Professional Documents
Culture Documents
تعليم المدافعين
تعليم المدافعين
تعليم المدافعين
:eCH UdG dG c
fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN
QNCG LGj jdG
eGB
l H
pffGE e
WdG ce
jU IlQS
jbdG IPN
edG e
GC
b
b
G F
S l
j
FRONT LINE
DEFENDERS
j
d
G
eBG dG FSh
G c
JtdG e
SdG dG
H
QdG QGG dG
IOdG e
Shd
dG
dG e
edG
ffdG G
GjdG h WG YG
dG c h QGSCG
FOdG LQG dG
G
dG eCdG
IG IQfEG
j
d
u S
IfG uj dG G G
YGdG FdG
MG
eeCG dG SDe
:eCH UdG dG c
fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN
QNCG LGj jdG
FRONT LINE
DEFENDERS
eeCG dG b e 2011 Y a fo
fEG M Y aGdG jd dhdG SDdG
Front Line
Grattan House, 2nd Floor
Temple Road
Blackrock
Co Dublin
Ireland
Phone: +353 1 212 3750
Fax: +353 1 212 1001
dG M
`fL GO :dG J
dGE dMEG jT Jje e AmL f hGC e SbH jo .fEG M Y aGdG d Gg dG c QGUGE sJ
.duDdG h QdG
www.frontlinedefenders.org
:dhDdG Y H
hdG L eAe hGC ,GSG IASGE AGRGE Gg dG c oJ sJ dG edG da eeCG dG SDe J
.eGSG H j QV GC Y dhDe d h ,dG
aGdG e mfo b e oLGe sJ h .eeCG dG SDe id jQdG hDT ue ,pjQ GB b e Gg dG c OGYGE sJ
,LQL e ,Jf fGB h ,fhfGE e ,SGfc e h dfG dGd dhdG cdG e ,M Yo :fEG M Y
.(eGC
m SC SG M
o ) ShCG dG e fEG M Y aGe h
:aY
a e jQjGE jfGE Vh dG ,fEG M Y aGd jdG dO a OQh dG gdG dGE Gg dG c j
Qe h jQjGE jfGE e wc Vh dG ,fEG M Y aGd jdG sodG jdG dO h ,HhQhCG dG ,dhdG dG
eeCG d MsU PGE ,dhdG jdG d e fGE .Protection InternationaldhdG jdG e e ,GQc
m e GSH
.fEG M Y aGd jdG sodG jdG dO e
gd dc h ,eCG hDdG a dG jNBG AGdG e OY esb dG gd dG feG Y
o pod fGE h
AdG JGSG Y fWGC h ,LGj dG WdG e GH e ,IY hX a j e fEG M Y aGdG
.j dG
edG
o Kn
ii
1
9
26
42
48
61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eue :hCG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WdG J :fdG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GjdG J :ddG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JdG h adG :HGdG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .eCG dG Vh :edG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J a dG dG oa :SOdG dG
67
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QOdG
68
68
69
70
72
74
76
78
79
81
85
87
89
91
92
95
98
100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :MdG
. . . . . SWOT GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee J IGOGC :e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J a dG dG H J SGC :e
. . . . . . . .seuCoG dG e GjdG h WdH udG FdG
o H
. . . . . . fEG M Y aGdG gOM c edG GQdG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG eGC :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . `dG eGC :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . LdG hGC OdG hGC cudG e ,pdG ojM :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgdG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NG /YG /bdG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG AGYG dP a H ,AGYG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jdG WdG dGE dG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jQGOEG GAGLEG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fEG M Y aGdH dG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JdG h SdG ILGC eGC :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dSGC h bGdG LdJ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eCG dG pehe Y tdG
. . . . . . . . . . . . fEG M Y aGd dG GP dH lFb
J
:dG ddG j h ,fGE lY g GE fEG M Y aGc Y sGE .sL
l j LGJ'
.HT e h ,eGdG h ,IG jM LGC e f fGE
bG h ,jOG Jb J Y MCG H Gg fLGC d h .fCH dG h dG fT d
fGE .jNBG f LGC e ImH dG Ise GP
IG f fC h ,kb h Oe jd sC GH f
dG GMH df fC h ,dTGC L
eG e h ,JSDe e h dhdG e f
fd ,GdG fC GH f fGE .cG h
.kde kj
Y aGG jH G Gg dG c sGE
dG gCG M etCd lUa fEG M
h YG h OGaCG u fGE .oY H j
dG h ,fGC Y dG e CG h G
.cfG fGOGE h bH
e faL Qj QcdG
f H FG eCG SQG JG sGE
eSG e GPGE .e ej jdG ADg h JFY eS h eS j edG dYCH
jZ fc GE h dG ,JG h dG eCG N Vd ddG Gg nj dG eG
sGE .jQ hO ffEG LGC e h ,fEG M LGC e G e j dG e S fEa ;gCG
d h GLGJ .QGUEG h VGdG h YdH sJ h ,G e fQ e jjGC H G
.'keobo fCH Gad dP c GE h M ,AGQdG GE IMGh IN
e faL Qj QcdG
.JGH ,CALAS YLG h dG jdG a ffdG tdG ce Y je
.2009 d ,QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd eeCG G SDe IFL Y FG
eeCG dG SDe
.'aY h fEG
hQcH fJc L
TdG eJ c dG dG eCG
.WGdG fdG jQH , bG
aGd eeCG G SDe IFL Y IFG
d ,QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y
.2007
hQcH fJc L
iii
AGgGE
fEG M Y aGdG L dGE lSseo Gg dG
o c
dG SDe e Y e ,QNCG LGj jdG
fEG M Y aGdG e hdG cnQnT d .eeCG
h ,pahe h ,gLGh dG WdH dG pJGN
h ,dG da h eCG e H adG e
UGe e Gd gXsh dG bdG JGSG
oae KGC d .jdG e sM dG J dG Y
.dEG Y kYH fc h ,JM h Y gojGE
ee :hCG dG
gRJ e fEG M Y aGdG k GM H j k GeGC c eCG dG GC
o MGC c'
Rj h ibGC AndG oj dG Gg Y dH dG sGC BG QOGC fGE .WdG GLGd YdG
.jaGC e fEG M Y aGe .'H j dG dG da
h .LGj dG WdG e
m fL dGE Vj h ,fEG M Y aGd kjJ dG Gg uj
m UJ uj h ,eGC mN Vh GN Y IkLe kd dc uj
h jdG h eCG gd
h H dG j lb ljJ K ,dG jf a h .Gg dG c a kGc OOS dG edG
.eCG bGh Y oJ
MJ
jdG fEG M Y aGd Y
k gGC
l GN :eCH UdG dG c nepe H
.QNCG LGj
hGC MGC LGC e ndG Y HdH dG dH j jdG UTCG g fEG M Y aGdG
LGC e edG Gg j h .fEG d ddG YEG a Y UdG dG L
a dG LGC e edG h ,adG h ,dG h ,jObG h ,YLG h ,SdG h ,fdG dG
de h YndG e dG UTCG M h ,AdG M LGC e edG e e ,IGhdG
.dG
h ;ffdG IYdG jd ke ojJ lYe :fEG M Y aGdG Y eCG H e
h ;cfG g e LdG dGE dG uJ h ,(ZG dP a H) jdG OGM KuJ lYe
e h ;ItdH sodG h Adc ,dG U fJ dG hGC sdG YdG M LGC e edG
dG YL AYR h ;AdG AGjGE QhO a edG h ;OdG ae a TdG kjGC eCG
dG LGC e edG h ;dG jJ Y
t dG h ;Je M Y aGj e UCG
H a fGC fEG M Y aGdG c b h .dG L
t dG h dG jdG Y dG a
L
h
R
L
h
R
d
P
e
C
G
e
h
,
d
G
d
G
d
G
GhGCH K ,cfd jV dG
l
n
o
ANG FGL Je jJ LGC e d jdG FY OGaGC H J ,dG ANd kV
jOe j h ,MCG H a bM e a fEG M Y aGdG j .dGdG dGE
.iNGC mMGC a
dG dG H WdG dGE Vse dndG e e c a aGdG sGE
dP a H - jdG h ,AGYG WdG g J b h .H ej
a kWV Io
o dG j b h .ZG M h ,dG h ,dG jdG
cd AY hGC ,GQSG ILGC a UY hGC ,WdG RL hGC dG
dG hGC ,sdG VQdG Yd ndGe hGC ,dG IOe
jdG YdG hGC ,jOe UTGC b e jQLCdG ndG hGC ,dG
M Y aGdG FY e k GOGaGC M h ,dG a k GOGaGC hGC ,adG
.fEG
eGC mN Vh GN
e ,k GH N e cGC e fEG M Y aGdG e dG QJ dGE Gg dG
o c SG d
aGdG ADg Sh a c d .jdG h eCG M eeCG dG sf dG dG TQh GhM
h ,se mf Y Vh H Geb fsGE .eCH gd GN GhJG fC Y GUGj GC
QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
u
.dGE VtdG h WdG ie e d
n dSGC h
:GdG g sJ
J a dG dG J
WdG J
GjdG J
eCG dG Vh
oLGe h dG oJ
j e kdZ dG AY sGC IjY GH a fEG M Y aGdG e Y N e f fGE
GC hj eY ,kfL eCH gG GN
s Jo GC j b h .IOhe OQGe e Gg m aGj h ,kL
e j jdG UTCG e a Ghj GC Y sGC hj aGdG sC hGC ,
c oZ bdG
LGC e dG h bdG H GN jdG aGdG sGC Z .dG eH gG e kH LGC
MG e j GC dP CT e sC ,AdG j c eCG sGC fhNGC eGC IQGOGE Y JQb jJ
m
a kda cCG Gfj GC Y UTCG Yj h JdG e t
o j C h ,Mf e eGC KOM dGE VtJ
.fK Mf e ,Y
M Y aGdG MGC oSG e GPGE
L jH f fEa ,fEG
OdG a jNBG bdG TdG
GC j gY h .YO nT Gpd
T GC hGC dhO FGH j T
dG b Y dH Pf GP
L Gg CT e sGE .dG LGj dG
j g h ,M HGC dGE Y b
.'dG dEG VtJ e ddH
HhQhGC e ,fEG M Y aGe
.bdG
eeCG dG SDe
:e
l Me
L VhGC Y
o oJ sb ndG sGE .fGC euDJ cY c cj GC c GC Sh a d
m HSG VJ jdG VhCG sGC c .dndG M jOdG aGdG
hdG GC e ,e
m JGSG J b JGP
c sGC e ZdG Y h .e kUTGC dGE Vsj eY IOe
jJ j a dG Y cud h Vd LQOGCo fsGC GE ,tJ FGd h eGC j Gg dG
.M uCH aGh kJ kN d h ,eGC
dGE Fe kHSG fc GPGE GE dsa J d g sGC Z .GAGLGE VH kFL eCG IQGOEG J
GC a dG ee h GjdG e fLGJ e jH dG g k GPGE dG sGE .LGJ dG WdG
.J a dG VhCH FGdG YdH dG Gg oJGE K ,FdG pdG Y bh
a GhNCJ GC dGE dH dG e sEa ,e k GQNGC LGj dG UTCG c sd h
Y aGdG LGJ ,dG e a .WdG dGE kVJ cGC J b dG FdG cQYG
,aVGE nWe ;dG de h YndG e dG UTCG M Y aGdG h ,fEG M
dG FdG eH Gg dG c a b d .fGC Y huj H dG jdG h jg H
.em bGC a e edG e kH ,L
t dG h jdH
,dsdG JGdG GSH dG UGdc) sL nae aGdG dGE J LddG sGC e ZdG Y
dG SGH bdG dG AfGE h ,fhdEG jdG N e YH edG f h
H OGjo h .d VQdG NJ h bGdG We kjGC e J fEa ;(NGB dGE ,YLG
dG ,hU a eCG dGE jdG d ofo d h - bsdG eCG M kJ
k dO j GC Gg dG
:eeCG dG SDe h duc LdJ cJ H hdH sYpGCo
https://security.ngoinabox.org/ar
hU a eCG
h SdG ILGC eCH dG ,Y HGdG dG e xc a SSCG FdG nH hS fsGC Y
.dSGC h bGdG LdH dG ,Y edG dG h ,JdG
.eCG h UdH J SC ,ahe UTGC dGE oJo dG c a edG eCG sGE
Y aGe e cGC hX H dG dGE dG H a dG VGh Y h ,ASCG J sJ d
.fEG M
:jJ
jd Jo GC j dG GAGLEG h fEG M Y aGdG Y Gg dG c gG j
Gj GC kjGC fEG M Y aGdG Y sj .j H dG dG eGC h dG eGC
S h ,(gGS h ,OdG h ,cudc) LGC e hGC e j jdG UTCG eGC h eH
.dc d kaf a dGE QodG eCG GAGLEG e jdG
:e dG c ej
.IsdG aCG e GS h dG Y JdG iPCG e hGC WdG e eo AodG j GC :eCG
k
h
.eCG jd YdG e gGS h fEG M Y aGdG gj dG GAGLEG g h :jdG
:e dTm H WdG dGE dG Gg j
h ,OGdc) IsdG Z aCG Y JdG iPCG e hGC WdG e AodG ajo GC :edG
.(VdG h ,dG gGdG
H IQdG odY eGC LGJ dG GjdG GC a d bdG H J odG e fsGC Z
.fL e J ,WdG e d GAGLGE e j e h ,JM SGC hGC JSQe hGC ,H
,cdG OGc ,KhM j dG WdG CT e dG dGE
k e ncGC fj SdG sGC GM)
.(Gdc ,kKhM bCG CT e dG dGE h
eCG Vh a dG
GC a ZJ HQ .LGJ dG eCG VdG a cJ M b edG g J GC eCf
J h ,eGC cGC fCH hJ J dG eGdG Y FdG cQaGC ddG dG Y GLQJo
T hGC SQ N e dH Gej GC dG j HQ) .keGC tbGC fCH OYG Y J dG
.(eGdG g j fH
M e Vd m Y H bo GC H
GjdG MGC sGC cQOGC ,edG h eCG
a j dG ,e be g idG
GQfG a J Qme jW
.'fG fQb GC c h .jdG
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
d .fH a Ilc cdG OGM sGE'
GC XdG Y sGC gGOsDe IkYb Vh
,dG j eY GQdG GhOj
.'jQGVG hdG ASH
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe
eC mN Vh OH fJ eY edG g Jo GC j
.dG
GQOGE Y Lj M ,dG c a OJ dG jQdG L :Me
g Y oa j FU Y lYe ,UTGC Y UJ
.e eGB e a H GJ GC uJ b PGE ,YdG
jJ
?eCe
o d fCH TGC eGdG GC
jJ
WdG J :fdG dG
