52 , 32
d > 0 K = ( 52 , 32 ) = 52 , 32

R = 34
d.
4

34
4
4 $

( $ 0

|z|2 + Re(z(5 + 3)) +
|5 + 3|2
|5 + 3|2
=
d
4
4
|z +
5+3 2
|
2
34
4
d -

= D - $
z 4 = 24 ) z 2001 = 1) 1 + z + z 2 + . . . z 2000 = 0) ez = 1 +

<
$
2k
4
zk = 24 e 4 ) k = 0, 1, 2, 3
z0 = 2, z1 = 2e
2+
2
, z2 = 2e = 2, z3 = 2e3 = z1 .
2
2k
< - zk = e 2001 ) k = 0, 1, 2 . . . 2000.

<

z 1
z 2001 =
1

z0 = 1
<

log(1 + ) = Log|1 + | + Arg(1 + ) + 2k, k = 0 1, 2, . . . =

Log|2|
+
+ 2k, k = 0 1, 2, . . . .
2
4
z+1
; H e z1 D(0, 1) z D(0, 1)

$

-
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( 4 eZ = w, w = 0
Z = Log|w| argw. 4 ReZ 0 Log|w| < 0
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= {z C : |Im(z)| < 1}
5a7 ' f [
5b7 D f ()

,
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z+1 = log(w) = Log|w|+Argw+2k z = Log|w|+Argw+2k1.

#
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'

w
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% D

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A = {z = x + iy C : x 1, 0 y },
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4
Z = X + Y ) =
1z
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z = x + y =
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.
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x 1

X 1 )

y 0

Y 0

y (1+x)2 +(y pi1 )2 pi12 CD(1+ pi1 , pi1
4 - -

$ $ "$ {Z = ew :
Rew 1} ,

w = Log|Z|+argZ
Rew 1 0 < |Z| < e
1 ,
|cosz|2 + | sin z|2 = 12 (e2y + e2y )

ez + ez 2 |ez |2 + |ez |2 + 2Re(ez ez )
| =
,
| cos z| = |
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| =
.
| sin z| = |
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4
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,-

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2 D

" ((1 + )3 ) ) (1 + )3 )
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((1 + )3 ) = (2 + 2) = elog((2+2) .
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3
3
log((2+2) = Log|(2+2)|+Arg(2+2)+2k = Log2+ +2k
2
4

3
((1 + )3 ) = e 2 Log2 4 2k , k = 0 1 2 . . . .
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1
1
log(1 + ) = Log|1 + | + Arg(1 + ) + 2k = Log2 + + 2k
2
4

1
1
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4
50
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$7
< " $
log(3) = Log3 +
+ 2k

(3)(1+) = e(1+)log(3) = eLog3 2 2k+(Log3+ 2 +2k) , k = 0 1 2 . . . .

9 , z1 = 4 + 3) z2 = 3 + 4) z3 = 3 + 4) z4 = 4 + 3

Logz1 z2 = Logz1 + Logz2 ) Logz4 z2 = Logz4 + Logz2 ) Logz2 z4 = Logz2 +

Log z4 )
Logz14 = 4Logz1 ) Logz33 = 3Logz3

,

0 < Argz1 < 4 )
< Argz2 < 2 )
< Argz3 <
3
4

3
4
< Argz4 < .
4
$ < Argz1 + Argz2
,
$
4 < Argz1 + Argz2 < 3
4

!

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!

Arg z4 = Argz4 ) < Arg z4 < 3
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3
< Arg z4 + Argz2 < 4

4
<

0 < 4Argz1 <

<

3Argz3 >
3
2

> , f

2
|f |2
x2

2
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y 2
|f |2
x
= |f |2
f f =
x
fx f + f fx )
2
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x2
= fxx f + 2|fx |2 + fxx f )
2
|f |2
y 2
= fyy f + 2|fy |2 + fyy f
K (
fxx + fyy = 0) fxx + fyy = 0 |fx | = |fy | = |f |

-
H

# $
$
f = u + v
'

A , f
|f |2
5' "

7
: , f (z) O

x g(z) = f (
z ) O

g (z) = f (
z ) z O

'
z z0 z z0
f (
z ) f (z0 )
= f (z0 )
zz0
z z0
lim

-
lim
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f (
z ) f (z0 )
= f (z0 ),
z z0
z0 O

g (z0 ) g (z0 ) =
f (z0 )
!
$
"
" $

# $
$ $ f (z) =
u(x, y) + v(x, y) g(x, y) = u(x, y) v(x, y)
= F
"
)

2
f (z) = zz , z = 0, f (0) = 0) g(z) = |xy|) h(z) = |z|5 + 3ez + 1

z
< z = 0 fz = 2
= 0)
z
C-R

! z = (0, 0)
f (x, 0) = x) f (0, y) = y
fx (0, 0) = fy (0, 0) = 1)
C-R 0

0
2
(0)
f (z)f
= zz2 z 0

z0
1 z = t(1 + ), t R 1
5Q C-R

-

"

7

! g = u + v u(x, y) = 4 x2 y 2 v = 0

$ C-R

xy = 0
'
g(0, y) = 0) g(x, 0) = 0 gx (0, 0) = gy (0, 0) = 0
C-R
4 g(z)g(0)
y = x z = x + x
z0
|x|
1
(1+)x
x > 0, x 0 1+
x < 0, x 0
1
1+ )

, x0 = 0 )

f (x0 , y) = |x0 | |y|

y
fy (x0 , 0)
x0 = 0
.

fx (y0, 0)
y0 = 0

! h '
3ez + 1

q(z) =
5
|z| = ( x2 + y 2 )5
3
< z = 0 fx = 2x(x2 + y 2) 2 )fy = 2y(x2 + y 2 ) 2

fx (z) =
fy (z)
< z = 0 q(z)q(0)
= z|z|3 0 z 0) q (0) = 0
z0
h(z) = |z|5 + 3ez + 1

h (0) = 3
!

$

%; F
"
)
f (z) = 9x3 x (4y 3 y)) g(z) = |z 1|2 + |z 2|2 + |z 3|2 ) h(z) =

ex (x cos y y sin y) + (ex (y cos y + x sin y) z C

!

$
-
"

)

($
C-R
# fx = 27x2 1 = fy = 12y 2 + 1)
f
-
27x2 +
12y 2 = 2 f (z) = fx = 27x2 1
!

! g " g(z) = (z 1))(
z 1) + (z 2))(
z
2) + (z 3))(
z 3) *\
++

C-R gz = 0 (z 1) + (z 2) + (z 3) = 0

z0 = 2 4

fz (z0 ) = (z0 1) + (z0 2) + (z0 3) = 0
0" $

< h
$

$ C-R

&'
( ( $ $

"

$ f (z) = ex (x+y)(cos y +
sin y) = zez

" $
% F (

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-
-

$

"
(x y)(x + y)xy = 0
z
z
, y = z

? x = z+
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" z 4 z4 = 0
, -

$
z .
f (z) = zz 4 15 z5
4

$

" C-R fz = z 4 z4 = 0

'

f (z) = fz (z) = z 4 '

%% F
-

$
u1 (x, y) = y 3 3yx2 , u2 (x, y) = y 33yx2 , u3 (x, y) = Log[(x1)2 +(y2)2],

x+y
, u5 (r, ) = 5+3r cos +7r sin +8r 2 sin cos .
2
2
x +y
50

" 7
u4 (x, y) = x2 y 2 +
! u
. $

$
+
= 0)

'

-
2 u1
x2
2 u1
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< ux = 6y = vy

v(x, y) = 3y 2 + c(x) ,

vx = uy = 3y 2 + 3x2 c (x) = 3x2 c(x) = x3 + c
v(x, y) = 3y 2 + x3 + c
!

"

(
$

-
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z
z
0 x = z+
, y = z

2
2
3
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$
-
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$ '$

C {1 + 2}

5
(1, 2)7

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!

" 2Log|z 1 2| = Re 2Log(z 1 2) ,

OC = C {z : Im(z 1 2) = 0, Re(z 1 2) 0} H
"

(y = 2, x 1)
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-
Im(2Log(z 1 2) = 2Arg(z 1 2) + c '

$

-
0" $

-

! u4
$ )

-
0 x =
z+
z
,y
2
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u4 (x, y) = Re(z 2 +
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z
z
2

1
1
x
z
= Re = Re = Re ,
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+y
z
z
z
z
y
z
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) = Re
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z
z
z
1+
)
z
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1+
)
z
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sin = Re(e )

u5 (r, ) = 5 + 3r cos + 7r sin + 8r 2 sin cos =
Re(5 + 3re 7re + 4r 2 e2 ) = Re(5 + (3 7)z + 4z 2 ).
' $
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(3 7)z + 4z 2 ) + c ," $ " "
$

%1 , R

an z n k "

(
k
n
kn
n an z )
an z
akn z n
$
!

$

1
1
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R

k
an Z n
! )
z = Z
|Z| < R |z| < k R
H

1
1
k
= lim kn |an | = lim n |an | =
.
k
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R
!

1
1
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R

%2 , p, q
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k
"$ $

p (n)(Log(q(n))m z h(n)

< z

fn (z)
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( z
)
p(n + 1) k Log(q(n + 1)) m h(n+1)h(n)

|fn+1 (z)|
< 1 gian > n0 .
=|
| |
| |z|
|fn (z)|
p(n)
Loq(q(n))
'

$ p(x), p(x + 1)
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= 1 <
p(n)
Loq(q(n))

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$

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7
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x
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1. 0

+

+
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q (x + 1)q(x)
1 x +.
=
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'

|z h(n+1)h(n)) | |z| |z| < 1 |z h(n+1)h(n)) |z| |z| > 1

< |z| < 1
p(n + 1) k Log(q(n + 1)) m

|fn+1 (z)|
|
| ||
| |z| |z| < 1
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p(n)
Log(q(n))

|z| < 1
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< 1

(z)|
< |z| > 1

|f|fn+1
> 1

n (z)|

%9 F
$
n
(a + bn )z n , |a| < |b|)

%
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n2 kn
a z ) k ")
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nn

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( ab )n+1 + 1
an+1 + bn+1
|
=
|
|
1 a n
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( ) + 1b
b b
(
( ab )n 0

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1
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n
n
a +b
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n n

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a z bn z n
1
1
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|b|

% < |a| 1
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n
0

n
1 + n1 + a an
n + 1 + an+1
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|
=
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.
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n
n+a
1+ n
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n
an
0 5( 7

n+1
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n + 1 + an+1
1
an+1
|
|
=
|
.
1
n 1 | |a| =
n
n+a
R2
+ an a
a

1
1 H
n |a|kn2 = (|a| k )n
Q

|a| < 1

R3 = + !

|a| = 1 R3 = 1

|a| > 1 +
R3 = 0

kn
k
2
2 lim n |a|kn lim |a| n2 = lim |a| n = 1 = R14
4n
9 H
|1 + | 32n
34n
2n 5

"

-
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1
34x
2x 7 R = 1 = R5
5
> ,

32n
4n
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32n
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R6 = 0
2
2n
A '
3 4n! = 3 (n1)! 1 R7 = 1
: '

4n!
2n
4n!
+) 3 2n + R8 = 0
= , fn (z) =
n! kn
z
nn

n+2
1
|fn+1(z)|
=
(1 + )n |z| e|z|k .
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n
n

k
k 1
'
e|z| < 1 |z| < e R9 = k 1e .
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$
$

n

(a + bn )nz n+8 ) |a| < |b|

(n + bn )n(n 1)(n 2) . . . (n k + 1)z n
%

2n
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1
K

< z z 9 (an + bn )n)z n1 )

- -

(an + bn )nz n1 =
(an + bn )(z n ) .
,
$
$ $

n

(a + bn )z n

% 4 -

(n + bn )n(n 1)(n 2) . . . (n k + 1)z nk =
(n + bn )(z n )(k)
-

)

2n
1 ,
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1)(4n 2)z 4n3

- -

2n
(1 + )3 (z 4n )(3)
-
>

%A F

+
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3
2
n=0 (an + bn + cn + d)( z n+m )) |z1 | < |z2 |
2