ed bdG OjGE dhDe JY Y sGC Z ,WdG f GC aGc fQhe a d
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe .'e
- WG ndOe uj h .fEG M Y aGG LGj dG WG H GE dG Gg j
K h .gKCJ e j`J hGC WG J dG G fuG j JY IlGOGC g h
JGdG J GE e u kj h ,dP H .YW ,WG dOe Y J mdM oSGQO
WG pa
l T sJ e GE aVEH g h .LGJ dG Wd
gGC J Y JY ,KCdG ie h hG dMG ge J dG ,
.LGh dG WG
:ee
hP dd kjJ ouj b fEG M Y aGe UH H eJ e
,da cGC Y c c h .Ic Wd nVuj GC dG e h ,PdG
a IjY mGH a aGdG LGj .dG dGE nofGC pjJ MG OGORG
.Y H WdG ddG
PJG h ,eEG QH WdG LQO J Y IoQdG g g dG sGE
.e dH dG GAGLEG
Gg a sGE .J a dG UdG dG Y j WdG J sGE
H b b h .dqa eGC GAGLGE PJG e d e
l T dG
dG oa :SOdG dG) dG c jf a VdG Gg hjm a
jGH a IkOY Vj b Gc
k a GC e ZdG Y h .(J a dG
dGE k Gf - GnUhGC fEG M Y aGdG sEa ,eCH dG GQGUEG
H AdG aCG e sCH - dH d leGC jQdG H AdG sGC
.kMGGE cGCG QeG
o J eY ,JQS ue a
e GkOY sCH j kJg kJG
GhUM b sdG dG
dGE e dG M b h .e
ADg iGCQ eY h ,dG
,H c dG dG
.'QdG Y GLGJ
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
fCH
u ho'
l GjJ GkQGe sdEG L
Y bJGC d e Y NCS
AfEH
o b h .bdG Wf
oj d H ,UdG Yhe
.'cjo lKCJ GjdG g d
T e ,fEG M Y aGe
.HhQhGC
WdG
h GjdG fGC Y h ,cH a VdG Y k GOYG WdG jJ
jg Y h ,HdG e I
o dG aGE LQO h ,Je NG h ,GAGYG
e jdG a .dc fe h H j dG dG f h Wf ie h OdG
UTCG M Y aGdG h ,fEG M Y aGdG J ,GdG
j jdG aGdG j h ;gGS e Wd kVtJ ncGC dG de h YndG e dG
GC j jdG AdG hGC SDdH Kh JG hO h OQGdG e bGC Qb e jdG WdG a
Y aGdG LGj dG WdG e jdG sGC Z .ZCG Y Wd kVtJ ncGC jdG Gej
:e e ,He W GP fEG M
,'HdG id AY' ,'jd hOe' ,'dhd hOe' fsCH fEG M Y aGdG Uh
.J FdG h ,'hSa' ,'Hue' ,'ApdG a eY' ,'sdG VQdG YL a AYGC'
.jNBH YLG h JHc a h ,JJ h gS a NdG
.('oS HG sEa ,JWf bJ d GPGE' :
k e) RG`HG
hCG ,J de mee jJ VJ dG dc - jQGOEG GAGLEH aGdG GSG
cGC k GeGC J IOYGE hGC dG J L hGC ,NsdG SdG eH IRM JKGE
.HU
.(
k e Hdc Gse hGC OGaGC b e) dG h dG AGYG
.dG J a Ua hGC FXh Gc - aGdG e SGC j dG AGYG
.edG hGC jdH ,dG hGC ,dG hGC ,cdc - dG Y AGYG
QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
WG dOe
d VdG ie x
GQdG
GjdG
= WG
:g MUG g jJ sGE
.QV Y S Fbh hM dMG Risk: WG
p
.(QdG hGC L
s DG) QdG hGC ,dG hGC ,iPCG jE V hGC leo lsf Threat: jdG
fEG M Y aGd dG (pdG h feEG a ) QOe GC Capacity: GQdG
.eGC jJ IYd eGSG
GE VtdG hGC ,iPCG GE VdG dMG e j`J dG eGdG Vulnerability: d VdG ie
.Ye i
k PGC
bGh GE f fYO d ,AdG H k Gse Gg hj b
LGj fEG M Y aGe dGE VsJ M
.dOG d G fuG jd ,QNCG
Hb keM ,jdG e LQ f
Y WGCo dG ed G RdG
d`e
10
eeCG dG SDe
jJ
,GN LGj dG GjdG h WdG g e OJ dG JMe GV ,dG IAGH eJ H
.dG dGE VJ ie h ,GQb e j e h
sGC jeCG a dG de h YndG e dG UTCG M Y aGe g h ,GN nY
MGC a .kjGC GdH d h ,e H J dG d AGdG e dG j dG dG
H GN sJ h .Y Kj fGC GH h ,dGE Gj L
o Q HGC h ,IdG a j c ,jCG
.dG dG dGE dP
e h .e WdG h hDbUGC LGj jGC H Ojo ,Id gP 'ljN' QtJ a c h
.FbUGC MGC MU c ,jb mcO dGE kjS
ZGE dGE sdG Y K .QdG e iNCG MdG Y sj SdG e GkM sdG h GN iGCQ
(jQH) INe e ,sdG Jg GN e c h .NdG Y fdG JdG SGC h ,dG
m c mUH h ,fe
dG a H j T g h) aQe MCH JG .ddG AGLE
sdG Jg GOGYGE sZ b c h - (dG Gg e Fbd sSG b c ,eCG HdG GP FQdG
.jdG JG Fb Y kLQe dG Gg bQ j H
,aGdG IYd Y OYG j dG) dG WdH JH QdG Y jdG dP b
.(IUdH J HS YGC dGE dH
.dG H tj o
n dG c H ,GN KZGC h ,WdG Ib Uh
11
................................................................................................................................................ WdG
..............................................................................................................................................GjdG
........................................................................................................................... d VdG ie
................................................................................................................................................ GQdG
:bd J H h dGE osUJ e H GHpb
:WdG
(dG AGYG dP a H) jdG /AGYG
dG
(dGE FdG cstdG h sdG LGj We kjGC g)
- e je KK Y GjdG a dG dG e :GjdG
M GC g h) 'keGC kKOM' Gg sjo GC j .Y Kj h GN dGE Gj fc GdG LdG (1
!d
o hj `dG dH c eCG hj b h - (a j hGC GjJ dGE j b fGC hJ
.keJ kVGh dCdG J d ,MdG g M
.QdG e iNCG MdG a hj GhGCH jdG UTCG M (2
.cdG LH
n dG Gg b (3
:d VdG ie
.OodG dG
de h YndG e dG UTCG M Y kaGe QYH ed kahe T c
.dG
.YdG J a k GMh fc
.(cGQ Z GC)
k LpGQ fc
:GQdG
jdG JG Fb dc h ;ddG AGLE adG UdG h ,fdG INdG hP ,sdG JdG
.FQdG dG a GSd
.WdG h ,FQdG dG a H j dG dG h ,sdc :AdG h AbUCG
.Id gP 'kjN' Vc - dG dG
.TCL WHQ h FhH AdG MG - dG GQYG
ie a KDj Gg sEa ,gUY MGC sJ e GPGE fsC ,dOe IQU a sjo WdG J sGE
.WdG
e bGC k GN j Gg sEa ,FGY mf Y e HbG GN dGE GQTGC jdG nLdG sGC d :GjdG
.bGC S (dG hGC AGYG We) WdG fc h ,Omem L tJ
GC) AeR KH kHe c fGC hGC ,GN d kjOe j d dG sGC d :d VdG ie
sEa ,(
k LGQ d GC) jQf LGQO Oj c fGC hGC ,(k GOe d
e QhH tj dG eCG ,bGC d c dG dGE VJ ie
.WdG
k GUQ j j d hGC ,dG a sdG Jg GN J d :GQdG
GjdG e edG Y JQb sEa ,ddG AGLGE e uj
j d d h .WdG e uoS e g h ,H bGC hS fc
kVtJ cGC S fsEa ,KdG AdG hGC AbUCG ADg jd
UGCo b c Ha ,N sYGC b j d GE h .VGh g c d
LGC e hgj GZH e OGaGC
ddG g a dG c h ,k GH dG hM h YtdG e dH
dH UdG VQCG M jM
Jg bhGC b c Ha ,FhH j d d h .Y S
hH a UCG
.c a J h sdG
12
eeCG dG SDe
WdG e dG
fEG M Y aGdG j ,GdG H a
PGE ,eQdG SdG em c WdH JG Y
dG Gj dG H AGQh W dG sGC h j
WdG e aGdG j ,iNGC GH a .fnsj
dOGC jd le
l J g h .Kh mf Y
e dG CH fEG M Y aG e H
:WdG
h .aGgGC MGC WdH bY jJ e L d'
GMh SCd L dGE kL WdG e Y
M .OdG Y td IOdG nNQ QJ e
dG OGaGC h WdG UY Y dH Gg
M Y aGe .'S RJ GH h ,AGdG Y
.SGB e ,fEG
dGE J GC H jdG dGE TdG MCG VsJ'
,fEG H dG UdG IdG eCG Qe
M Y aGe .'dGE j dG W dG es b h
.SGB e ,fEG
fGE j h gMGC fGj a ,WdG dGE KJ GPGE'
VdG Gg e ef H dG jdG sGE .he
JG Y WdG e eJ j GC g
Y aGe .'idG aQ dhDdG e SdG
.jaGC e ,fEG M
f fGC Z ,WdG dGE
n dG k Gc f fGE'
bo a ,Gd h .SSGC leGC dG H ebGE sGC
jH edG Z dG e T V
dG ,WdG VsH mae Y c MGh mT
.'Je L b e JG f QhH UGC
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe
JQG WdG sGC Je AYGC H j'
e U GC f GC Y sGC h ,FdG e dG
c GPGE fsGC dGE gP JOb sGC Z .g U Y
ebGE LGC e dG e sJ b jfe f
e f GC Sh a sEa ,f
s S e dG
M Y aGe .'fOH e LGC e WdG
.HhQhGC e ,fEG
Z ,fhOj jdG dhGC YJ WdG GC f fGE'
h ,eY AHGC h ,d lGNGE WdG V H sGC
j eY fjH ej h .eGb SQe aQ
Y aGe .'YG M hGC IQZ sJo GC QdG e
.jaGC e ,fEG M
13
14
eeCG dG SDe
GQdG h dG f h Wd J
H dG dG f a Ghua h ,fLGJ dG WdG GQOE hdG GSH BG Geb
.be jd Y dG j dG GQdH K ,dH fJ dG GQdH K ,e
Y dG sj dG GQdG
dH MdG GQdG
dG f
WdG
:Me
jJ
2.1 dG
m J oN jdG Gg Y J GC Vj
kdJ AS e SGH dG g jH S .Fe
o
n
t
a h jJ e
jaGC e fEG M Y aGe g h ,Ke e lb le Gg :e
dH MdG GQdG
dG f
WdG
k GMh odG
NG
GSG feGE
sdG eJG
YG
Y dG sj dG GQdG
edG Jg bQ M g h WG Y *edG
RL e NGCo M a eGS e j e PJ e
GAGLGE
sdG JdG
`dG hGC dG a d
fCT e OGe GC
hGC dG dGE jJ
eJG
L a e jhOCG M
bhCG
17
18
eeCG dG SDe
ke GQdG h dG f h WdG oL
3.2 dG
dG f
WdG
Ye
WdG
1
2
3
jJ
dG f
k GMh odG
dG d N Vh UdG ce eGC
cdG h ,SGC dG
bh h ,eSGC dG
h dG e dGE LdG
e IOdG
k GMh odG
h WG Y edG
e PJ e g
GAGLGE e j
ocGC e ae
h dG jH ktJ
dG
IdG adG
fdH
WdG
dG
Ye
WdG
NG 1 YdG
dGE VtdG
AGYG
YG 2 YdG
UndG
hGC dG a d
e OGe GC `dG
dGE jJ fCT
eJG hGC dG
21
.dG td
e fEG M Y aGdG sGE'
jW bd IN hX a j
j gY dG MdG kFGO cQj
uJ GC j .IQN cGC e
Vho GPGE .Qbp a mYH VdG
S fEa ,QdG AdG a YdG
Y aGO Ame a Vho GPGE eGC .kjS
,AH JJ AdG IQGM NGC h ,bdG
S h ,dP dGE J d YdG sEa
f GC Y sGE !J GC dGE eCG H
.'J IOYGE h WdG H QGSH
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe
SGQhg ,jeJ CG
22
eeCG dG SDe
me
k GL me
Se
4 Je
k GL Je
KCdG
k GL fe
fe
Se
dMG
4 Je
k GL Je
jJ
dMG fc GPGE hGC ,jd kfe gKCJ c h ,fe WdG MGC hM dMG fc GPGE
h - aCG LQdG GP jOedG jdG S g sEa - (kJe gKCJ c GE h) k GL e
.IOdG eCG JGAGLGE GSG GUGJ GC h ,de nWe WdG g GhJ GC j
GP jdG) Je hGC Se KCJ GP d h ,
k e KhM j dG WdG dGE dH esGC
MG d tJ N Vh Sh a sEa ,(hdG a OedG dG e SdG LQdG
.KhM
,(ZCG LQdG GP jOedG jdG) Je) k GL JdG hGC JdG KCdG GP WdH sj a
M a H dG sj dG e - e xd ,QGd N dc h tJ N Vh dG e sEa
.gKCJ e dG LGC e ,bGdG g dH KM
GH UdG pWpdG oae
KCdG
5
dG
k GL Je
4 Je
3
2
AGYG
Se
dG
me
k GL me
dG VtJ
g dGE
1 k GL fe
2 fe
Se
4 Je
k GL Je
dMG
dG sGE - g dGE dG VtJ
,dG dG b e WdH J
ce e He Y j dG sGC Z
eGC g dGE VJ Ea Gd h ,WdG
MG H
KhM j dG WdG e Gg - dG
m WMG dG j h .dG a
e
m ue hGC
m Gse M Y H
dY
.SM ee hGC ,dG
hM dMG fG - dG h AGYG
dGE SdG dMG e jdG jg
.jRQdG AedG MGC bo GC H JdG
h goKCJ
o M e WdG J sGE
Y a SSGC AlL Ypbh odMG UTCG e Ye e IMGh fc (IQdG j) cGH GLe
iMGE AKGC AGYG dGE GVJ e YdG e dG
Gg GpJo GC le H fsGC nZ .eGC jJ
25
GjdG :ddG dG
fsGE .GjdG gj e k Gc fsGC fEG M Y aGdG e JGQGM e f fGE
L
u j jdG ADd SG QU e IlQU g fsGE jdG dGE fG sGC kfMGC hj
dG e jdG K sGC kjGC f fsGC Z .odG JGSG g QfEG sGC hj hGC ,jdG
Ghjo GC hO ,HdG jCG a GjJ GsJ GC H dG dGE GVsJ fEG M Y aGd
.'HSG sGC
.eeCG dG SDe ,jdG Ff ,SQfGC hQfGC
dG Y dG e kja dG sT h .GjdG JGC
o GCH ,e je ZG H'
FQ Y KCdG c a jdG AYGC H f h .GjdG e dG fCT e dG dG
esb dG J e UH h - GQdG e YdG H hNGB sgG h .eCG jRh h WdG
jJ a bdG f h .fH e gOd FdG hdG V ,eCG h dG enf dGE IYdG
.'H Jse kHSG dP fc d .dG AKGC h `dG a jM
SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
j h .Y keGC uj h ,eCG OGdG
n U h GjdG e dG GfCG dG Gg ujo
M Y aGdG MC dM SGQO g h .e mjJ J Y Y HLEG J SGC N
dG GjdG Y dG SCG J j K .a Ghd QNCG LGj jdG fEG
H dG Gg jo h .bGdG Y NGB b h ,eCG OGdH j lb g h .fnJ
.GjdG e d adG JGSG
?GjdG g e
hGC leo lsf fsGC Y jd mjJ VH b GC S d
.QdG hGC ,dG hGC ,iPCG jE pV
hGC ,e V hGC ,csV k GTe k GjJ jdG j b
.FY V
gJ dG ITdG GjdG Y eCG H e
:j e fEG M Y aGdG
'jdG dG d J d fsGE'
'e GMGE S'
dG a (ffdG VdG) dG e J d'
'dG e dG Gg UGh GPGE ,dG
'HZG h HG NH S'
mfGM c - jedG GjdG dGE aVEH Gg
.