,

n2 = n(n 1) + n, n3 = n(n 1)(n 2) + 3n(n 1) + n

"
+

z1n+k
z1n+k
+
(3a
+
b)n(n
1)
+
z2n+m n=0
z2n+m
+
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n=0
+

z1n+k z1n+k
(a + b + c)n n+m +
d n+m .
z2
z2
n=0
n=0
'
f (z) =
1
1z
z k+3
n=0
z n |z| < 1
$
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z k+2
1
1
a z m+3
f (3) ( zz12 )) # (3a + b) z m+2
f (2) ( zz12 ))
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z1k+1
z2m+1
zk
f ( zz21 ) d z m1 f ( zz12 )
2
%: C "

Taylor (

Log(1 z)) |z| < 1 ! (

))
( $ " $ $ Log( 1+
2

,

+

1
(Log(1 z)) =
zn
=
1z
n=0

Log(1 z) =
+

z n+1
+c
n
+
1
n=0
z = 0
c = 0
'

1+
2
=1
1
2
| 1
| < 1
2
+

(1 )n+1
1+
)=
.
Log(
n+1 (n + 1)
2
2
n=0
,
(1 )2 = 2) (1 )3 = 2(1 + )) (1 )4 = 4)
n = 4k + m) m = 0, 1, 2, 3
(1)k (1 )m+1
(1 )n+1
=
,
2n+1(n + 1)
(4k + m + 1)22k+m+1

3
+

(1)k
1+
m+1
)=
Log(
(1 )
=
2
(4k + m + 1)22k+m+1
m=0
k=0
(1 )
+

k=0
2(1 + )

(1)k
(1)k
+
2
+
(4k + 1)22k+1
(4k + 2)22k+2
+

k=0
k=0
+

(1)k
(1)k
+
4
(4k + 3)22k+3
(4k + 4)22k+4
k=0
'
ImLog( 1+
) = Arg( 1+
) =
2
2

= +4
+

k=0
)
4

"

+
+

(1)k
(1)k
(1)k
+
8
+
8
(4k + 1)22k+1
(4k + 2)22k+2
(4k + 3)22k+3
k=0
k=0
%= F

+
+
25n+1
25n+1
+
n=0 n!33n+2 ) %
n=0 (2n+1)!33n+2 ) 1
n=0
+ (1)n 25n+1
9
n=0 (2n+1)!33n+2
25n+1
)
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2
(1)n 25n+1
n=0 (2n)!33n+2 )

(

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,

-
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$
!

+ n

z
z
.
e =
n!
n=0
0
+
+

2 32 n 1
2 32
25n+1
=
( )
= e 27 .
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n!3
9 n=0 27 n!
9
n=0
! %

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1
sinh z = (ez ez ) =
2
(2n + 1)!
n=0
+
0 5n + 1 = 52 (2n + 1) 32 ) 3n + 1 = 32 (2n + 1)

+

n=0
3 +
5
25n+1
1
2 2 2 2 2n+1
=
=
(
)
1
3
(2n + 1)!33n+2
(2n + 1)!
3 2 n=0 3 2

3
sinh
8
! 1

z 2n
1
.
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2
(2n)!
n=0
+

0 )
+

n=0
5
+
32
2
2 2 2 2n 1
25n+1
= cosh
=
( )
.
(2n)!33n+2
9 n=0 3 23
(2n!)
9
27
! 2

cos z =
+

n=0
(1)n
z 2n
(2n)!
32
.
27
1
2
-
1 54 "

(1)n 7

+

(1)n 25n+1
n=0
(2n)!33n+2

2
= cos
9
32
.
27
! 9

+

z 2n+1
sin z =
(1)n
(2n + 1)!
n=0
% (
+

(1)n 25n+1
=
(2n + 1)!33n+2
n=0
32
3
sin
.
8
27

1; F
Laurent

1
1+2z+4z 2 +8z 3 +16z 4 +32z 5 +64z 6

'

1 + 2z +
4z 2
8z 3
1
1 2z
=
4
5
6
+ 16z + 32z + 64z
1 26 z 6
-

|26 z 6 | < 1
|z| < 12 |26 z 6 | > 1 |z| > 12
!
$

+
+
+

1 2z
6n 6n
6n 6n
= (1 2z)
2 z =
2 z
26n+ z 6n+1 .
1 26 z 6
n=0
n=0
n=0
!

| 261z 6 | < 1

+
+
+

2z 1
1
1
1
2z 1 1
2z 1
= 6 6
=
.
= 6 6
1
6
6
6n
6n
6n+5
6n+5
6n+6
2 z 1
2 z 1 26 z 6
2 z n=0 2 z
2
z
2
z 6n+6
n=0
n=0
1 ,

+
n=0
an z n
Taylor
aan + ban1 + can2 = 0 n = 2, 3, . . .
1
)a
a+bz+cz 2
= 0)

<
- ak = 0 k < 0 ,

1
=
an z n
a + bz + cz 2
n=0
+

1=
+

aan z +
+

n=0
+

az n +
n=0
+

n=0
ban1 z n +
ban z
n+1
n=0
+

n=0
can2 z n =
+

can z n+2 =
n=0
+

(aan + ban1 + can2 )z n .
n=0
,

-
1% D

Ref 0) % |f (4) (z)| 32

! , F = ef
" $ F
|F | = eRef 1
'" - ?$ Liouville F

F = ef f = 0 f = 0
f
5'

$

" aRef +
bImf + c 0)a, b, c R, (a, b) = (0, 0)) f '
aRef +
bImf + c = Re((ab)f + c)

$ f (a b)f 7
! % '
f

f (4) '" - ?$ Liouville
f (4) = c

$
( 4
c
24
, |c| 32 5<
(k)

f -
$
( k 0 f (k) = c1 = (c1 z) f (k1) =

c1 z + c2 )f (k2) = c21 z 2 + c2 z + c3 -

-

7
11 ?

C A) A
-
D "

2
|z
|f (z)| 1z
3 | z

!

(

$
|f (z)|
|z 2 |
|)
1z 3
% |f (3) (z)| |z|3 )
1 |f (2) (z)| 2|z|2 2 |f (z)| 5|z 3 + z 2 + 1|) 9 |f (z)| 5|z 3 + z 2 + 1|

1
> |f (z) |e z 1| A |f (z) |e z 1|

&#

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12 , C A)
A
-

|f | |g|

c f = cg, |c| 1

!

g -

fg
$ '
| fg | 1)

" $ (
$
Riemman

fg

"

$ Liouville

)
f = cg
|c| 1
'" -

-
"

2
z
f (z) = c( 1z
3 ) |c| 1
,

5

7
!