k e FdG NdG Y af
j ea -
k eo k GjJ jdG j GC j h
fGC J d Ke jb Y j hNGB aGe
a ddG dG GfJ GC dG e sEa ,mGjJ Y
.GjdG M
g h - eCG OGdG dGE dG Gg a kjGC S
J hGC GjJ dGE J b fGC hJ dG GMCG
.a
:eCG OGdG Y eCG e
.e bGe hGC bGH j e kT CH cOYG
J QhO H J dG e GB - hO
.bG dGE ce hGC e hGC d`e VtJ
dGE HSG h dH jJ
.QdG de Jg JG J
26
eeCG dG SDe
,HGC e H bGC c e
o JGC eY
Gkseo
o c d .d Gke GkjJ
o c
GE ,dDdG UH Y SG VH
Y H jdG GC kM cQOGC fGC
.'dG dGE VsY b dG Gg
e k Gc .H eJ Y bdG Y oM g - g kFGO jd j
hP Y ij eY GjdG fEG M Y aGdG j
.KCJ e d d xM Vh H OGjo h - sa Y GC uj jdG sGE .PdG
dG aCH jdG e edG H RGdG dP J g dG sGE
.ddG e JGP idH f bdG a MG h ,dG .HhQhGCeiTMGEe,emfHEGeAGMLEY aYGOe'
o o
GC adG dGE LhoGC d h .IdG
.e
Z
G
g
Q
d
G
b
G
,
d
G
d
G
d
G
d
G
J
eY'
k
o
s
n k
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe .'QGdG M a h FH JJG a eSG
.VdG e edG Y cYJ IAsH lHSG jdG J sGE
e mjJ J c
m ee dGE UdG g jdG J e VdG sGE
e dG h ,jdG M eEG QH maGh
.dH jdG J MG J
h ,dG Gg a e kYVe cGC fj b h .K Ve g e AneR e dG j GC sjo
,jdH KsCS e eCG jf a fsGC Z) .bd e GJ jJ Y jQOb fj HQ
.(dGE MJe d JG a aO sj GC j h
27
:e mjJ d mSGC oN
.SCG g L Y
l HLGE IQhdH jd J GC GbJ :Me
?jdH dG FdG Y dH faJ dG e. 1
?c h ,dP c e h ,GPe UhGC e
?dG a c dG e f tCa ,Jg JG SGH jdG jGE J GPGE
?od h jdG d fc GPe
?(HQ IjdG) JWf MGC ojdG YGC g
?esdG ue Y GjdG e lVGh lf g g 2
:j e GjdG sJ GC j
.jdG JG h FSQ e kS J
.eGC j JGP bGd HG N h ,ed tJ sJ
.d BG oYoSG b h .bJ sJ h ,dG b e GSd NGB aGe YoSG
:H e eGdG e OH sJ fGC g j b
.oLJ sJ dG jdG f
.(NGB dGE ,JdG GSH ,T H) jdG LJ sJ SGH dG SdG
.(bdG h SCG jGC tGC) jdG bJ
.(kee YdG c GPGE) jdG Y QU dG dG
.jdG LJ sJ a dG dG
.VdG M aU H QGUEH e J Cc ,jdG J dG FbdG
.IQN cGC UGC VdG GC Y TDe Gg sEa ,k GJ cGC jdG fGC hJ eY :Me
eeCG dG SDe
?jdG
o g fsGC Y hj dG e. 3
GPGE ?J GC e jdG Qe jj dG e jdG e kVGh hj g
e jdG e VdG SG j GC dG e sEa ,kVGh Gg j d
?k GNDe H b hGC ,H dG J dG aCG e - bJ N
?jdG L
s h dG e aJ g. 4
.LSH hdG dGE GYQJ a ;aJ ZCG Y fsGE
cGe GC a ,WdG V MGC Y ,
k e ,k GQOU jdG c GPEa ;eEG QH jOe Gfc
?JQ g e h ?dG Gg j WdG
dG dG hGC dG b e dH
c
G
P
E
G
e a GbuO ;AeEH
k
k jseo jdG c GPGE
.oSG oSG
. GC jdG J Y IQdG YdG id fc GPGE a Ghfa ;jdG L
h
d
G
aJ c GPGE
s
.a AGYH jJ JEH j GC MG e jj Gg sEa ,dc eCG c GPGE
?dG Ve VS jdG sGC hJ a ,YGC IQcdG SCG J H h ,k GNGC 5
.dG a e jcCe GfJ GC cQhe a d h ,H dG j lJ Gg
aSG dG GAGYG jQJ dP a H ,J a dG dG dG a HSG NCS
.HdG e aEG LQO h ,I
o dG GQb h ,cH a fEG M Y aGdG
.nnSGC d hj e adG e GhQNG ,dG cQhJ eY
dGE sUJ ,jd jdG dG H kdJ ?jdG Y WdG HEH GeJ GC Y g
:fEG M Y e aGe
e ,fEG M Y aGe .'fdG Y adG Y ldhDe WdG h ljL jdG sGE ,LGC'
.HhQhGC
Y aGe .'c a FY dGE YoGC dGE L
h
d
G
H
C
G
f
E
a
G
N
Ba ,'
u o
.ShCG dG e ,fEG M
dCdG af fEa ,AGLGE CH dG WdG J d GPGE - fH a fdG PfGE d f fGE'
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe .'dG dG dGE
h ,e mjL Y H
E d IOdG GAGLEG L JJG fGC KGE cQhe a c GPGE ,LGC'
JOQGC GPGE ,dc Gg GSG Sh a sEa ,jM LGC e AT CH dP e WdG J
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe .'dhdG dBG GSG
.dG a J a dG UdG dG GhNCJ GC Y GC VGdG e
dH dG e sGC cQOGC fEa ,LJ dG dG JGP g J b WdG sGC e ZdG Y
m U f GC dGE
d WdG FQ e Me jLGC d .jdG YGC Y WdG e
.fEG M Y aGdG Y WdG GAGYG a Y JS dG SdG d kcQe
WdG J d h .ce a H dGCo h ,WT nLQ b e e AYGC MGC oNG ,dP H h
ASCH fQNGE h H JG e J h .sdG Jg j G`j c h ,bO H a b
LH QhH JG h ,eCH YGC h ,WdG FH JH QdG Y b h .WdG nLQ
c eR Ea ,dG g e bGC b f d d h .S a j eR GcJ jdG ,WdG
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe .'LQ hO d
29
dM SGQO
H GfQb h ,dGE VdG S dG dG SCG a Gha h ,ddG ddG SGQO dGE GhfG
.fEG M Y hNGB aGe eb dG HLEG h HLGE
dM SGQO
Md jdG dG MGC dGE IYdG jd e b e fEG M Y aGe aphGCo
V kjJ Gke dG c h .ja H f eJ dGE h BG h`f dGE ODS xS J Y
a dG Ua e GkOY aS fC dG ebGE jDJ fc IU Ye K sGC e ZdG Y ,AdG
.jdG idG Y AdG b
Y LhR aGC a J GC Y' b h ,aGdG
n hR WdG RL a HV bhGC ,jCG MGC a
.'J e aGC f
'!GE h - cdG IQKGE Y GbJ' J ,e H Y Ye dSQ uYo ,dP e SGC H
bo b h ,obG b d ,d`e dGE aGdG OY ,IdG bh ufom M kdJ h ,jGC KK H
p fGC fS' J dSQ g cJo h ,gOhGC j dG dG
.'!ddG
GC j aGdG H jdG GC hJ c GPGE Y J dGE GUJ h ,dG SCG a GhofG
.dG e Y NDj
?jdH dG FdG dH g e.1
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?esdG ue Y GjdG e lf g g.2
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?jdG
o g fsGC Y hj dG e.3
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?jdG L
s h dG e aJ g.4
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?dG Ve VS jdG sGC hJ a ,YGC IQcdG SCG J H h ,k GNGC.5
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
dG GQdG h e fJ dG dG f a Gha ?jGCQ a H dG aGdG Y Lj dG e
.GQdG e eeGC g e a K ,jd
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
30
eeCG dG SDe
WH ,fhGC a dG jdG Ye
b Y Kuj dG GCH eY .fhGC
GjJ j GhGCH ffdG Z QTCG
e hNGB AYGC mFY dM
s dG b h .dH
.jM LGC e e
31
?H dG aGdG Y j dG e
K sC h ,dG Y j eCG sGC dGE kFL Gg Lj h ,GDdG Gg Y 'U' HLGE g d
FGH H h - GQdG H J ddG sGC Z .be c a ae dGE UdG j UY
.eG`dH e OY J j M a ,d
.J GC FY h aGdG jJ a MdG
e dP cGC AlGS - WMG OQGdG h dG h LdG d H JH QdG Y dG
.IQOdG dGE VG M a hd JGSG Y aGdG h - GdG hGC /h UTCG
e jM h ,T H jM j H dG dG a dG dG OGaGC e MdG
.aGodm f GSH HQ - FY h
.jdG Je Y edG L dG d j H dG dG a MdG
.Gg dG bh a J a aGdG ZJ dG dG YdG a dG
:ddG GQdG a J GC aGdG Sh a Ea ,TdG g Ff Y k GOYG
.QdG Y dG IQOe dGE FY e J GC
.a J dG dG Y FY OHEH J GC
.(?SQM GSG) aGC H e eCJ N e dG eGC jJ
hHm Y Y e AYGC MGC j GC h ,gOH FdG J GC hGC gOH J GC V
.bhCG L a JcJ
dG dGE VJ dG hdG e J bhGC J a - ke J JJ a dG IOYGE
.gGS e cGC
LGh Y GC uS fEa ,
e
G
e
C
G
d
G
E
G
h
M
)
d
G
Y
WdG HGE
k
k
.(jdG KH f bdG a J h ,eCH gG
dG dG d dhdG h WdG ILGC GC dGE dG UJ GPGE) dhdG e hGC WdG e jdG W
.(jdG Y QU
.GjdG Y YEG h ,aU JDe Y dGE IYdG
.bEG hGC dG iNCG fEG M e e dG
dG LCG edG fc GPGE UH h) dG J GC j dG dhdG dG e UGdG
.(dG he a kaW fEG d YGdG S d
h .da FSdG cGC L
d
G
d
G
32
eeCG dG SDe
UN WG
jJ
eCG OGdG
GC S c .a J hGC GjJ dGE J b dG FbdG fCH eCG OGdG asY GC S
:jnNGB dne cg h .dG Gg jGH a Y eCG H Y cWGC
.bGd j fhdEG cjH sCH OYG Y j e K j GC
.AedG hGC GdG Y Y SGC H jdG de UTGC j GC
m GQTGE eCG OGdG J b
aj dG jdG j GC jo a dG bdG Y jd e
.ke dogGE j GC j h ,k GJ
.1
.2
.3
bGdG
Y) gGS hGC dG b e bGd VN fsGC LQCG Y j eCG OGdG e kf sGE
.(dP GJ GC hO dG H dG Y k GQOb j b jd kae bGe ja GC e ZdG
:bGdG J VH I
o dG d e SGC KK K
.(I
k e Gg j b h) edG L
o dG JWf OJ YL hGC H Jd hGC ,JWH
QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
35
.jdG
.Y AGYG hGC ,aNG hGC ,bd OGYEG
dG a GdG H hGC ,cG fGC I
o dG j e Y k GOYG ,bGdG YGH J GC j
.SdG
cGC OGdG jQJ h JN N e GuJ GC cAeR h Y sEa ,bGd VN c GPGE
HUEG J h jQhdG GAGLEG PJG H RGdH MG dG e h .kfLQo bGdG SGC
.jfGQdG /JQG SnH
GhQuJ GC QNCG LGj aGc d dG e sEa ,dc GfJ d GC bGd VN cGC AlGS
:fOo njc h .bdG GQOGE GQe
IQH e k GeGC M b a ,e CkN g GC hJ c GPGE - SM dj e dGE GSG
.bdG e hd e kctJ GhJG - YGh Z
S bGdG ja sEa - e h d`e QN bGdG MG dGE UN H e Gfc
.eY IQH ,jg MGC dG dP S h ,fhS fGC e KGh fj M 'jGH f'
e) bdG Z jGdG ,OdG Z dG ,AHdG UTCG - dCdG Y QN AT GC GM
.(J ILCH e J GC j PGE ,g OsJo GC aCG
c GPGE Gg cYS - faJ d H gU h ,H J jdG UTCG GM
.e bGe a hj JGP UTCG
.MdG bQ h dG h RGdc ,FdG JU cJ GhsJ h cdG GM
:JBH Ujo sEa ,bGdG j a
GaGJ GC j - dH Gg d j GC b dCdG e aS H dG d N GV
h ,FY h FeR H h H FSdG a J ,S c hGC ,jS GQY hGC c Y ke
ce GS JdG GhJ GC h ,SH
k
s e j QGdG d kJg GJ GC
.hdG J a J
JYG GPGE) ?bd OGYEG GC ?jdG GC ?edG L g g - bGdG e VdG Gub
.(eGB e dGE AdG h bdG Gg e Id GAGLGE GhJG ,N a fGC
eeCG dG SDe
bGG e ed N
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
jJ
dG GAGLEH mFb OGYEH Gea ,dc J b fGC hGC ,bGd VN fGC hJ c GPGE
:bdG e ed fhS
j eCG c c Qf GC b
dGE f c ,IWdG Y
ej jdG UTCG J
gPGC c !bdG GW bGdH
bQGC Md GkQU dGC h
kee gLd h Jce
.j dG sdG JdG RL
d fCH gJGC fEa ,BG eGC
.'gQnGC
e ,fEG M Y aGe
.jaGC
:ddH dG Lh Y jo
cGC jH bGdG UGe Y Gg j b h) bGdG J j fGC hJ T GC uJ
.(IOLe fGC FY GcQJ d h ,dG a jS h k GQM
cM h GJ sC) LdG LGh a dc ,bGdG J a RGdG Y dSCG GSG
ce c J fsEa) e IQS Y OHH GSEG hGC ,(bGdG a fJ Y J b cL
.(H J jdG a
bGdG LdH dG ,Y edG dG Y WG j ,aVGE med
.dSGC h
f cJ e d eeCG dG SDe e e Y dG a Ob H U e M
e a QGfGE
QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
39
jdG e dG
J dG sGE .WdG dOe GSG a UCG fdG g GjdG e dG sEa ,kfGB cPo c
dG dGE LdG j) Y IdG j GeGC fC k Gjo cGC GQdG jJ h dG f
.(fEG M Y aGdG gOM c edG GQdG :HGdG
e cGC GeJ GC j .jdG e dG SGH j dG FGdG H K fsGC Z
.dGE dH kf cCG S jtGC GhQJ GC Y h .JGP bdG a JGSG
jdG GLGh
ffb Y fGC j hGC ,H eJ e keJ j a) I
d
G
e
G
Q
G
M
G
bGC
k
o
.he h
AGYG hGC cjJ Y JdG IdG SdG dG Y I
o dG WE kbW GhLp
h AM d GC uj GC fCT e H
k e Geb) dG SGH hGC Te H ,Y
.(LQN h OdG NGO a Pf hP jUe
.fJ dG GjdG Y AfCG H Geb
fGC jGCQ GPGE gJ h .eGB YJG GC hJ c GPGE a JGSG g GeSG :Me
.k GJ bdG j`S
40
eeCG dG SDe
jdG GSJ
e dH J GC e kH FG V d IdG edG H Geb
.IOe
SH GcG h - HT e h SdG jQdG GhYGC jdG OGaCG ASGC GJ
.dG
jdG GJ
oJ fCH GhgJ hGC) kS gfG j dG dH dG Y kbDe Gc
.(dG Gg Y
.keGC cGC e dGE kbDe GfG
:
k e e ,iNGC H eCG JGAGLGE jH Geb
.bhCG L a e T j GC e cCdG .edG ef h fJ dG dG J .jdH fGC ghQOJ d jdG OdG QdG e k GL jQM Gfc Fd H KdG UTCG MGC e JcJ Y kJ khL GcJG .dG N QhO H eS Y j GC QhH Y h ,eCG .dG dP YGE hO ke dG efdG Y GLJ IAGb hGC dH DdG Sh a d fGC Y cCdG dG e Ea ,eCG jf a
d hJ dG HSG PJG kFGO aCG e Ea Gd h ,bO H dG QaGC
.SCG
dGE HhQhGC e fYO b h .WdG dGE Vse fCH TGC h GjdG JGC c'
MG Y k GH h ,L H kahe UGC h .dG dP a Y LG c
.'!AGYG
.HhQhGC T e ,fEG M Y aGe
e GjJ J GC H'
,adG jdG YdG
cGC MGC FH JG
aGh h .eSEG dG