"
z2
1z 3
= cf (z) |c| 1 0" $ c = 0

2
z
f (z) = 1c ( 1z
3 ) 0 < |c| 1 !

!

% .

f (2) (z) = cz 2 |c| 1

f (z) = 3c z 3 + c1 ) f (z) =
c 4
z
12
+ c1 z + c2 |c| 1
!

1 -

f (2) (z) = 1c z 2 f (z) =
1 4
z
12c
+ c1 z + c2 0 < |c| 1
!

2
4
f (z) = 5c(z 3 + z 2 + 1) f (z) = 5c( z4 +
z3
3
+ z) + c1 |c| 1
!

9
4
f (z) = 5c (z 3 + z 2 + 1) f (z) = 5c ( z4 +
z3
32
+ z) + c1 0 < |c| 1
3

$

!

>
1
f (z) = c(e z 1) |c| 1

!

A
1
f (z) = 1c (e z 1) 0 < |c| 1

19 , f "

$
17
|f (z)| a|z| 2 |z| R % |f (z)| a|z| 2 |z| a 1

1
|f (z)| 1 + a|z| 2 + |z| 226 |z| a 2 |f (z)| Log3(1 + 3|z|) +
21
|z| 2
#

$

1> , 0 < 1 < . . . < n ) an = 0 ) k 0 k n < k + 1
f |f (z)| a0 + a1 |z|1 + . . . + an |z|n |
|z| > a
f -
$
( k

,
Cauchy |z| r
|f (n) (0)| n!
|a0 | + |a1 |r 1 + . . . + |an |r n

|a0 |
|a1 |
|an |
= n + n1 + . . . + n .
n
r
r
r
r k
# n > k r +

f (n) (0) = 0 n > k "
f (z) =
+ (n)

f (0)
n=0
n!
z =
k

f (n) (0)
n=0
n!
zn .

'" -

1 < 2 < 2

f
$
( " f (z) =
cz + d
!

2 <
$
(
17
2
< 3 -
!

-
$

1
(

Log(3(1 + 3|z| 2 )) +
3
1
21
|z| 2 9|z| 2 ) + 3 + |z| 2 -
$

( 10
1A ? f CA)
A
- ,

|f (z)| a|z|

5a, R7)

f = 0 " f (z) = caz

? k 0 k + < 1

, g(z) = z k f (z) |g(z)| a|z|k+

g
"
$
( $

Riemann

'
0 k + < 1 (
!

0 k + < 1

-
5.

$
"

$ f1 7
1: ? f CA)
A
- F

$

C

, $

D(a, M)

1
f (z) |f (z) a| > M |f (z)a|
< M1 ,

)
f $
1

Riemann

f (z)a
"
( $ Liouville
1= D

OC

$
f ( n1 ) =
% f ( n1 )
2n+1
, 0 OC.
2n
= (1)n 2n+1
,0
2n
1+1
1 f (
)=
3n
2 f (1 +
8n3 +1
8n3 +2
1 )
3n
OC.
, 1 OC.
3
+1
= (1)n 8n
, 1 OC.
8n3 +2
1
1
9 f ( 2n
) = n sin n1 n cos n1 + ne n , 0 OC.
6
3n+1 27(zn 1) +1
> f ( n+1
) = Log 3n+2
, 1 OC.
n+2
54(zn 1)6 +1
1
A f (1 + n1 ) = (1 + n1 ) n , 1 OC
5n = 1, 2, 3 . . .7
!

$ $ z
= n1 4

OC

/

$ 4

f (zn ) = 32 + zn

g(z) =
3
+ z, z OC f, g

2
OC

)
( $ f = g
n
! $ , z2n 0

f (z2n ) = g(z2n ) ( $ f = g
, z2n+1 0 f (z2n+1 ) = g(z2n+1 )
( $ f = g ,

f = 0)

! $
, zn =
1)6 +1
27(zn

54(zn 1)6 +1
27(z1)6 +1

54(z1)6 +1
f (zn ) =
1+1
)1
3n
OC n =
1
3(zn 1)2

'" - $ f (z) =
! $ $

!

$
, zn =
1
2n
0 OC f (zn ) =
sin 2zn cos zn +e2zn

2zn
2z
z+e
? $ sin 2zcos
) z = 0
"
2z

" $ 0

4 50

Hospital7 . ( $

Riemman

4 $
" $
f (z)) =
sin 2zcos zn +e2z
z = 0 f (0) = 4
2z
! $ )
zn =
n+1
n+2
n 2
1 OC ) f (zn ) = Log( 5z
)
4zn 1
5z 2

f (z) = Log( 4z1
)

/

( [ 14 , 25 ]

! $ ) zn = 1 +

1
)f (zn )
zn 1
1
zn 1
1
Logzn
zn 1
= zn
=e
1
f (z) = e z Logz
1
n
1 OC ) n =
" - $
2; , f, g

OC
f
g
G) zn
zn
z0 OC

f (zn ) = f (zn )g(zn ), n = 1, 2 . . . f = ceG
c = 0

'

/
"
f f g f f g = f f G = 0 !-
$ " )
eG f eG f G = (eG f ) = 0
eG f = c f = ceG
c = 0
!

g

z0

( '

-
,

&#

g " g = hh

f f g =
f h f h = 0
( fh ) = 0 f = ch
2 F

OC

$
n2 f ( 1n ) = f ( 1n )(2n2 + 1 +
1
n3
1
n3
5
3
)
n4
0 OC
1
1
1
%f ( 2n
) = f ( 2n
)(cos( 1+n
) + sin 3n
e n + Log( 2n+1
)))0 OC
n
2n
2
1 f ( n1 ) = f ( n1 )( n3n+n+2n+3
2 +n+1 ))0 OC
5n = 1, 2, 3 . . .7
! $
? zn = 1n 0 OC )
f (zn ) = f (zn )(2 + zn4 + zn10 + 3zn16 )
? g(z) = (2 + z 4 + z 10 + 3z 16 )