b ,Y LG J Y
sb b h .Y Yj fGE a
.'GjdG e Gg
e ,fEG M Y aGe
.jeCG
dG ILGC f c'
J tf c .Gkc
,jf He C IQse
fCH sfo GC j H
eY h .f d kT b
fQsU ,e J sJ
j a ,cCH bGdG
e ldOGC Y sSJo GC ke
RL jd .J ILGC hGC
h ,JdH e J
GC J e j Gg
Gg GE .gf GjJ
.'jM Y Yj
e ,fEG M Y aGe
.HhQhGC T
41
?JdG g e
Y .H dG jdG dGE fOLGC J H dG jdG fsGE - keJ Wm a OtQ JdG
j h ,dG V Jj h ,dG YS OGO`J :ddG VGYCG H j GC l j ,dG dG
GC eGE dG ,dG OhOQ MC kjL he BG fGE - dG tdG GCj h dG a H AdG
h ,
k jW kbh Gg hj e IkOY h .dG hGC ,ehdG h dG hGC ,bdG AGRGE dG OdG J
.dG FGOGC dGE fOLGC OJ e YS
JdG GC Z .ddG h aGhdG e Rj GC j PGE ,HjGE leGC JdG e e je OLh sGE
M Y aGdG dGE dH .eCG jW h KCG jT j eY e dGE ODj GC j
m Ga LGj b e ,fEG
j b VdG Gg e edG Ea ,JdG dGE VdG e dse
.kjJ
:ddG S
C d ,JdG e ed MGh wM K d
LGj NGB Y JGP HSG dGE ODj b e md H j a - T dCe JdG sGC
.JGP bdG
f KCG d j b se bh a e d H j a - bdG eH kjGC ue JdG GC
p
GP UGC JGP JdG GC hGC ,JdG
u Jo JN GC dGE dP Oj b h ,NGB bh a f dG Y
.VGYGC e j`j e ,cGJ KGC
eY dG g c ,je bS a He GN jd J Ca - dH e JdG GC
.JdG e HJ QL f Y uJ GC j ,YGO
l bY jd J
dG
:j e JdG VQGY J GC j
jdG VGYCG
dG
GdG
dG
dG dG
cG
dG fGC tJ
JQG Sg
gQEG
IpdG dG aGdG a dG
dG dG HGVG
GdG tJ
QGhdH QdG
eeCG dG SDe
:e ,eCH J
.dG dGE e Z AdG hj GC
.GQGdG PJG HH QdG
.dG gQEG
dG AGsL e YdG QOe Y OHG
.LGdG hGC VdG
.ddG HhdG e jdG SG
.keJ ``e hGC lne fCH AdG QT
adH Md
l GhOGC
fCH oYG e GPGE bGC QH a JdG KDS
:ddG HQCG dG a ,kej L H
dG TQh iMGE Y ANSG
hJ h SdG Y GUMG - FGdG dG
h cdG e dG Y J fRGe Lh
HhdG h WCG h dG h Idc ,udG e Gb h .jdG LdG GJ .GhdG
.iNGC U e dGE aVEH WY H g J GC j PGE ,jdG
fOGYGE e VdG Fc ce fOLGC RGaGE a JdG j - VjdG jdG SQe
fGdG OUH j dG dG c eY HSG aGC Jg fc HQ h .ndG hGC ud
U jW VjdG jdG sGE !edG J a ,d dH fGC Z ,AdG e d jdG
S Y dc ,dG e bO KH j c dG ag a .J JdG ce e d
c ,dG e IOjR a J jH SCG a Ge HQGC hGC K GeJ GC GdhM h ^dG
e dG SQe b GfJ d GPGE .bO KK h jY H Id ,NGB dGE ,dG hGC ,bdG hGC ,IdG
T e VdG eS e GJ h ,kjQJ bdG IOj`H Gea k GNDe jdG WdG
,adH cQT Y jQa
l GKCJ IOY VjdG jd sGE .khGC edG dG a e
.IjY U ae dGE aVEH
e Gg j GC j h .ANSG e Y h cL d kej bdG H GN - ANSG
e k GAL ANSG Wf GLG .Y SfGC H NCH M hGC ,etCdG hGC ,IdG hGC ,ZdG N
.YSCG eGH M cfG GC d c eCG hj kfMGC'
dG GC Z ,NGB dGE T e dG dGE LdG J) - dG AMG e a dG e .J fEG
J c GPGE d h - (YS fK h S H kbh Lj jJ dGE Udc - IdG JGRfEH
sEa ,ANSG h jtdG h FGdG dG M e k GL fCH Y Gg fYj h .cdG MGC d Lf
.e GC j e IkOY dG fGC Qf fGE .QeCd HjGE jhDH MG
fEG M Y aGdG j a dG dG Y Lj
edG Y FYGC IYe j H dG dG a dG Y
:N e dG S Y ,fLGj dG JdG je e
.J Ve WdG Y e mf Y jdG GC J
mYS dG Y oK h ,Y /GRLGE NGC Y UTCG
t M
IOY) dG a fJ dGE j keSh Gg QYH ,Ie jW
a jW YS j jdG gdG UTCG j e
.(dG Yf LGJ
h jdG hQ jJ fCT e jeQ hGC /h Y da J
.jJ
43
dG d ljJ
.fLGJ dG JdG e ed tJ N Vh bh GB
.cJJ e d VdG bdG a H eJ a Gha
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
?k GQJ cGC f Y dG dH dG j g
dG FdG dGE GhfG ?HJ a ZQ hGC ,d bdG OjGE JOQGC dd dG iNCG dSCG e
?d k Ge a OQh e wGC S g - HdG dG a fEG M Y hNGB aGe MbG
m eG`dH mFb GV
S H dG d e N h ,JdG e d JY Y fhNCJ
.JM e k GAL JdG J Wf L Y
kGQcSG ,QgdG h QMCH kjeQ ka ODJ - WGjdG fdG jQL T e ,ef jOfH
fEG M Y aGd
44
eeCG dG SDe
adG jd N
2 .4 dG
GCW dG dG
FGdG dG
VjdG jdG
ANSG SQe
dP Z
jJ
QtdG
QtdG
GCW dG dG
U c
QaEG Lh hd SdG
M h AHQGC h KG c
dG j
kej bCG Y Yd
dG a Ge K
FGdG dG
ANSG SQe
dG dGE dG e M Y bdG
dP Z
47
eCG G Vh :eG dG
GC AdG Sh a d ,dG eCH d fGE .IY ke S eGC N Vh GC MGC c
.'k Ge kT J GC QhdG e d .IdG j h j H e AnGLGC Qj
.ShCG dG e ,fEG M Y aGe
GC fYG eY ,jd a fEG M Y aGd Y TQh YC jaGC L e aS'
d .jb jb a JQe aGe h dGB TTQ e QdG WGE U S ,d GP h .fG dG
.'BG jGQO cGC fGE .H dG j Y ej N GC d J
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe
.'JM fGC gnJ h eGC N nnU sGE'
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe
ee
GhOCG e gJ dG UdG GeJ GC BG j .Gg dG c e INCG MdG H
h ,WdG ae h ,WdG dOe h ,J a dG dG J - H fQe dG HdG
.JdG e ed N h ,jdG H dG SCG
eGC JGSG K
hGC /h fGC GfJ GC j .eCG b e eJ dG HQdG e fGC KK dGE S ,AdG a
e GC Z ,g JGSG fGC MC
k J hGC kSS se hGC W H J b e
.e xc jGe eCf h ,kL KK a f GC dG
h ,dG dG - YdG GWCG L e VhdG J lHQe g :tdG JGSG
h dG OLd YO e Y j e h bdG d GWCG g tJ d ;NGB dGE ,dG
YJ GC j fsGC h ,QdG dG J JGSG g GC e ZdG Y h .H J dG dG
kIOY h .GjdG e d dG idG Y da JGSG cGC J b fEa ,dG e dG
dG M J e e J j fsEa Gd h ,QdG h dG e k Gc k GQb H VJ e
.f
x H dG h dG Y dG e dG
LQdH gG j h .jdG UY h eCG GAGLEG dGE J lHQe g :jdG JGSG
jd jNCG JGSG e Jo GC j h .dG f e dG Y kse dhCG
.jdG
dG dG h fGC d Jhe fc d
H
Q
g
:
d
G
JGSG
L
C
G
e
I
O
d
G
d
G
J
l
e aGC e IkMGh GkQX h kY cGC H f
,jdG dGE e le VJ GPGE ,dG S Y .jdG eCJ
f eY .jdG VGZC H b
QUGC dG dG Y Fb iYO ebEH J b fEa
h bEG dG a IRQdG dH
.e QlU d Jo GC Y tf fEa ,dhdG
Je dGE HSG hGC ,bGdG Y AfGC f N e hGC ,jdG
.'dG gGj d e e a VH f h
GC j h .dhdG fGOEc - jdG J bGY VH dG
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
AnM h bO ee J c GPGE GE HQdG g Jo
.Pf hP
jGC e jb jU e SCG d NGC'
h .edG FGhdG iMGE a BG j ,SQdG
Gg a IdG edG e dG fj
.'ANSG Y YdG dG
.HhQhGC T e ,fEG M Y aGe
48
dG dG a Ghfa ,eCG N Vh OH fJ eY
GQdG Fb uSJ GC OdG h jdG h dG Ud j H
.dGE dH dG
eeCG dG SDe
eCG dG Vh
dGE Vse aGdG j M ,fEG M e a .eCG dG Vh c a BG S
f Y dYCH dG e J h edG jM a YS Je eGC N sEa ,QNCG
AYCG hGC /h edG sEa ,e edG `J h QNCH tJo se fc GPGE .da cGC
.dG d h d cGC Akh hS h ,YdG e mjH nj fCH hS
jdG fEG M Y dG aGdH j Gg h .Od eCG dG a dH GCS fGC Z
.jOdG eCG N d kaf dG g j b e V j kaGe sGC Y .jOe j
dH da cGC nY LH S Je eGC N Y dG h OGaCG H aGdG d
h ,IdG h ,dG h ,dG LdG h ,dc) je FN Oa d sGC e ZdG Y h .d
dGE kVtJ bGC hGC cGC J b
l GQYG g h ,(NGB dGE ,dG be h ,dG a fdG
Lh h GdG dGE hj eY aGC eGC N Vh dGE Uj keY OGaCG sEa ;WdG
.YdG a Oma uc id dG
G`dG dGE
k e cGC OdG j ,eGC laK h Je lG`dG Lj a ,sJ e dGE aVEH
YS W jOa jGf fGC a J jOdG eCw G dG We GE .Y dG eCG GAGLEH
.QeCG AJ eY FdG VY H jo e
e h ,Y a kY h IN cCG aGdG sGC g h ,IjY e a j NGB k GN K GE
eCG dG Vh dhDe ec JY Y hNCj ,dG a FeR e cGC ahe fj
dG Jo GC j h ,YdG a jNBG OGaCG GQb AH Y YJ jH pJQGOGE h
J b JdG eCG dG sGC Y .SudG dG dP JOb Y J e GPGE dH
a ,Gd h ;Jm H dP J bCG Y hGC ,OGa
C d dG IdG a WdG e dG ke
QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
49
m eG c j GC adG e j
sGE .JdG J dGE aVEH dG eCG N Vh dGE
.Je N VH J IAsH bd kM k GOGYGE j HQ dG eCG dG Vh
a kY cGC hj h dG Y e Oe fCH L
k e ,fEG M Y aGe Y sS
o hR j ,
jdG e edG c ,dG eCG N Vh Y ,gQYG a NCJ GC ,e edG
.GdH d`e Y QOdG jG`dG
.ee h Je eGC N Vh Y a S K
.
.
T eGC N Vh .1
a fCH hJ J dG ,hCG dG a IQTEG S c ,eGdG jH b g :cJ
fdG Gg LGH Gea ,H HLEG fc GPGE ?dP H QdG Y J dG J h ,eCe
e lje BG jd j GC Vjo .N e k GAL J b gJOM dG UdG H sGE .BG
.eCH cQT jd aVGE Sh a dG UdG
.QGdG N dGE aVEH ,eCG SdG h GAGLEG H dG eCG N J GC j
kKK hGC fLGJ dG WdG e KG Y cdH dG eCG N Vh GhGCJ GC j
Y jj k GOY WdG e LGJ d h .(kjGC 2 .3 dG a HQ h ,1 .3 dG a gc dG)
hGC WdG e KH AGHa ,kM iNCG WdG aVE LdG j ,ddG g a h ,K
M Y aGdG e Qj .k Gjo cGC peGOGE h dG Vh Y e S Y cdG h K
e Ohe OY Y cdG fEG
KCJ GP J dG ,WdG
JdG h SdG H Ge hGj
KhM MG hGJ h ,jd
jd JdG h SdG H
.(fdG dG fGC)
,
k b Gg oa b GfJ d GPGE
dG WdG e xc a Ghfa
WdG ae Y gVh
ie J N e ,(5 .3 dG)
e h ,(dMG) KhM eGE
M a Y KCJ e d S
Y sEa ,GH d h .KhM
h dG JH fSG
.gGdG SdG bdH aH
.(YVe Z) JGP lJ Gg sGE
eeCG dG SDe
dG eCd N
:WdG
jJ
.......................................................................................................................................... hCG dG
:e
T eGC N
/JdG RL /kbGQhGC JQOe h `dG H WdG b S a YG = dG
dG SdG
.k GNDe Ke mGAGLEH hNGB aGe oSG a - Je dGE Se :hdG dMG
.e h FY dGE h dGE dH Je dGE Se :KCdG
.dhCG dG YS a gGdG s H WdG J e IkOY :jdG J
:dG f
QM a M jo d h ,J Ice K J d - se ffdG GAGLEG d
.ee
.SdG dH ee e e a es f fGE
.`dG a e QdG dWGC j
:GQdG
J b dG FdG e j odG HSG c a dG dG sGE) dG Y IQdG
.(H
:tdG N
hb M a H JG j dG dG Y YWGE h ,jdG e WdG a MdG .1
c GPGE ,dG J Ghj GC AbUCG hGC AedG H dGE dH Gg j b h) WdG
e) kM JG j H QNGE h ,(gQhH YG N dGE oVuj gQM
.(
k e fEG M
.WdG OGTG bhGC a
k e psY H a WCG d JJ PJG .2
.KhM Y FbdG g J h bGd jdG GB GSG feGE a dG .3
d
E
G
h M) OOJ hO H ddG e JC ,bdG AKGC bH Y Y cGC GC .4
o
.(LQCG Y g bM eoGC
.eH JH d oS M a Y Y d ,jQhdG UdG Ym e oWGE .5
s
.dG a dH J SM eH MG Y eG .6
.JdG e h SdG RL e SdG edG L e .7
Qqj H ,keJ kffb (dGE e h FGdc) dG fhDT L c e cCdG .8
JdG hGC JdG KCdG GhP e ,fLGJ We uC h ,kdJ
M a GSd N h tJ N Vh j ,Y jd
aGdG MGC IN dGE j Lem e Y fOGC GWG .QGdG
m YL b e NG LGh ,fEG M Y
.snbn
.e e a dY eCG UY AL
h .L IQKGE hO YG Ghuj GC GhOGQGC h
Ye dGE Ib f dSH kjS
o H
Y dGE Yj ,ke Y m e meH ,SdG e
dGE kT N Uh eY h .LY LG
.'dG eCG UY QOZ ,dG
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
53
T eGC N
NG = dG
h haj e fEG M Y aGdG Vj PGE - e xM dGE IOQGh :hdG dMG
e k Gc h .MCG H a dG YdG b e NG dGE jdG WdG a j
.Y H jdG WdH teGC
NBG dG VJ h ,M ee NG jV H b - k GL Je dGE Se :KCdG
.dG hGC ,ZG hGC ,AGYG dGE
Y k GOYG jJ ,e b YL dGE NG Je j e IkOY :jdG J
.K SGC JRH J GC j h ,dG
:dG f
YdG J Y sJ GC dH j h ,aNG a J We dGE dG Y L
s j
.jZ c
:GQdG
.eCG GAGLEG Yd e e id
Gd VJ MG e j odG HSG c a dG dG sGE) dG Y IQdG
.(dG
:tdG N
H kHe - Y cGC jH aSGC GC dEG dH eBG e c GPGE a dG .1
hGC ,k GL esDe H hGC ah V hGC ,he
jJj dG dG JQGC GC hGC ,edG UGdG FSh SGC Cc ,kJ cGC jH aSGC GC .2
.dG gGC
Cc ,d jdG e kYf OLh S aQ hGC eR e aSGC GC j ,ke dP c GPGE .3
.NGB dGE ,bEG d j hGC ,dG dG e dG Gg j
.Lho a Ke JG Hd JdG PJG hO aSGC GC .4
kej Je gNoGC GC h ,se AeR e cdG h dG h dG H kefH JGC GC .5
.Gjo e Y AT c GC chDC