5
11
17

G(z) = 2z + z5 + z11 + 3z17 ,"

f = ceG c = 0
! $
? zn =
1
2n
0 OC

f (zn ) = f (zn )(cos(1 + 2zn ) + sin(
2zn
) e10zn + Log(zn + 1), 0 OC.
3
?
g(z) = (cos(1 + 2z) + sin(
2z
) e10z + Log(z + 1).
3
<
" -
$

G(z) =
2z
1
sin(1 + 2z) 3
cos
e10z + (z + 1)Log(z + 1) Log(z + 1).
2
2
3
10
f = ceG c = 0

/

x 1

Log(z + 1)
! $ ? zn =
f (zn ) = f (zn )(
1
n
0 OC )

3zn2 + 2zn + 1
)
1 + zn + zn2 + zn3
$
f (z) = f (z)(
3z 2 + 2z + 1
h (z)
)
=
f
(z)
1 + z + z2 + z3
h(z)

h(z) = 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 ,

( fh ) = 0 f = ch
2% , G
$ " z1 , z2 , . . . zk a > 0

supzG |z|a = max{|z1 |a , max |z2 |a . . . |zk |a }

!

" G
d(0, G)

3 supzG |z|a = (supzG |z 2 |) 2 ,

(supzG |z 2 |) = (maxzG |z 2 |)
G G
? (

max
z[zk ,zk+1 ]
|z 2 | = max |tzk +(1t)zk+1 |2 = max t2 |zk |2 +(1t)2 |zk+1 |2 +2(1t)Re(zk zk+1 )

t[0,1]]
t[0,1]
'
t2

(
$
(
t =
0 t = 1
max(|zk |2 , |zk+1|2 )

$
"

! $
!
$ a G " -

" a + G maxzG |z a| = maxk |zk a|
!
$ zk ( a maxaG |zk a| =
maxm |zk zm |
supa,bG |a
b| = maxa,bG |a b| = maxk,m |zk zm |)

$

! $
- (
inf zG |z|
'
G
inf
min
1

" (minzG |z 2 |) 2 , 0 G
"
- , (
/
"
z 2 $

'
-
-

"

0 - $
|zk |2

Pk (t) = t2 |zk + zk+1|2
2tRe
zk (zk+1 zk ) + |zk+1 |2 -
Re
z (z
z )
k
Pk ( |zkk zk+1
) 0 <
2
k+1 |

Re
zk (zk+1 zk )
)
|zk zk+1 |2
< 1 min(|zk |2 , |zk |2 )
' $ " -

min |zk |a
! $
(

0 " 1 + , 3 +
, 3 $
" -

21 , f, g D[a, r]

maxzD[a,r] (|f (z)| + |g(z)|) = maxzC(a,r) (|f (z)| + |g(z)|)

4

max,R Re(e a+
e b) = |a| + ||b|
,

max Re e f (z) + e g(z) = max Re(e f (z) + e g(z))
zD[a,r]
zD[a,r]

|f (z)| + |g(z)| = max Re e f (z) + e g(z)
,

max max Re e f (z) + e g(z) max (|f (z)) + |g(z)|.
, zC(a,r)
C(a,r)
'

z D[a, r]

)
max (|f (z)| + |g(z)|) max (|f (z)) + |g(z)|)
zD[a,r]
zC(a,r)

"
22 , f
OC
Ref 0
Ref (z) > 0 z OC
, ( Ref (z ) = 0

0

z1 OC Ref (z1 ) < Ref (z0 ) = 0

Ref 0)
29 , f D(0, 4)

|f (z)| <
1
6 Log(5 |z|) |z| 2 |z| z D(0, 4)
f = 0

? D(0, 4) r > || " -

|f ()| max|z|=r |f (z)| 6 Log(5 r) r 2 r

r 4
|f ()| 0
2> , f
OC
a OC $ |f (z)|
|f (a)| > 0
a
f

,

a
-

" "

a
'

,
$

2A , f
OC

$ Ref (z) 0 z
f

, G
= G

"
5
Ref (z) 0 z

aRef + bImf + c 0 z a + b = 0 '

-

7
2: ? f D[0, 1]
D(0, 1))

|f (z)| = c
C(0, 1])
, a1 , a2 , . . . , an - $

)
f (z) = c1 g(z) |c1 | = |c|
g(z) =
za1 za2
1
a1 z 1
a2 z
'
|
...
zak
|
1
ak z
zan
1
an z
z D[0, 1]
< 1 D(0, 1) |

C(0, 1)
zak
|
1
ak z
=1
|g(z)| < 1 D(0, 1) |g(z)| = 1 C(0, 1)

(z)

| fg(z)
| = |c| C(0, 1) '
f, g
-

fg

h -

h " -

h

- |c| '"

|h| ,

h(z) = c1

h(z) = c1

-
2= , 1 , 2

"

2
1 : x2 + y4 = 1 x 0, y 0 ) 2 : x2 + y 2 = 1, x 0, y 0
3 = [, 1]

$
f
(z)dz
)
f
(z)dz
)
f (z)dz f1 (z) = z f2 (z) =
k
k
1
1 + 2
1 + 2 + 3 k
2
sin z

?
z = 1 (t) = cos t + 2 sin t t [0, ]) dz = ( sin t + 2 cos t)dt

z = cos t 2 sin t

f1 (z)dz =
1
zdz =
(2 +
0
3 cos 2t
) = 2.
2
?
z = 2 (t) = et ) z = et t [, 3
] dz = eit dt

2

f1 (z)dz =
2
3
2
zdz =
2
dt =
.
2
?
z = 3 (t) = t(1 + ) t [0, 1] z = t(1 ) + dz = (1 + )dt

1
f
(z)dz
=
z
dz
=
(2t + 1)dt =
1
3
3
0
!

! f2 (z) = sin2 z =
F (z) = z2 sin42z

cos22z

f2 (z)dz = F (1) F (1),
1
1
2
1 + 2
f2 (z)dz = F () F (1)

1 + 2 + 3
f2 (z)dz = F (1) F (1) = 0.
9; F
In =

Logzdz
n

[1 n , 1 , 1, 1 , 1 + n ]) n = 1, 2, . . . !

lim In

,
C

"

Logz

F (z) = zLogz z

In = F (1+ )F (1 ) = (1+ )Log(1+ )(1+ )(1 )Log(1 )+(1 ).

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
? Arg(1 n )
(1 n ) 1

Arg(1 ) Log(1 ) = Log|(1 )|+Arg(1 ) .

n
n
n
n
#
Log(1 + n )
lim In = 2
9 F
"
I = 02 sin(et )dt
? z = e , dz = e dt) dt =
z

I = sin
dz
iz

$

+
n z 2n+1

,
$
Taylor sin z = n=0 (1)
(2n+1)!

+ (1)n z 2n+1
(1)n z 2n
sin z
= +
n=0 (2n+1)!

F (z) =
n=0 (2n+1)(2n+1)!
iz

I = F ( 2 ) F (0) = . . .
t
dz
z
9% F

f (z) = z 21+1 +
1
1
ez
+ cos z
+ z+

1z 2

$

$ " n(, 1), n(, )
Cauchy
! 2>@

1
1
2 z+

(

3 z 21+1 = 2 z+
dz
1
" n(, a) = 2 za

z2
1
dz = n(, ) + n(, )
+1

z2
1
dz = n(, 1) n(, 1).
1
,

sin
1
1
1
=
+ ...
z
z 3!(z )3

-

1
=
sin
z
1
dz = 2n(, ).
z
'

ez
ez+
e
e
= e
=
(1 + (z + ) + . . .) =
+ ...
z+
z+
z+
z+

ez
= 2n(, ).
z+

- .

" '

O

" <

"

!

+1 1
" (
" , " !

n(, 1) = 1 1 1 = 1) n(, ) = +1 1 1 + 1 = 0)
n(, 0) = 11 = 2) n(, ) = +1+11 = 1)n(, 1) = 11 = 2
91 , f
-
(

$
1
1
) 1 f ( 2n+1
) 1. 2
f ( n1 ) 0 % f ( n1 ) + 1 f ( 2n
f ( n1 ) 0 9 f ( n ) +. !

1

zn 0 f (zn ) +

2
zn 0
f (zn ) 8
!
$

$

!

!

"

$
$ C-W

f (zn ) zn 0 .

+ 0
" f (D(0, n1 ))

"
$ C-W
zn D(0, n1 ) f (zn ) D(n, 1)
zn 0
f (zn ) +

$ )

!

# zz ) ze z

/

$

$ $
2
!

% # 1z ) e zz

/

$

$ $
2
4 e z

1
2
ze z

2
92
C

( -
f
g

g
f

f (z) = z 2 (e2z 2z 2 1) g(z) = 3 sin(z 9 ) + z 39 z 9

% .
$

f (z) = z sin z ) g(z) = cos z
'
g (z) = z h(z)) h(z) = 27 cos(z ) + 39z
30
9 h(0) = 0)
- 8 g
9 g
, - k f

" $ k 2
2
2
(e2z 2z 2 1)) k 3
4z((e2z 1)))
2
2
k 4 ((e2z 1)) k 5
4z(e2z ) $
" k 5 = 1
. (

9 6 = 5
9 6 = 5 fg
f
g
-
! $

$
- 2 k, k = 1, 2 . . .
- f '

k + 2 , k = 1, 2 . . .
- g '

-

- g

fg )

- f

fg
99 , z1 , z2 , a, b C a = b $
$
C {z1 , z2 } Re(f, z1 ) = a, Re(f, z2 ) = b

$
z1
k ) z2
m
% z1
k ) z2 $ $
1 z1 $ $ ) z2 $ $

,
1
(zz1 )k
f1 (z) =
b
a
)
zz1
f2 (z) =
1
(zz2 )m
b
zz2
f3 (z) = e zz1 ) f4 (z) =
e zz2
g1 = f1 + f2 ) g2 = f1 + f4 g3 = f3 + f4

$ )

9> , z0
)
k ) $ $
f

k + 1 $ $
f . (

z0
f $ $ ef

+
n
0
Laurent +
n= an (zz0 )
n= nan (z
n1

z0 )
f f -
$

$ ,

$

z0

1
, z0
m ef

m+1
(ef ) = f ef

f

, z0
- m

ef
m
1
= ef

, z0
ef

ef -

f

(eef) = f (
$

f 4

$ $
9A , f

n!
f (z)
dz = (n k)!
(z a)n+1
f (k) (z)
dz, k = 0, 1, 2 . . . .
(z a)n+1k
0 " f
(n)
(a)
Cauchy
$ " " - f n

" f (k ) (nk)

9: F

f C {0}

,
Laurent
f (z) =
+

an (z a) , f (z) =
n
n=
+

nan (z a)n1
n=

f (z)
f (z)
an
nan
+
.
.
.
,
+ ...,
=
.
.
.
+
= ...+
n+1
n
(z a)
za
(z a)
za

f (z)
dz = 2n(, a)an ,
(z a)n+1
f (z)
dz = 2n(, a)nan = n
(z a)n
f (z)
dz.
(z a)n+1
0
- (n 1)!
-
$
-

k
9= ?
z 2n sin2k 1z ) z 2n+1 sin2k+1 1z )(z 1)2n cosk
1
)
(z1)n
1 2
1
cos 2z1
e(z 2 ) .
F

$

4
-

,

Laurent
"-

-

,
-

+

$
+

n= an z n = f (z) = f (z) = n= (1)n an z n )

a2k+1 = 0 <$ **
z a ++
f (a+Z) = f (aZ), Z = za
Laurent a
"-

&#
( ($
$

>; ?
z 2n+1 sin2k 1z ) z 2n sin2k+1 1z )(z 1)2n+1 cosk
1
)
(z1)n
1 3
1
cos 2z1
e(z 2 ) .
F
$

C( 14 , 18 )

'

$ $

" -

-

$
> F

$

C(0, 4)
z 339k1 sin
z
1
1
1
, z cos2
.
, z 339k sin k , z 2 cos
k
z
z
(3z 1)
(3z 1)

'

339k1
+
+

1
(1)n 1 2n+1 (1)n
1
339k1
( k)
sin k = z
=
,
k(2n+1)339k+1
z
(2n + 1)! z
(2n + 1)! z
n=0
n=0
k(2n + 1) 339k + 1 = 1 n = 169)

1
-

339!