e ,e e GY GC S jdG jdG QH JG eH Fb OGYEH bGC GC .6
id iNGC JGC h ,FdG g e f e MGC GC h - WdG e GVhj GC j
.e
.dG Y Ie c JGP ddG h dG JGC GC .7
.KdG dG JG HV H Uj dG ceCG dGE GE idG a gPGC GC .8
GH GPGE k GQa JGC GC h ,(bdH YdG) bhCG L a dM e j d ke HGC GC .9
.W Z e kT GC
:QGdG N
:Nd
o VsJ e GPGE
Je dG j PGE ,NG J hGC UH h - TCL WHQ h FhH MG .1
.d HJQG jo h ,M bGC dGE YCG
.GCSGC g H dG e`j dG GC kVGh GH GPGE GE - dG hMGC GC .2
.e dGE dSQ SQGE k GQa WGC GC .3
.e e mU ebGE h dG GMG f hMGC GC .4
.aGC ee H ddG e ,dG AGHGE hO d eGhCG YWGE .5
.jQdG SQe h ,L H dG :H gG .6
tY h ,a le fGC jo dG VGdG h ,dG UhCc ;UdG H fG .7
.NGB dGE ,J dG jCG
e AT H S fGC h ,MGS WGE LGC e Vhd N e id sGC cJGC GC .8
.dP d
54
eeCG dG SDe
Je eGC N Vh .2
.ee a K ,JdG eCG dG Vd H Uf dG dG a khGC S
dG g H Y Y Gfc .iNGC dGE dhO e bdG dG Xd ffdG dhDdG J
.fCG J e H ,eCH dG Jbe a IQGOEG e AYGC GcpTGC h ,cH a Y
Je eGC N Vh oY 1 .2
d dGE LM a fS fEa ,GsdG dGE dH h .dhCG Td kej GJ CH Uf
.Y eGS bQh FU h ,QdG Y Hd
c ,Fb a J h fLGJ dG WdG d H KdG FeR FS GLG 1 .1 .2
GCj GC bdG g a XdG e e OY cGC cQe CT e GE .dG a j OGaCc h
a hYdG XdG j b .eCG GAGLEH G`dG Rj h ,eCG FdH YdG AH a
HQ fGC Z ,WdG h GSG dGE kVJ XdG cGC SG Xe hGC Fdc dG
e sc GhN h ,TdG Gg a gdG Y Oa c G
u T .eCG OGdG Uj e hGC fj
.jH
55
eeCG dG SDe
57
dG
dG
dG Yhe
edG jdG ie
GOe
GOe
NCG
VdG UTCG j
h) gGS e cGC d
b j GC j e g
.dRe e (ke OJ
e Oa GC j GC
dG a edG
QN hGC ,dG a k GOe
a d IQdG YdG
.dG
JG j H cdG
.FQdG dG a H
OGaGC hGC GdG J
KdG dG dG
.H
dJdG
ebGE e J
VdG UTCG
h) gGS e cGC d
ADg j GC j
dfG e h UTCG
.(ke OJ b
hNBG edG Aj GC
MCG
58
eeCG dG SDe
dG
Me
oJ j dG iodG Y eGC
VdG
h k GL
k e
n e Gg j GC j UTCG dGE ffdG IYdG jH f' :
Sh a j H ,k GOse
.m 'e JGC aO j jdG
kjS hOOj GC edG
f Y) IQhdG Y
.(
k e jdG Y J
dG e
GPGE e H dG edG aj GC j
kS dP KDj GC hO) jd IN fGC Y gsb
.(dG a Vh h fe Y
dG be
FdG e
eCG
sj Y lH
eCH
h QGhOCG
dhDdG
FdG
m jJ Vh
Z FQdG d a AdG uJo dG QGdG d
.dG g J
bdG
d AfGE :dP a H ,dhDdG h QGhOCG
h ,edG e UGdG eGOGE h ;eRCH e
.NGB dGE ,fdG h ,YEG h ,dG h ,QbCG
IQGOGE N
eRCG
k e tbGC a - UTCG
.tdG dGE
Y kbue idG S
h .J a dG dG
h SdG H WS
sGC Me e ,GAGLEG
e aGC GAGLEG QGJ
h IOdG MEG
.udG
d GPe' `H J N g
dG J h .'..Gc M
Y dGE LJ dG
Y h UdG bS
.fLGJ dG WdG
.dG eGC
h SdG
.`dG eGC
.NGB dGE ,OdG h ,AdG e edG eCG GAGLEG
.JdG h SdG eGC
QGdG N
.jJ h edG IQGOGE
.fGe H dG
.eGSG h cdG fU
a H ,d VtdG h ,bdG) AGYG tJ
.(dG AGYG dP
.jdG ddG e edG
.YEG FSh e edG
.dG e edG
.dG a JdG e dG
IadG /NG /YG /bdG
.dG AGYG dP a H ,AGYG
.FdG dG Y fG hM dM a
59
60
eeCG dG SDe
J a dG dG oa :SOdG dG
kGeGC J a dG dG H dG e J dG SCG H dGE S ,dG Gg a
dG SCG - dG d JGOGC uS h .e h ,H dG Y L
s j e e h ,kaf
g ,hCG dG a WH cGC IlGOGC kjGC g h .YdG GWCH sj lJ h ,dG H
. SWOT GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee J IGOGC
61
m bS a fEG M Y aGdG j
e dG h YdG e jdG e ,dG mdH
ae j jW bd JGP dG a j jdG fEG M Y aGdG sGE .ddG
.Y H Y
S eCG S a J IOYGE h adG g ge U IOYE bdG H J sGC Z
m H d f GP
JG feEc ,IjdG edG a QdG e j fEa .IY
.JN e IOSG hNBG j H ,QOe e jd e KJ h ,
k e IKDdG GWCH
M dG a YdG GhRJ GC h ,eCH j a H e IjL mYp USG j
.IjdG UdG GJ GC h ,bd S jhDQ GJ GC h ,JGSG dG h cdG
J a dG dG H eJ e h e e
h QdG Y sGE .H KdG AedG e Ye e tj eY j e aGC dG J j
Gj GC e IN bCG AedG uJ h ,eCG H QdG fGL AH uJ g YdG dG
.aGC H hDdG e H j e e Gej h eGC
K j eY hGC) ddG dG Id e N VH eb Ia g GH d bh nN sGE
j dG VGd VGh ljJ dG g Y S .(J a dG eCG dG a uH J
j JnGOGC fOGC f fGE .dYGC f e k GAL jdG h eCG JGSG J GC a
.odG Fd ne eGSG sjo h ,dG g a eGSG
sGC Z ,bdG g a dG a T c Qj a ,dG ie h ,dG M Y k GOYG
h ,aj GC dG a jNBG Y Lj e J h ,SSCG dG KH dG dG e
.VH
M Y dG aGdG e fJ Hsa ,Vh Y me Z HdG GdG fc GPGE eGC
H (eGC GPGE jNGB e) GhGCJ GC f fEa ,ddG g a h .jOe j e ,fEG
a ,eCG j a kWH cCG IGOCG g h , SWOT GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee
.hCG dG
JGSG fc ,dG h dG e GH j e h ,bS a d bdG J eGC GPGE
.k GcJ h kMVh cGC jd
6.1
dG
:dG H J SGC
fGdG QYG a GhN) ?dG Gg a fEG M Y KDJ dG SSCG FdG e
.1
(YLG h jObG h SdG
GP SDdG h OGaCH Ghua) ?SSCG FdG J a jKDdG YdG tgGC e
.2
.(iNCG hdG h ,YCG H h ,dhdG h bEG h WdG h dG dH h ,PdG
YdG ADg de Y HjGE hGC S H KDj GC bdG d j c
.3
?dG Gg M JHSG fc c h - FdG
GC c kd) j e cGC AGYG dGE Ve fEG M Y aGdG j e
.4
RmeQ dGE kY IQTEG hGC e jQJ f H ,FGLGE AKGC hGC HfG bo :e) ?(kjL
.(NGB dGE ,idG aQ GQjdG h ,jQcdG ddG h ,GgdG hGC ,H
62
eeCG dG SDe
d d
l GhOGC
dG H dG SCG .1
GhJ GC j) .dG J a Y HLEG jJ cS dG SCG e k GOY fOGC hJ
qGE .(J a dG dG H J SGC :fdG dG a dG iMGE HLGE Y ke
Vd keAe cGC J GC j e SGC GC hnJ b h ,H oTjo keGC GE d SCG
.UdG
V SCG H e GPGE FdG aGC dGE US fsEa ,e a J c GPGE :cJ
.Ye
ib JJ dG cfG e gGS h dG OGH dG edG KJ h UH f c'
dG) dpc Y a NdG IOYE VhJ dhdG GCH .SdG b Y J dG dhdG
Z e je oYG .(fEG M cfH Jj H SdG H J dGE J
M Y aGe .'dhdH J FGR AfGC hGJ h QGUGE' `H
l eJG dGE Lho h ,edG
.jaGC e ,fEG
.(nUGdG dhdG h dG dG e QT H ,Y eJG SGE M bh a sJ)
SSGC JGSG jb Y mf Y isJ edG Z dG J Y GC VGdG e
h ,fEG M cfG dGE dhdG fG LJ N e ,eCG Gb h edG dGE dH
.'jObG de dH gjJ
.GP hGC dG Gg dGE ,PdG hd SSCG VGZ
C d k GjJ Y uj b dG JWf H SGC c f'
fsEa ,JGSG ddG iMGE dGE IkTe tj KCJ c GPGE
.'eGC Y KCJ e d S e h
f Y k GKDe Y hj eY jdG dG dGE VtdH hWJ .jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe
.b P e cGC KCJ GMGE Y k GQOb j GC jo eY hGC ,jG`e
aCG d dG nSGC a dG sj ,pe eGC lJ jd j GC ,g dG h ,dG e sGE
bhGC a ,H GSG hGC JOjR hGC w eCG GAGLEG jJ dGE cOj h ,dG J dG
.dG J
JU h ,YdG dGE kJ cGC mf Y dG a kdJ dGE VS dG IoGOCG Jo
.H H U h - eCG VH
YdG GWCH sdG dG .2
eH gG jd jdG ADd a J Y cYj GC YdG GWCG J CT e sGE
ODj h ,YGdG h egG jJ Y S c .a jKDdG h ,eGC a HjEG hGC dG
h ,nuSj h adG JYb Rj GC j h .e J GC jo dG pd af jhDQ dGE H
.eCH j a kda GAGLEG cGC QNG Y kjGC cYj
a hGC kjS JLeo jJ dEG LM K S h) bdG H dG g jJ j b
dG Y k GQe S fGC Z ,(dG bhGC
a OQGdG - SWOT GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee J g) kWH cGC IGOGC K :cJ
.(hCG dG
.IdG h adG a QdG jd ,Ye V dG Gg AGLGE sjo :cJ
QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
63
1.
2.
2.
iNCG hdG
G
Z WdG
eG
H G
fEG
CG ch
IG
YL
VQG
sG
G
Z dhdG
eG
YEG
SDG
jdG
WdG
eG
1.
hdG eG Z WdG G CG ch
iNCG
fEG H G
IG
.6.2 dG
YdG GWCG :e
WdG eG
Y
EG fN GC hnJ
o
aGdG jH j a YdG H dG a GhJ GC Y sEa ,fdG H dGE dH
a QcdG dG fL e GKCdG h dG a Ghua ,YCG dG e k GAH .fEG M Y
.fdG J e Wj dG NBG YdG dG h ,dG YGC
aCG dG e Wj dG h ,jdG SDdG j dG (ddG) OdG a ,dG S Y
dG OdG a h ,edG a jdG SDdG KDJ H dG dG a Ghua ,edH dG
KDJ H dG dG a Ghua ,jdG SDdH dG aCG dG e Wj dG h ,edH
.jdG SDdG a edG
g N e d sJ dG SSCG edG M JMe GfhuO ,dG e J eY
.dG
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
65
Y
h
.
'
d
h
d
G
h
Y
'
e
C
dG sGE
l
HSG Y JQb Quj GC fCT e dG eCG ,'?..Gc M d GPe' a d fJ dG
.kjGC kbse j d d fGE h ,a kHM d oM e dGE
kHe J GC e H fsGC Z ,Ic b GP
l GhOCG eCG GAGLEG h dG GC a T
.FdG MCG h ,QeCH dG dG h ,bdH YdH
m J uCH eeCG dG SDe MJ
:dGE doSQGE e Ljo .Gg dG c Y
u
eeCG dG SDe
:IQeo oLGe
M) dc a M h jfEG dH LQdG jhdG GP J eGC ^HdH Me HdG dH fOGC dGE QdG YdG
.(2011 dj /RJ T
LGC e LdG tdG hU .sco ,nehpb ,nuU ,nQpUGC :fEG M Y aGd eCG JGSG ,Qjf Iga ,QuH L
.2008 ,eeCG dG h ,c pJ c SDe ,fEG M
Barry J, Nainar V, Women Human Rights Defenders' Security Strategies: Insiste, Persiste, Resiste, Existe, Urgent
Action Fund, Kvinna Till Kvinna, Front Line, 2008
http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/files/en/Insiste%20Persiste%20Resiste%20ExiAste%20rabic.pdf
Operational Security Management in Violent Environments (Revised Edition),
Humanitarian Practice Network, 2010,
http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=3159
.2008 ,dhdG jdG e ,fEG M Y aGdG jd jdG ddG ,GQc Qe ,jQjGE jfGE
Eguren E & Caraj M, New Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders,
Protection International, 2008
http://www.protectionline.org/IMG/pdf/manual_arabic_pi__1st_edtition_2009__web.pdf
67
dG
hCG dG
SWOT GjdG
(eCH j a) dG ee
(eCH j a) IdG ee
(eCH j a) UdG
sdG VQdG YL dc h dG L
Y J dG iNCG edG Z dG
u j
J dG edG Z dG dGE GjdG
,ffdG FdG h ,anGodG :fEG M jb
.fEG M jb Y
.nsdG IQdG h YdG h
Va fCT e fb he QGbGE j GC jo
Y aGdG jd HhQhCG OJG GOTQGE
dG edG Z dG Wf Y IdG .GQdG e IYdG W j - fEG M
.jJ h fEG M jb Y J
68
eeCG dG SDe
*
*
*
.
.(
.1
.2
.4
.3
dG
69
dG
ddG dG
seuCoG dG e GjdG h WdH udG FdG
o H
g e a h .GhdG h GjdG V bM jH sa f Y seCG dG e jdG J
.VjdG T H ,WdG dCe d dG
n fGC WdG dOe J b ,dG
.WdG dOe fue d kjW ,QhOGcEG e fEG M Y aGe g h ,fS d Vh
h .YdG J jb SH Geb ,V iMGE Y h .f H j d VQCG Y IQU SH Geb
.Y IlU dG MGC b Y
.jdG JG a dG SGC IdG aO hj kGU kLQ IQdG dGE GVGC K
IdG ad aGc ej dG ,dG LdG j a fJ ,Ic kY IQdG dGE GVGC ,kGNGC h
.dG SGC
:YdG OGaGC Y ddG SCG GMWG
?(e h jdG LGJ b dG) WdG g e
aU a j hGC ,
l HUGE SdH J GC h ,edG dGE jdG VJ C kMG K sCH j b)
.(b
IQdG Qtd dG MGdG e xc a jdG ie Y GdCSG
J fdG dG GC h ,VQGC Ig bh M a j dhCG dG a dG GE dH j b)
GkN j UGC bdG sEa ,ddG dG a eGC ,IdG MMR j LdG sC ,sL We gQhH
.(OGORG LdG GQb sC ,k Gc
MdG GQdG GuH h - dG bGd e M aVEH IQdG jJ h AdG dGE YdG OGaGC GYOG
m HSG Mj b .dG J e xc a
:e e
.keGC cGC e dGE IdG uL
a e QGfGE U Y GhdG jQJ j GC j - YdG d dG QGfEG FSh a Ghua
.IOe IQTGE hGC md kHSG ,SGh Me
.dG Y LMJ e GPGE IdG tJ bd cdG QsdG Jf hGC QTCG H QR j GC j
.dG Y canoes fdG QGb a dG
.NGB e dGE kbDe fG
.aGQ e jJ hGC ,SCG dGE LdG UG h dG dGE OdG
.fEG H e e e hGC IQhe e e IYdG W
k GOYG GP hGC dG Gg dGE dsa J GC j ,IY GQN K sGC dGE GJ GC h QaCG GuJ GC j
.da cCG S juGC J h GQdG L a dG g dG sGE .MdG hdG Y
.dG dP ka LGJ dG jdG dGE bdG GL
u h ,dG Gg H H
70
eeCG dG SDe
1.
2.
3.
dG
71
dG
HGdG dG
fEG M Y aGdG gOM c edG GQdG :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
.Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
:adG
.LGJ dG GjdG h WdH
.dhdG h WdG dG h ,cH a H dG jdG h ,ffdG bH
.j dG SdG dG h aK h H
.JdG e edG H
:pdG
.YGdG dG dG
.b bh a SdG e c OY jJ Y IQdG
.PdG GP dG h ,YEG FSh h ,fEG M c - dG pdG
.dG YdG h ,WdG h ,edG ShGC a dG
jd IOe GOTQGE jd dG ,(jhdG h HhQhCG OJG hO UH h) LCG GQdH dG
dG jdG e - fEG M Y aGd eeCG dG SDe dO fGC) fEG M Y aGdG
(1 ? jhdGh HhQhCG OJd SeHdG dG euJ GC j
.2 fEG H dG dhdG h bEG dG h dG
:dG
.edG Wd eCG dG
.WdG GCSGC J M a WMG lN
.(be Z N J M a) QGdG d N
.eCG FdG M VGh dhDe
.dG N a SSGC b eCG L
.eCG d jQhdG LGdG
:dG /dG
.edG id dG odG
OGdG d fN /Ub h ,esDdG aGdG h GHCG h ,bCG h ,HGdc - jOdG eCG e aJ
.NGB dGE ,IdG IQfEG h ,dG
.(
B d MT j H) dG e Vh
k e J f Y ,jo a jN
.be h WdG H Yj dG dG dG
h SdG Sha e jdG h , firewall QdG QGdG eH
k e) edG LdH dG eCG
fhdEG jdG jhY h ,ffEG ge GSG We a h ,dG d f h ,dG edG
.(FKdG eJ h ,esDdG
.SdG edG e ed VGdG fCG GSG
.dG e dGE d sdG Z UTCG NO d ,jFGdH J eQU SS
72
eeCG dG SDe
:dP Z
.fdG MCH G`dG - dG dG
.FdG e IfdG h YdG J
.eCG d GPGE eGB e a ebEG feGE
.eGB IQH dG
.ddG OQGdG
.dG eCdG
.JdG e edG Y IQdG
.jJ Y Lj a Ghua - GQdG g a lf g dG f sGE
2.
dG
73
dG
edG dG
dG eGC :tJ F
edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a SSCG
eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd j b e h
.Vd
:QGdG M a Jo dG JG .1
Z dG dG jhY h JdG bQGC J hdG ojb h Kse lFb g g
?SEG eN h ,AWEG RL h ,WdG h ,dG h ,iNCG edG
(NGdG h e LQdG) jOdG h dG LGdG .2
.dG h ,GQdG ,aGdG ,dG GHGC ,SCG /LQdG HGdG AGOGC h dM e GJ
jdG jdG ILGC h ,jdG GB h ,QGfEG ILGC h ,LQdG IQfEG AGOGC h dM e GJ
.Nd
WfGE h ,ese h eGB f Y kase JdG J GC dP a H ,SSCG GAGLEG e GJ
Vh a of h JdG J GC h ,se H f h JdG Y GTEG Y dhDdG
e J j GC h ,bdG dGE VJ hGC JdG J eY bCG J j GC e GhcCJ .L
.OGdG S a FbdG g
?'eGB' UN laZ jd g
e dG LGC e GjdG jG`J bhGC a e SG dGE J dG adG G`fGE j GC j g
?WdG dGE VtJ ie
:dG a edG .3
UdG FSQ a hJ h ,SGsdG dP a H ,k GM H KdG UTCG XH eJ g
?fj dG
?dG GP eCG dG Y dG a edG L jQJ j g
?dG gGe dGE YdG e gGS hGC dG Y M a eGS N jd g
?SM YCG cGC CH ,'oae j e' `H sJ kSS huJ g
hGC de e fj fGC Y GPGE UH h ,edG L e M QmGM eGOEH eJ g
.(jN k GAGYGC heudG edG hj GC j) ?e f e d Vj fGC
h ,dG c h ,eCG GAGLEG H eJ a ,dG a dG XdG MGC j eY
?dG dG Y ,JdG
:'filters dG f' h jFGdG SG GAGLGE .4
L cQj g h ?jFGdG U L Y dG e dGE NdG GAGLGE J j g
?dG a edG
c J GAGLEG fc GPGE sY NdG GAGLGE H IkOY ej jdG XdG GDH Geb
.J dG dG Y h ,j
,d`Y
e
)
H
G
O
d
G
J
G
P
E
G
d
G j dG e XdG j g
k
k
k
.(dH JG ,a Y eG
m YLG hj jdG ADg a H) jFGdG ASGC J g
eCG c GPGE ?(e a
u
dG dG h RedG SGH) ?jH eJ c h ,SM edG g a ,dc
.(dG S Y UN IH
74
eeCG dG SDe
:(JdG h SdG ILGC eCH udG ,Y HGdG dG kjGC fGC) edG eGC .5
QN eGB e a H J h ,Je e WMG f OGYEH QhO f Y eJ g
?dG
?Je Y che SdG edG GYj GC gCG edG j g
?
k e OdG hGC cudH dG c ,jsdG edG d eGB f jd g
Y tdG Qsj H ,eGB AnSGC (fhdGE hGC bQh fcGC AlGS) SdG Jd J g
?dH
:OGdG M a eCG .6
h AHdG He h ,AdG HU h ,HfGC h RdG eU h ,jdG Be dM e GJ
.(Lho GE) JoGdue h JHc
:jQdG h dhDdG .7
AGLEG dP c g h ?e UTCH WfGE h dG eGC Y dhDdG jJ h J sJ g
?ksa
h ?LGdG g sJ dG fGdG L j g h ?dG eCH j jQJ efH nK g
?sa jQdG g h ?jQdG dGE OdG XdG L N g
;HhQhCG G ,dhdG dG a e jQjGE jfGE ,SdG dG ,fEG M Y aGd jG dO :Y tH hGC ,Y
k f
.2005 ,eeCG G SDe Y QOdG
dG
75
dG
SOdG dG
`dG eGC :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
.Vd eAne cCG gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
e a kjOY k GeGC eGSG jo dG J h ,dJ tJ j dG jdG GhOGC aGC GeSG
feGE a Ghua .e kHJQG cGC jNBG J b fEa IOe Z eGC GAGLGE eSG GPGE ,bGdG Gec ,QGfEG ILGC ,jdG dG ,SCG ,HGdG ,aGdG Y dG ,bCG :GSG
.NGB dGE ,`dG nM IdG IQfEG
dc h ,AWEG eN ,SEG ,Wdc - JdG QGL dGE QGdG M a Jo dG bQCG GHGC
.IQhdG Y H JG j jdG AdG hGC AedG JGg bQGC
.dhCG aSEG IY h ,jdG Be h ,jdG e QGfEG ILGC aJ J a
.eGC GE ,NdG Y e QGd e K a
ILGC a Qj GC c xGC Sh a g - ce a cJ dG UG e eGC ie a GhfG
.QhdG dG GhuJ GC Y sEa ,dc eCG c GPGE ?Sf IkY hGC bGd
FGMG M a be Z jjH OhW GC Gsj GC Y CH dG a eY sGC h FdG OGaGC GpYGC
.Ge Y
GC dGE cj GC H KdG GdG Qhe a sGE .fGH dG dG jd dG h bdG GN
Geuj GC h ,(NGB dGE ,Y kSGC Mj jdG UTCG h ,cdc) QGdG a JQG Y j AT
.Jse Y d
k S d
We J M a eGS N jd d h :eEG QH JFY e dG WdG GHG
.e
H h) fLGj dG WdG Y AT c jT QNEH fEG M Y aGdG H j :jdG
,AT CH gAcT hj a NBG dG eGC ;(dG eCG bGdG a H dG jdG Y sj
.JbY ojsdG oeuJ b - d fGC g a Ghua .jdG S WdH dG GC e ksX
GC hO eGB J jH gOGYGE j H dG dG a h ,jGE gQNGE j a Gha :WCG
GaGj qGC hGC ,SGC Mj jdG UTCG h ,AHdG dGE GKj qCH gQNGE dP a H - dG d J
.jZ T GC
pLG' ge j h ,'se eOo' `H dG h gPG' e ,gGdG dG M a eGS S IQY a Ghua
.'uY H dGE
Y j SQdG e WCG UG CH ghNGC h ,dpWGC SQue e W kbY GhQuW :SQudG
.dH d sdG UTCG
h ,a H KdG UTCG XH Geb :(NGB dGE ,SQdG ,FdG ,d`dG edG Xse) edG
:Y gHQuO
a hLGj jdG AHdG h ,IOdG Z cdc - jdG Y j AT GC Y HEG .dG
.fPGE hO `dG dGE T GC NOEH Gej GC NO hjj fsGE dj fU hGC UGE sY GC e ,(JdH JG SGH) Gj GC ke cf Y j UTCG ADg GYJ h .dG ,AHdG ,JdG YGC c ,dG
.dG a gOLh GW
p edG' f Y J e QGW N GSG feGE a GhofG
:eCG VdG dGE IQT
E d 'FdG
s
.Odc j AT qc = NCG Uc ,UdG eCG WMG e OY PJG sj h ,jG`e N K = dJdG .SQM GSG h ,dGE h SQdG e WCG
me dGE FdG c ,eCG GAGLEG bGC PJG e g H h ,sL We
o be = MCG .kS Qe eGB
76
eeCG dG SDe
dG
77
dG
HdG dG
LdG hGC OdG hGC cudG e ,ndG ojM :tJ F
fEG M Y aGdG j GC j dG SSCG FdH k GcJ J GC g dG FH OGjo
hGC ,N a fj b e ,(NGB dGE ,dG e LdG ,OdG) cue e ej eY d cQe
.H dJG H d Ve j
GMJ h ,dG Gg d GeJ GC j d ,H U f QN eGC e edG e VdG d
.fCH eCG N Vh Y
xCH Y Y c GPGE) GjdG h WdG J h ,WdG dOe dGE IOdH H UdG dG F GhGCHG
.cudG ADd ,GQdG h ,dG H h ,(e
.H dG j e h ,e J Gbsj GC j e h ,e H J e VH cud GuH
.(NGB dGE ,dG W SG AHGE N e dG S Y) dGE jdG jJ Y JQb d GMTG
uGC Y gQNEH Gs SG h ,H dJG AGsL e dGE Vse fGC hj dG WdG Y gdCSG
.kHM d GqM b fj b AT
VN g hGC fGC GfJ GC jo c GPGE keGC FSdG cGC GhQNG :cudG e UGdG dGE dH
.bGd
m
AKdG j H dCS'
U
G
e
Q
O
G
Y
E
G
h
,
(
f
O
C
G
f
C
G
)
H
A
j
k
os o
a ,(MGh j b) KEG j H dCS' dP j GC j h ,'kMU IY jOdG YdG a
.GP dG YLG a AdG e GhQub h .(IMGh YS b) kMU ITdG YdG
.(eGB Z fc GPGE dGE ndG Geub h) fuj dG UGdG jW Y cudG GdCSG ee GC JdG Y GdJ a ,dc eCG c GPGE ?bGdG J GfJ GC jo g - JdG h .ke c GPGE ,LQCG Y leGB
l SGC fdG e jS eH SGH WdG GE .CT GP
JoNG GPGE ,JG H a fdG e edG JGdG SGH JG jo GC j
.e hGC d`e e mHe Y J dG edG JdG f
d GPGE ? riseup.net .hGC gmail e ,keGC cGC fhdGE GY cudG id g - fhdEG jdG GAdG JJ Y GeG h ,SdG edH j b dG dG Gsa ,dc eCG j
.fhdEG jdG SGH
:bGd VN GfJ GC jo eY cdH AdG
.nSCG QdG g em H IkOe FGdG J M jdG LdG j kMOe e sGE j GC dG e .cdG J ce hGC ,d`e hGC ,e a AdG J GPGE eGC Oj GC j
PGE ,JnGP jdG j jdG dGE GfG h ,udG GUGh d ,keGB k GQN
k e jc Y e
.k Ge N Ho Y e dsa dG J h dG ILGC J GC j
dG aZ sGE .YLG Z h JdG GJ ,`dG hGC dG a AdG e sHo c GPGE .tdG ILCH kYhQe J C kMG tbGC GdG hGC (dsdG J e)
m ee H kM bo GPGE
kT sGE .gGdG Vh e k GOe e GhcCa ,cudG dP b dGE J
Gg Y VdG sJ e GPGE hGC GjJ J GPGE jGCQ uj b ,JQU f hGC SG GSG Y aGh GC S
.GP hGC dG
dGE aO hGC bpGNG LGC e OT fGC Ysj kUTGC fEG M Y aGdG H OU :Me
.dH QmH JpU e dH dd Geb .pN be
78
eeCG dG SDe
edG dG
GgdG :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
.Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
SCoG GV
jgdG U a Y aGJ K g) d VH Gg GuH h - kVGh IgdG e VdG d
.(eodG dG a dG GhYCa ,dc eCG j d GPGE ?dG
.(NGB dGE ,eCG V h ,dG KCdG GME) aCG dG GhOM
:eCG dG
?g gaOJ GC jo dG tdG bh he hGC VQdG e
m je GC e ed WdG Y OYG j g
IgdG fc GPGE a Ghua ,dc eCG j d GPGE .