" 2

339!
!
$
k(2n + 1) 339k = 1
,
1
"
"

'

-
'

$

1
3
1
3

= Z

+

1 2
(1)n
1
2
=( + Z +Z )
z cos
=
(3z 1)
9 3
(2n + 1)!32n+1 z 2n+1
n=0
2
+

1
n=0
+
+

(1)n
(1)n
(1)n
2
+
+
.
9 (2n + 1)!32n+1 Z 2n+1 n=0 (2n + 1)!32n+1 Z 2n1 n=0 3 (2n + 1)!32n+1 Z 2n
'
- 1

1
3!31 3 +0 =
(

13 9.3
1

2

54
54
>% F

$

ez ez
In =
dz, n = 1, 2 . . . .
z
z
C(0,n) e + e
4 e + e
= 0 e2z = 1 = e -

zk = 2 + k ) k = 0 1 2 . . . 4

-
-

'
- -

$
!
z
z
(ez ez )

Res( eez e
,
z
)
=
(
)
=1
z
k
+e
(ez ez ) z=zk
z
4 zk D(0, n)
n < 2 + k < n n

n
k n
In = 2 k=n Res(f, zk ) = 2(2n + 1)
>1 F

Laurent

2z 2 1
z 91 sin 1z ) e z 99 )
k
1
sink z
k = 1, 2, 3, 4)
(ez 1)k
sink+2 z

3
+
+

1
1
1
91
n
z sin = z
(1)
=
(1)n
.
2n+1
z
(2n + 1)!z
(2n + 1)!z 2n+190
n=0
n=0
91
<

2n + 1 > 90

+

(1)n
n=45
1
.
(2n + 1)!z 2n+190
<

2n + 1 90 = 1) n = 45
1
(91)!

4
e2z 1
z 99
"
+
+
e1 2n z 2n e1 2n z 2n99
=
.
z 99 n=0 (2n)!
(2n)!
n=0
<

2n < 99
49
n=0
e1 2n z 2n99

(2n)!
<

2n 99 = 1)
n = 49

e1 249

98!
'
sinz z 1 z 0 )

$ sin1 z

1z
'

)
z2
sin2 z
1 z 1 )

1
sin2 z
z2
1
a2 a1
+
.
.
.
,
+
=
= a2 + a1 z + . . . .
z2
z
sin2 z
sin2 z
'

-

a1 = 0
,

a2 = 1
z12
'
sin13 z
-

Laurent

"
1
a3 a1
+ ....
= 3 +
3
z
z
sin z
,

z 3

F (z) =
z3
= a3 + a1 z 2 + . . .
sin3 z

" $
F (0) = a3 ) F2! (0) =
a1 . . . ,
(

"

"
Hospital ?
"
$

Taylor
!

"
sin z = z
z3
1
z2
q(0)
+. . . = zq(z), q(z) = 1 +. . . , q(0) = 1, 0 = q (0), =
.
3!
3!
3!
2!
'
F (z) =
1
q 3 (z)

(q 3 ) (0)
+ ....
a3 + a1 z + . . . = F (z) = q (z) = q (0)z +
2!
2
'

q 3 (0) = 1, (q 3 ) (0) = (3q 4 q )(0) = 0, (q 3 ) (0) = (12q 5q 3q 4 q )(0) = 2

a3 = 1) a1 = 1
,

1
1
z3
+ 1z
#
1
a4 a2
= 4 + 2 + ...
4
z
z
sin z

a4 + a2 z 2 + . . . =
1
z4
1
1
1 1
= 4 = ( 4 )(0) + ( 4 ) (0)z + ( 4 ) (0)z 2 + . . .
4
q
q
q
2! q
sin z

a4 = 1, a2 =
1 1
1
2
( 4 ) (0) = (20q 6 q 4q 5 q )(0) = .
2! q
2
3
0" $ z14 3z23

, -

ez 1 = zh, h(z) = 1 +
1
1
z + z2 + . . .
2!
3!

1
1 (ez 1)k
a2 a1
hk
+ ...
h(0) = 1, h (0) = , h (0) = ,
= 2 +
=
k+2
2
k+2
2
3 sin
z q
z
z
z

a2 = (
hk
hk
k
.
)(0)
=
1,
a
=
(
)
(0)
=
1
q k+2
q k+2
3
2
>2 , f C{0}
0 f (reit )dt =
, 0)
$
2Res( f (z)
z
2 aekt
2
e
dt) 0 cos (aekt )dt) 0 sin (aekt )dt) 0 ea cos kt cos(a sin kt)
0

a
k "

, z = ret , dz = ret dt, dt = dz

z
2

f (z)
f (z)
1
it
dz = 2Res(
, 0).
f (re )dt =
C(0,r) z
z
0
k

$
"

f (z) = eaz
'
z f (z)
f (0) = 1 z 0

$
z
f (z)
, 0) = 1
(
$
z Res( f (z)
z
2
!

cos(az k )

(

!

sin(az k )

k)
- !

sin(az
z

"

$
$
$
, " " "

w
w
cos w = e +e
.
2
>9 , p) q
$ ( Xq Y( XpY= k 2

k p(z)
limz z q(z)
. !

R > 0 $
p(z)
= 0 r > R
C(0,r) q(z)
!
$ $

(

( $ 4

K
'

"

| M p(z)
| M||z|k |z| > r0 ?$

|z k p(z)
q(z)
q(z)
R > r0 $ D(0, R)
- i

r > R

p
p(z)
= 2
Res( , i ).
q
C(0,r) q(z)
i
,
Cauchy 5
(

7
| C(0,r) p(z)
| rk1

q(z)
'

$
r > R
r +
>> ,

( q(z) = z n +1

0

r = 1
p(z)
C(0,r) q(z)

'
-

-

( - '
-

- "

>A C $

sinn z1
3
sinn z
3
2z1 cos(
),
,
,
k
=
0,
1,
2.,
e
1
(ez 1)k+n (e z 1)k+n
2z 1
1 + z + z2 + z3 + z4 + z5 2
23
24
z
,
e
....
1 + z + z2
3!z 3 4!z 4

!
$
sin z, (ez
1) -$

4

sin z =
ez (1 + ez )(ez 1)
ez ez
=
2
2

sinn z
enz (1 + ez )n
=
.
(ez 1)k+n
2n n (ez 1)k
< k = 0
" $

< k = 1 - m

-

enz (1 + ez )n )z=m
(2n n (ez 1))z=m
- n

1
n+1
n
! $

1
zm = m
, m = 1, 2, . . . '$ -

$ ]
5

]
7
$

<

$
" $ $

! Z = z
3
2z1
1
2

3
3
2
1
eZ )
1 3+2 1 32
cos(
) = e 2Z cos = e 2Z (e Z +
= e 2Z + e 2Z =
2z 1
Z
2
2
2
+
+
+

1 (3 + 2)n 1 (3 2)n 1 ((3 + 2)n + (3 2)n )
+
=
.
2n! 2n Z n
2n! 2n Z n
2n!
2n Z n
n=0
n=0
n=0
,

"
" 12 $ $

32
!