.bdG Gg a LMG Y d odG njdG
jdG oY
:dG S Y ,dhDdG H Geb
be e YLG YEH dG dG h QsdG dG dP a H) eYEG JGSG .tdG SH WdG h ,(a
.WdG e eRdG JG ,bdG a d kfY Gfj GC j jdG UTCG jJ dP a H) YGdG e JQG h dG .(IgdG VQe hGC GVd QOGH CH QdG Y eYE
.LdG YO GE dG j J b dG dhdG dH JG ?aU a YG sJ M a d em e K g - ffdG IQdG h - eCG sJ GPGE IgdG AdGE dP a H - dG eCG VdG Y dG Y hDdG) eCG dG .(NGB dGE ,dG W J h ,d e AGLGE h ,IgdG Y adG AanodG jQJ
.(YsdG ,GQdG ,adG) FSdG ue .(dG jYdG aGe bGC e dG bCG Y hGC) dG YdG -
79
dG
HS bh a
OGSG Y eH e c hGC ,ee e a c GE h M) dG e kjJ GhQSG
.(INCG dG a Qj b dG dG jE dG GdH ae Y h ,d
m c
m bh b WdG e dH Geb
,fdG id dG h ,eCH dG Ze CH eEG QH
.(JQG V GhOM h
.GsdG e dGE e h dG Gue Y GMG
.IgdG Fbh Ghd jje bGe IYH Geb
.IgdG S dG jd ke GhtYpGC
hT GC Y dc h ,ed edG hdG h IgdG Lho Y h ,jdG Y IgdG AaYo GHQuO
GCW M a j H h ,IgdG AfG Y eGB H cQdG jJ c h ,dG Va
ghOhuR h ,(fCH IgdG J j jdG UTCG e edG Gdj GC j) LM VhGC
.(GQdG Y IQT Vh hGC dG dc) dG H jJ fCT e H h ,JG ILCH
je AGM h ,AGYG dGE VJ M a
k e jL Imc - jM Y YJ He AGJQH Geb
.dG e uj
Hj GC IgdG a Oma c Y - UTGC HQGC e Ye a IgdG J feGE a GhfG
b dG c GPGE e k Gjo cGC f Y GsJ GC M bh a j H ,Ye a jNBG KdG
.YG dGE GVJ
.H eCG dG QNGE h e GC UQ e uJ e ceGC hj Igd bGe GhtYpGC
dG
m a SSfG bJ c GPGE
T Y Jge bGE feGE a Ghfa ,IgdG Y jd e
g fG d QoPCH JdG dGE jgdG d LQdG dG Y UTCG j CH) jH S
.(UdG
IgdG AKGC
hGC jW bd gQfG GO GPGE MEH Ghj GC j PGE) KhM Y FbdH jgdG IL GHGC
.(dH j e e Z Gfc
.fhUj sSe UY hGC e CH eCG dG QNEH IgdG bGe j
h ,dhdG dG e j GC e H - dG a SSCG UTCG c IgdG a
o Qpj
.jb e a ,gGS h ,ffdG QdG
.AGLEG Gg dGE hdG YO GPGE IgdG jd e Gfc
H a dG d IlsYo ,Prides against Prejudice dG MCG V AjdG
k f
o bhp :(tH) Y
.ILGA-Europe HhQhGC - YdG e d dhdG dG ,jOe
80
eeCG dG SDe
SdG dG
NG /YG /bdG :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
.Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
oWe ;(YdG e gGS hGC dG b e) NG h ,(dG b e) bdG hGC YG sGE
.e WdG g dGE f GC H kjsM c g e h .UdG H a J fsGC Z ,e
kidnap h abduction :NG e Yf K h .YG M kjGC j FdG g a bdG :Me
.se
m e nJ hGC jH ddG sj NCG sGC Z ,(LdG :HdG a H dG dGE pgGC d)
bdG /YG
m bh am e eN eCJ Y GYa ,YG N LGJ c GPGE .1
H K) eGC GPGE e
a nedG sM J GH a j e ,fEG M Y aGe MbGE fOGC JGSG
.(cH AdG
JG AGLE e mUH nJ b fsGC Z ,sdG Jg e NDj b - ee Jg bQ GMG .2
.Jg
g bH GdW h ,(NGB dGE ,FY QNGE hGC ,
J
G
A
G
L
E
c
)
Y
Gfc .3
k
.H
a dG dG dGE jo h ,SCG Y j GC gdG dGE jo :
k e - fdH ae Y Gfc .4
.enujo GC j AT GC Y j GC
d GPGE) ddG Ve ae GWG h .AGLEG Gd OdG dG Y bJ J dG dG e GSG .5
.(jd kee dP j
.ee QM hO SGC GC Y GJ .6
.bhCG c a e jQhV jhOGC GC GMG .7
.RMG Lho dGE aGj FeR MGC GJ GC eGC GPGE GdhM ,dYG j eY .8
GeJ d GPGE cOjE eRdG GAGLEG PJH d ,QGdG M a H Jd T jd a .9
e GPGE dGE hNCoS dG ceCH jGQO Y j GC Vjo h ,Y e bhGC a d eS cCH
.oYG
.dGE eJG e j`e LJ h ,AGYG dGE VJ a Gg j GC j - YG GehJ .10
AdG a sM J dG GdG a fEG M Y aGdG eSG dG JGSG H g
:eH
h - WdG ce eGC kT N f sJ h ,a h jJ Y Ib dSQ SQGC'
M Y aGe .'Y GaEG dGE GhVa ,jS a dYG j GC hjj dhDdG c
.SGB e ,fEG
.ShCG dG e ,fEG M Y aGe .'AT GC cJGC fGE ,VdH TGC fGE
o b'
h dG dGE VJGC b fEa AH
o QbGC e GPGE fGC YGC - AT c QfGE dGE YGC fGE'
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe .'aVGE ee jJ Y d AGYG
dG
81
dG
YnH NG
NG N c GPGE H e H jGQO Y J GC j .g SSGC KOdG j dG dG sGE
.e JT dG NG M fG c h ,dG l S h ,dGE VsdG g e h ,
k Ke
:j e NG ld JGSG S
m pU GbGC .1
.bdG QNCG dGE J j jdG UTCG e e
GeJ GC j :
k e) dGE jdG jJ j e PdG hP dG UTCG e U GbGC .2
.(dG e Sd GYnjo GC hGC ,NG dGE VJ e GPGE dG SG
.dG hDdG h QeCG WGH aQdG jjo dG FdG SSGC Y kFGO GasJ .3
:bdH YdG GSQpe .4
Y S h .J e`j Gfc GE NG b bGdG J dG j GC dG e kjGC fGC) bGdG Y eY GC dGE ue Gfc - fS h ,coS h Y H LQCG
.(dSGC h bGdG LdJ :dG F - Y edG dG
h ,Y cCG bGdG j b Nd N OLh GTDe MGC Ea ,dH bGd VN c GPGE .fj jdG UTCG OY IOjR
WdG dGE fj b fEa ,(`dG a h dG e a) fGH M
l bY jd fc GPGE .jdG
dP a J sdG YdG GC Y keY J b dGE e h IQdG bdG h ZQdG GSCG sGE .dG
DdG j f Y JGP dG JG GsJ h .H KdG UTCG GE J h cS H GpJ .5
.H
j e HdG e GhJQG h ,jdG d keGC dG S cGC a Ghua - eEG Qb OdH GNG .6
.fd e
GeJ d GPGE cOjE eRdG GAGLEG PJH d ,QGdG M a H Jd T jd a .7
.Y e bhGC a d eS cCH
.jOe FH hO j e GAGLEG e GhJG ,sdG WdG bhGC a .8
Nd VtdG AKGC H dG j dG e
dGE aj h cS gtj HQ h - IdG b h Y WdG j b) Fhg Y GaM .1
CH fdG OYG Y j e K c GPGE GE ehdG hGC GdG dGE GhCJ GC dG e d .(dG
.Jf S dSCG g
GC Gdha ,GehJ GC Sh a c GPGE .dG dGE VS fsCG e J GPGE GE - dG GdhJ .2
hGC ,(jdG h fdG H e e) HQCG a dG H Geb
k e) e QV bCH d GJ
.dH JOQe e j H ;(dG Y
GC j PGE :JdH pHndG dG N UH h ,dG SGH UGdH sj a ue Gfc .3
PGE) jSGB GLGh .dG JQG dGE fdG aj b dG eCG ,QMG hGC ,dG hGC ,dH pdG J
.GdG AdG GsJ d ,(AdG LGj H iPCG dGE cGC j
.Y GJ GC Gdha ,Ye V c GPGE .4
.ShhDQ a jjGC GHGC h ,AZ Y GHG h ,VQCG Y Gfa ,IdG J PfGE dhe K c GPGE.5
hGC /h ,HQGC dGE GhY h haRG K ,HQGC dGE GhtY h dG dGE kY kf GhN :tdG dSGC GSG j *
Y IlQOb fsGC jo dG dG e OY hGC lc hGC
l U :GfdG) mantra Gfe GhOOuQ hGC ,e IkU GJG
.(LdG .HjGE Ima Y cdG GC) affirmation e k GcCJ hGC ,(LdG .MhdG tdG J
dG e bdG - NG Ia Y tdG
.e e kpU GbGC h ,dG GMG fn GdhM .1
.WCG h FdG Y jdG g IdG YVdG MGC sGE ;d Ie YVe Y dG GsJ .2
.dG AGHGE hO d eGhCG GWGC .3
.gsV hS fsGC dGE ke GhJ h ;gjJ hGC gjJ hGC dG InCLe GsJ .4
82
eeCG dG SDe
S
G
dG e hGC dCG e dG sGE .e hGC e jH edG dGE VJ b .8
l
.eCG GhJ
.cjJ dGE Ud Sh a e c J fGC h ,eRCG e ed kN e id sGC GnYG .9
GdG WGE
Jd IkQKGE bhCG cGC g dG Y GaEG Me dc h NG J e dhCG IdG sGE .1
:kjGC Y d ,bH eGhCG GWGC h Fhg Y GaM .pdG dGE dH
.jM f LGC e dG dGE htJo b - e GtJ GC .2
.eCG H QdG h LCd je GfJ GC .3
.MGS WE jQdG VhdG a NtdG GdhJ GC .4
Y j dG RdG Y eCG j GC j PGE :e dG OH d GJ qGC GdhJ GC .5
.dG dGE Va ,dG MGC j h jdG
.ShhDQ a jjGC GHGC h ,AZ Y GHG h ,VQCG Y Gfa ,IdG J PfGE dhe K c GPGE .6
NG d jH N
FYGC MGC Vn tJ M a jH N spJo GC dG L Y sEa ,
k Ke k GjJ NG c GPGE
:j e g J GC j h .Nd
83
dG
dG
.kFe dP c GPGE dhdG h WdG h bEG h dG fEG M YH JG Cf sJ e GPGE ,IQM eYGE lJGSG o L
u Jo h - YEG FSh id dG SH WdG jJ .NG
h ,dG IQSG ,NG bGh e ad IkRLGE dG e ,dG dGE LdG) YO N Vh e TdG QhdH gJ tj h) QjO dGE JOY hGC MGS WGE Y sJo ,d (edG e gGS
.(FY OGaGC hGC /h dG dG
.Fe g c ,QeCG jH WG Y dG a jNBG edG AHGE .LdG J c jKCdG Aed YLG h dG YdG jJ h ,dsa NG d JoG dG GdG fc GPGE e J h GMCG LGd L J :eRCG H e .3
.VdG d HSG e uJ GC d j c
84
eeCG dG SDe
TdG dG
dG AGYG dP a H ,AGYG N :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
.Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
:eY
l UJ
h ,j e cGC AGYG N dGE Vse fJ a dG GMCG a Ghua - WdG H Geb
j dG dSCG e h ,gJe j GC j e h ,GAGYG hM MG OGO`J a dG ceCG
m Ge Y k GOYG jd N S .gej GC
.c
u
GsJ h ,dG dGE Vse fJ eY jOe GLJ - WdG e j`j k GMh AdG c sGE
.cGC H d Vse fJ M ceCG
.kfeGC dG FSh cGC GeSG
jQc dG b e Jo GC hGC ,dG b e cV g Jo GC j - SCG GJ
.dY
.dG M a jNBG J hjJ eY a d IapU e GMG
h) dG dGE Vj eY 'OL' dH Hj SdG e dG GE - Id kW GdG Y GHQsJ
.(tdH o oM
o jo
.Le Lh a edG QuH
e
G
b
,
j
C
G
a
A
C
G
G
S
G
,
d
G
d
E
G
V
J GPGE
k
.adG FSh aGC j e k Gc dG sGE - je jMGC GhJQG h ,bd Y GaM
J GC j He GhJQG ;dG dGE GVJ GC jo M ,
k e Igc ,e kda hS c GPGE
.He J ise kbQh GV h ,jL Imc ,jdG e kT
e e ,jd Hb jM JGSG GJ GC j g h - AGYG hue j GC j a Ghua
?'(PdG hP UTCG MGC) `d ljU fGE'
.GU hO udG Jue Y d fGC GhtYGC
e JRH j b e GhJ qGC h ,H GhJ CH AGYd kHGsL kag fGC e GJ GC GsJ
.(NGB dGE ,dG SdG ,JdG ILGC) ub Gse hGC dZ Gge
.IYdG Y d LdG j jGC dGE h ,bhCG c a a hLGJ dG dH ae Y Gfc
.ksU fGC GeuDJ GC Y GUMG
85
dG
e
)
e
Q
b
C
C
G
d
h
a
,
e
h
J
h
A
G
dG
86
eeCG dG SDe
Y OdG dG
(dP dGE e h HCG AGLGE VGZC) jdG WdG dGE dG :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
.Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
87
dG
d
G
c
)
Q
G
d
G
Sd ke k
.FGN .AdG h dG .dhCG aSEG IYo -
dG
d
P
d
G
88
eeCG dG SDe
Y fdG dG
fEG M Y aGdG V jQGOEG GAGLEG :tJ F
fdG h QSdG fdG g GNBG YdG h) dG fd KdG SSCG hdG oMGC QGOEG fdG
dGE lce (fCH fMGC INCG g Jo h) jQGOEG GAGLEG hGC fGdG J S sGE .(FdG
.jQGOGE lHY epodG jQGOEG fCG de Y JsJ e IkOY h .jQGOEG ILCG
.pbh T h fEG M Y aGdG jd b P e cGC jQGOEG GAGLEG Jo
:eCG H g h - GdG NH jJ H jQGOEG GAGLEG Jo GC j
:Nse Z eH IRH dG eJ
T J eH GC h ,jdG edG L AdEH h ,feJ dG edG LGH Geb edG H Geb h .(dG SGM Y d`dG dG GSc) NdG bJG N
m eH GhTG hGC ,QdG Me (fdG)
.dG a GSd Ne
.NdG edG GY h AGdG Uh H GMG :jdG
u S e QdG dH ddG
.Re Se jd j GC e GhcCJ .FGdH dG dG h dH Md J h bO kfGC GfGC :jdG U NH fCG joJ
WdG h ,dhdG jdG h ,jdG YtdH J e ffb fGC K fc GPGE e GJ .AYCG ge h ,jQdG
:jdG ddG e ed IdG sdG
bdG GSH YadG J GC j .e a jdG ddH edG LH jo k GeGC GhQUGC edG Z AGdG HM dGE aVEH ,dG a ed dG adG HdG dGE h ,k GM
.iNCG dG HM h ,dG a
:edG Z e J
VdG Gd GJ h ,e aGe H b e GC e h ,dG e H eJ jGQO Y fsGC e GhcCJ .eCG d GPGE AGdG Ff
:GgdG J hGC dG TQh H jdG
qGC We dG a GhN hGC ,d GeG h ,WdG g H dG ffdG dH Y Y Gfc jGC ae h ,YG dM a e d em e jd j GC) bGdG e ed GN h ,GJ
.(Ige AKGC AGYG dGE VJ GPGE dG jYdG J j
dGE Lho M a) fdH eG`dG Y
C d IQse J OGYGE Y GYG ,eGC GPGE k dO d GM
.(fdG fH
l eJG cQdG
:dG J
.Y dG d j e h ,ddG g a dG ffdG MCH Y Y Gfc GPGE ,H dG j dG e h ,JG Y Lj H Y Y dG a edG L j GC j .J Ice eubo e
89
dG
:eY Ff
dG) jQGOEG dG hGC bdG gQ UT
C d cOH a jdG J dG dH jGQO Y Gfc
.(NGB dGE ,FdG QNGE a dG ,dG jYdG J a dG ,edG QNG a dG ,m H JG a
.jQGOEG fGdG N iYH ,jQGOEG dG hGC bdG dEG VsJ GPGE f GP Gg S
dG) WdG dG dGE h fe dGE e eJ CG j dG jQdG H khL GhtYpGC
h ,(NGB dGE ,YdG hU h YLG dG hU ,AMEG ch ,FGdG e ,FdG
.hdG GH Ge`dG
GHGC .se hGC k GOhW cGC AlGS ,jdG J GQTGE h ,WdG dG e SGd H GMG
dG
90
eeCG dG SDe
Y ddG dG
fEG M Y aGdH dG :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
.Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
e Gg j`S a ,SG GPGE ?IMGh Ike fLGJ mKOM e bGdG g g .dG S a GhfG
KCJ S e ?Y dG IM jG`J g hGC ,ShCG e c a le g g ?H dG ieo hGJ
odG aGC GhQJ GC Sh a Ea ,SCG g J dGE k GOSG ?e Y h Y dG
.HSd