-

6

z1 zz 3 1
=
1
3
z + 1

$

2
2
4 - 1 + 2z + 2!z
2

" $
$

2
>: E
$ Ik =
zk
)
C(0,r) e z1 1
k = 0, 1, 2 . . .) r > 2

1
3 $ n

$

"

(
" " - $ $

.

(
( $
,
z = w1 ) dz = w12 dw

z = ret , t [0, 2] - r (t) = r 1 et , t [0, 2]

zk
1
C(0,r)
ez 1

=
r
w k2
dw.
ew 1
0" $

" - $ $

$ 2n) n
)

r 5 1r < 2 7

Ik = n(r , 0)2Res(
w k2
, 0).
ew 1
E
$ n(r , 0) = 15

7
< k > 2

- < k 2
k + 1

Res(
4
1
w
w k2
(k1)
, 0) = ( w
)w=0 .
w
e 1
k! e 1

w
ew 1
q(z) = 1 +
1
q

1
1
1
w + w2 + w3 + . . .
2!
3!
4!

q(0) = 1,
q (0)
1!
1
2!
q (0) =
1
2
) q 2!(0) =
1
3!
q (0) = 13 .

1 1
w k2
, 0) = ( )(k1) (0).
w
e 1
k! q
#

" $
Res(
>= F

$ p(z) = z 20 3z 19 60z + 1
- D(0, 5)) D(0, 2) D(0, 1)
1
) !
"
D(0, 61
k p (z)
n(p(C(0, r)), 0) $ C(0,5) z p(z)
) k = 1, 2

, g1 (z) = z 20 |z| = 5
|p(z)g1 (z)| = |3z 19 60z+1| 3|z|19 +60|z|+1| = 3.519 +60.5+1 < 520 = |g1 (z)|.
,

"
$ Rouche

p, g1
-$
20 -
< g2 (z) = 3z 19 0 |z| = 2
|p(z) g1 (z)| = |z 20 60z + 1| 220 + 60.2 + 1 < 3.219 = |g2 (z)|

19 - D(0, 2)
# g3 (z) = 60z ) |z| = 1 |p(z) g3 (z)| < |g3 (z)|
g4 (z) = 1) |z| =
1
61

|p(z) g4 (z)| <
1
3
60
< 1 = |g3 (z)|.
+
+
6120 6120 61
,
-
1
n(p(C(0, r)), 0) =
2

C(0,r)
p (z)
dz
p(z)
-
-$ p D(0, r)
"
-
"

$ $

$
p(z) = an z n + an1 z n1 + an2 z n2 + . . .
C(0, r)

( -

'" -

zk
C(0,r)

p (z)
ki .
dz = 2
ki n(C(0, r), i ) =
p(z)
'
$

an1 = an i an2 = an ij i j

k = 1 $ 2 an1
k = 2
an

2i
= 2((
i ) 2

ij
a2n1 2an2
).
i j ) = 2( 2
an
a
!

( 2 19

20
0
A; , f (z) =
z 2 (z2)32 (z+)20
(1+z+z + z 3 +z 4 )20

n(f (), 0)

D(0, 3))
D(0, 32 ]
n(, 1) = 5, n(, 2) = 6
% n(f (C(0, r)), 0)

$

3 1 + z + z
+ z 3 + z 4

- i
5( 7 -

20
'
0, 2,
- 2, 32, 20

(

n(f (), 0) = n(, 0).2 + n(, 2).32 + n(, ).20
20n(, i ).
'
, 0, i D(0, 32 ) C
$ C

" 5 n(f (), 0) = (5).2 + 32.(6) + (5).20
4.20(5) = 98
! $
< r < 1 (
C(0, r)
"
n(f (C(0, r)), 0) = 2.
< 1 < r < 2 n(f (C(0, r)), 0) = 2 + 20 4.20 = 58.
< r > 2) n(f (C(0, r)), 0) = 2 + 20 + 32 4.20 = 26
A F
I =
(1, 3)

+
0
x
dx
(x4 +1)

+1
'
|z|z|4 +1| 0 z 0, +

-
"
2:= '

z
L
f (z) = (z 4 +1)

p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 "

+
e
I=
x f (x)dx =
Res(zL f (z), pn ) =
sin n
0
(pn )
L
3
4pn
|pn |
n
4p3n
eArgL pn
! 5

(0, 2)7)
p1 = e 4 , ArgLp1 = 4 ) p2 = e
p3 = e
5
4
, ArgL p3 =
5
,
4
p4 =
3
4
3
,
4
7
e 4 , ArgL p4 = 7
,
4
, ArgLp2 =

3
53
3
1 e 4
e 4
e 4
e 4
I=
+ 3 + 5 + 7 =
4sin e 4
e 4
e4
e4
3

3

1
1
e 4
e 4
e 4
e 4
(
+ 3
+ 3 =
4sin
sin e 4
e4
e4
e 4

3 +
+ 3
1
cos(
) + cos(
) .
4sin
4
4

Θεωρια Μιγαδικων Συναρτησεων-Μαθηματικο Πατρας Σαμαρης

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Θεωρια Μιγαδικων Συναρτησεων-Μαθηματικο Πατρας Σαμαρης

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(ec ) = (cos + sin ) = (cos + sin ) = e ,

D[z0 , b] = {z C : |zz0 | b} = {z C : z = z0 +rcis(), (a, a+2], 0 r b

D(z0 , b) = {z C : |zz0 | < b} = {z C : z = z0 +rcis(), (a, a+2], 0 r < b}

C(z0 , b) = {z C : |z z0 | = b} = {z C : z = z0 + bcis(), (a, a + 2]}

argz1 + argz2 + . . . + argzn = arg(z1 z2 . . . zn )

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