.jd e e YO sGE - odG HSG a GMJ h ,H KdG FeR e dG dCe GHG
h FdG e j e e ,IMGa IkMGh dG YGe a AL e MO dGE Y Qj mH tGC j GC j
.k GOe keg GtJ .fSCG
:GQdG
.dG gJ
.FM h eCG L Y ,NGB dGE ,fdG h ,jjDe h ,FeR WGE
.ffdG IQdG Y GMG
.a OQh H dG GP dH dG YGe pMO dGE GhYG
Y e GhGCHG hGC ,dG Z YGdG e GHG ,jd kee dH j dG dG c GPGE
.H Ke Sh N e WSh
.Y Fb iYO GbCa ,d kee YdG c GPGE h ,KOdH WdG GHGC
.J GC j dG c GPGE e d VdG He M uc a GUGh
:sJ e dGE aVEH IOdG MdG H g
:NGB dGE ,fhsdG ,YLG UGdG T ,fhdEG bGdG - ffEG GSH dG
.dG J dG OGdG aQ bdG je dGE GWGCo .FdG jJ e ,JGP bdG Y dGE GSG hGC .YGdG J a MJ ,fhse hGC fhdEG be Y mH H Geb .YdG Y Fb iYO ebGE feGE a GhfG GQdG GSH dG
.JGP ceCG a jRJ Y GYG h ,FdG j Qe OGYEH Geb dG HdG h fdG
.J h dG dGE HSd ,NGB dGE ,YGPGE He AGLE GJuQ hGC ,kU k GJDe GhYG RedG e ,e PdG hP UH h jjDe bGJ j h ,kec FdG sj kaU kfH GhQUGC .fEG M e h ,GMH J dG
.JdG Y YdG GMCG g a dG YdG J dGE LM a c GPGE a GhfG ,k GNGC
dG
91
dG
Y HGdG dG
JdG h SdG ILGC eGC :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
kjGC fsGE .Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
m ed http://security.ngoinabox.org/ar hU a eCG IQGUGE GhfGC .SSCG dH lFb
aVGE
.Ic J h
- hU a eCG he a YdG bH Y kjGC LJ dG FdG e k GOY edG g J
.YGC HGdG fGC
:RcdG /bdG h dG edG e HSM jH Geb .1
kjQf k GQGL h ,dG ed IOe iNGC h ,Shd IOe eGH GeSG
a d k Gf ,WdG ddH h Qd Vse J a - UdG edG GeJ
.Ne Z eH IRH JG Y
k a ,edG g jJ
HQd Spybot efH e ,AVAST QdG Me fdG edG GSG feGE a GhfG
.QdG Comodor QGL h ,dG ed IOdG FOSS eH h ,ShdG
.eCH UN GOGYGE j dG ,Firefox e ,keGC cGC ffGE e GSG a Ghua
jM c M edG e jd hU a eCG IQGUGE e hCG dG Y WG j
.H UdG SdG
.firewall
eeCG dG SDe
93
dG
dG
94
eeCG dG SDe
Y edG dG
dSGC h bGdG LdJ
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
j .Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
.WdG J ,ddG dG a bGdH dG dG Y kjGC WG
?bGd VN fGC g
h fdJ e a jd jQM Gfc h ,dc fGC GVaa ,bGdG J c GPGE e jcCe Z c GPGE
.dG h nfGC Gd ,fJ
e VdG g e h ,cH a Jo dG bGdG dSGC a fEG M Y jNGB aGe e GMJ
j e VZ Y k GOYG sS HSG sGE .(?N OGYEG GC ?jdG GC ?edG L g g)
.bGdH
GPGE ,dG S Y .bGe OLh cG GPGE GJ GC sj H dG dG a FeR e GMJ
?e J GC fe a fJ a ,ce a tJ RL Y JY
cQe fsGC Yd sJ GPGE .GJ d fsCH Ghga ,bGe OLh ocG e GPGE - g edG IYdG sGC hj
Y eGC ,VhdG MGC Y Gg - Y tdG j dSGC ej h HGC S fsEa bGd
.cAGRGE dG j b fEa ,FSGC
dSGC h bGdG LdJ e edG
:ahdG /dG dG ILGC
- IS IhY a :
e
)
c
G
d
G
d
G
Y
Q
j
O
j
h
,
dG h bdG ge g J GC j
k
s
IQfEG Gse MGC a hGC ,(cQGH dG dhdG Y e lT j) Je S Y hGC ,(jM d
.IL U Yf dGE LM a fsGC Z ..AHdG He hGC ,JYLG Yb a GHCG hGC GQdG hGC
ceGC GhQNG ,ke Gg j d GPGE .JQS hGC e hGC d`e a SM W GP jOMGC GC GhJo ^..udG IM
k e ,bse Z hGC /h dG Ic
o hGC ,(bdG GP a dsdG GSG e) dG IM :
GE ^JdG Y h ,dG dP a VdG Gg GJ a ,tdG ILC e me ne e`J c GPGE a dG ILGC OjE e AGLEH Geb ,Gd ,V fOGC juJ OH J dG b e dG
.adG gO IOYEc ,OYG Y QS J h ,OY j
:GedG /jdG GB
h ,FdG YS h ,RdG ILGC TT a ghDNGE j h ,dG h bdG ge g J GC j
.NGB dGE ,QNdG
.dG h dG eC dG YGdG GSQe .H J jdG UTCG e jGdG GJ -
95
dG
:JGdG
JG Jo GC j h .f sdG JdG RL hGC JdG bH SGH AlGS - otJ j GC j
jo H JdG Y eH hGC RL cJ j GC j h .bGd IdG dG FSdG h JdG
.ahdG /dG bc
jdG UT
C d M ,c xC ghJo h ,YGC Y k GH J dG sdG JdG ILGC GcJ .H J
INdG e GLSG h ZGC hGC ,dG a Jg GcJG ?SM LG Qd Le fGC g .dH Gej GC jVdG L dGE GWG h - (jQdG)
b Gg GC Z) kf eGB jW fdG e Skype jS eH SGH KOdG AGLGE sGC jo .(...j
dG
JGg GeSG d ,dc kf eGB jW fdG e edG JGdG H JG J GC j .e hGC d`e e jdG J GJ h ,Ie c a e
dG j dG h ,LdG QH UdG T jW J dG JGdG e J keGC JG cGC sGE .eGSG H e
:cdG
.tJ ILGC Y csnJo GC j
e H PGE) cdG INDe a UH h ,e kjQhO dH Geb h ,SCG e cdG H e dGE GasJ .(YU H RdG j GC
cdG hGC fdG cdG GAYSG e hGC ,cd fdG hjo jdG UTCG e jQM Gfc .'e e UE'
b ?a Y j dG a ,IQdG hGC dG a k GRL fEG M Y aGe Lh GPGE - N jd a
H dG h ,bGdG e dG Gg OLh j H dG YdG e eCG gJ g HSG nSGC J
GJ d fCH gdG fGE h ,j d kT Cc dG j g gdG) .bdG Gg e Sj
.(LdG :jdm Ghd VdG bG .dGE VN fGC dG bGdG
:(td VtdG) dG bGdG
.ke M
C
G
h
O
C
G
b
GdH J dG dG sGC GYG
n o
.(JQG Sg /jfGQdH Qd dG ehe e) bhCG L a bdH YdG GSQe
fhcuj jdG UTCH Gha) k GOe Y dG j H fhnJ jdG UTCG fC GpU UhCG g a fhuJ Me aH GMG .(ghDNGE j dG QeCG - e h ,dH h ,H
.dP e J dM
Ge J) M j hGC /h ,ke /IS e T Jj g ?dG dG Y ke hj e ?(bGdG
d c hj hGC ,GdG h dG GY hGC ,FGN e j b) HcQ h gRGW h fd - cdG GM .(NGB dGE ,fGC j fGC
SfG jhDQ h LdG LGh a dc) aCG a fhJ dG dSCG GSG AGZE GJ
S kL a - J ce Y OHG a GSEG hGC ,dM tdG h FGM HQ pY hGC ,QdG
.bhCG L a W H dH dP e kH Geb .(dsa Z h MdG
.fdG jg e Ga .e hGC d`e J GC L
s jo 'jGH f' bGdG YGC d
dGE gdG hGC ,dG dGE IOd h ,Y dGE fJ dG dG h bhCG GYuf .kHK kefH GJ
.dG hGC VjdG cdG
. GC H dG J GPGE a e aJ f Y e Y GQhCG GJQ
:cdG tJ
h ,N KG h ,eeGC IMGh - ce N e dDdG hdG H jo e LQCG Y oS
.jRGe W Y HQ h ,fL c Y IMGh
.IMGh ce e cGC K j e kdZ - YdG IOjR AY fGC GJ .fdG jGdG a d SGCQ jH Qe f Y GeJ - W H IQdG GhOb d - ObdH Oh`dG e dGE hGC Ohe jW dGE GfG ,dH bGd VN c GPGE e d .kW dG Gg Ghj GC Y GUMG
FSh iMGE dGE dHm e h Y f Y Geb K ,ce
E dp GCH Geb ,bGdG e a
.edG UGdG
:SdG YLG QM
IY jOdG YdG a AKdG j H dCS'
d
G
j kH k GeQ ke GhtYpGC k
.(IMGh YS b) kMU ITdG YdG a ,(MGh j b) KEG j H dCS' dP j h ,'kMU
m H IkOe FGdG J M ,ndG Ic h MOdG dG gdG g oeGC AdG ceGC cGC sGE .(S M dG b cJ dG e j M h) e
96
eeCG dG SDe
.dG GAqd eJ Y Jd UdG g GZG ,eGB e a h Ld kLh J eY cGC ae bGdG UGC h ,(NGB dGE ,jtdG AdG ,cdG) dG bGdG a k GJ M GPGE
GhfG h ,Gg MJ dM IOdG WfGC GJ .bd VS fGC dGE Gg j a ,b P e
.eGB Pe dGE fG feGE a
:kGNGC
:N e ,gLGJ e Y h fGC Y ee H IAGH hdG j
qGE g Jo h ,eBG fhdEG jdG GY h sdG JdG bQ J bH jd a) dG bH .(bKdG AbUCG dGE
m ee jahdG U J GC j - YLG UGdG T bGe e GS h a f Y
...e hLJ hGC e bH JJ dG UTCG h ,cLGJ e h V
dG
97
98
eeCG dG SDe
m :$8 qR(b %qb gp3 %Pq"J m5 {< q=^ u q=^ m {< q=^ u q=^ z_O 8J 2
4c(P' 8qR(' m {j cZ `M' 8J 2
e
.8J 2
z^ %"=g^ ! ] 0^ yj \^6Z o6^ u q=^ e %XqX/ z_O 4c(P' m
4W yp7 gq=^ e m w-8(p 4W `cPf l!
.8qR(p
%bm X
9m .(^ %_c(0
& ! .(<
l[p8f e =f uyX/ hO PT4c_^ 4p4.^ %p c0^ `q^3 hb 3 .2 `CU^ z^ e g(b `[! {^ (^ Dg^ 4g(=p
.2009 %q^m4^ %p c0^ %cMgb hO 73 C^ r7 Z o7 b m hp7yRp
dG
`cP_^ %q_0
& K_=^ %F7 Pb kqT )k-m & / z_O % _+b %cMg
$8Z5 a4P' h^
tb =(^ o4"' e & K_=_^ h[cp {(^ 3m40^ `cP^ 6j 9m .' b4gO {WyX0^
. j4gO
{T ey[p 4W m . q_P^ & qP-8
hb j X_(' {(^ 8bm 6Ug' e %q_0
& K_=^ z_O
.hp4(P
%p c/ {T %0_Cb mm5 A 2? & K_=^ I <m
.78c(< ! {< q=^ u q=^ 8qR(p
8qQ wc(.
m .wc(.
hb :- gf hb : f4f =p wc(.
"
m i38T ,q/ hb 8qR(p m :.b n5 u 0^ z_O 8.q<
. kfyg"(p {(^ 7 ,q/ hb
" g!
.wc(.
z_O 8q*(^ g[cb >q^
dG
99
dG
GdG
http://ajws.org/contact_us.html
http://www.amnesty.org
1 Easton Street
London
WC1X 0DW, UK
http://www.ahrfund.org
http://aphra.org
H J e
dG
100
eeCG dG SDe
fhdEG bdG
GdG
H J e
dG
http://www.achrweb.org/
101
dG
dG
fhdEG bdG
http://www.fojo.se
http://www.fordfound.org
http://www.freedomhouse.org
www.frontlinedefenders.org
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/ho
w/finance/eidhr_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/wh
at/human-rights/human-rights-de
fenders_en.htm
http://www.fidh.org
http://www.globalhumanrights.org
http://www.hmlc-egy.org/english
http://www.hivos.nl/eng
http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/
http://humanrightshouse.org
http://www.hrw.org
102
GdG
H J e
dG
.fEG M Y aGdG jd
aGdG fEG d dhdG dGQdG YJ
fEG d dhdG dGQdG
jM Ue CfGC h ,fEG M Y
FIDH
e GTH fEG M Y aGdG
.jdG gd ddG dG
j h ,GdG a edG dG Yj
Fund for Global Human
ddG fEG M hU
e VsJ GC j dG dG Yd dG Fund for Global Human Rights
Rights
.jdG f AGsL
1666 Connecticut Avenue
NW, Suite 410
Washington, D.C. 20009
USA
M jb M ffdG IQdG cdG j
dG) fd Qe g ce
T h ShCG dG a h e a fEG
(jaGC T h ShCG
.jaGC
Hisham Mubarak Law
Centre/ MENA
UdG DaH ojm dY OjGE a dG gj
e a hd ffEG dG
j h .gGe jJ e UTCG J dG
HIVOS dG
e a IYdG dc h ,ddG YdG dG
AfGE h ,IUdG h ,IQdG jJ H e ,IY
.adG OJ h ,dG aJ h ,dG
dhdG TdG dGE IdG W dG J eg) hGC fEG M e
New York Office, Human
dGE JM VJ e fEG M a
Rights First, 333 Seventh
Human Rights (Sa jGQ
fU e Y HdH aGdH J h ,dG
Avenue, 13th Floor, New
First
h ,edG id h ,IdG jdG a SdG
York, NY 10001-5108
.TdG ADg GH eM id
M Y aGdG dGE YdG h jdG J Human fEG M H T
Human Rights House
Z a k GH Y N a Je h fEG
Foundation, Kirkegata 5,
Rights House Network
T h ,RbdG L h ,HhQhGC T h ,dG
0153 Oslo, Norway
.HhQhGC Z h ,jaCG dG h jaGC
dGE dhdG gG LH dG J
Human Rights Watch
fEG M bGe e
dG SGH ,fEG M cfG
350 Fifth Avenue, 34th
Human (Jhh jGQ eg)
.jdG IOe JGSG nanGdG h YVdG
Floor, New York, NY
Rights Watch
10118-3299
USA
eeCG dG SDe
fhdEG bdG
GdG
H J e
dG
J dG cfG Y dH dG J
dP a H ,ddG AfGC L a dG jM
h ,adH dG dG a QGfEG
kjGC J .dG jM Ue h ,sodG
dG h ddG YdG h jQdG h dG
dG dG YO dGE aVEH ,AY
C d
.dG jH
h fEG M bGe jJ Y VdG J
jOdG SdG a J h .Y adG
J h ,fEG M cfH dG
dGE fEG M jH dG UdG
.AYCG hdG
dG jM a dhdG OdG
IFEX - International Freedom
of Expression Exchange
http://www.ifex.org
http://www.cidh.oas.org
http://www.interights.org
Lancaster House
33 Islington High Street
London N1 9LH, UK
http://www.mediadefence.org/
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs OHCHR,
/Pages/ContactUs.aspx
Palais Wilson
52 rue des Pquis
CH-1201 Geneva,
Switzerland
See website for details of
country and regional
offices
http://www.omct.org/index.php?& OMCT International
lang=eng
Secretariat
PO Box 21
8, rue du Vieux-Billard
CH-1211 Geneva 8
Switzerland
www.osce.org
OSCE Secretariat
Wallnerstrasse 6
1010 Vienna
Austria
http://www.osisa.org
e
C d HdG edG VdG e
fEG H dG ,IdG
Office of the United Nations
High Commissioner for
Human Rights - OHCHR
jdG gd ddG dG
OMCT - World Organisation
Against Torture
103
dG
http://www.soros.org
M Y aGdH ke kefH jJ
IYdG h ,LdG NdG j ,fEG
jM Ue CfGC h .jQdG h ,OGdH dG
e GTH fEG M Y aGdG
.fEG d dhdG dGQdG
d dG jeCG VdG
(jeCG hdG e) fEG
Inter-American Commission
on Human Rights/
Organization of American
States
jd dhdG cdG ,jGQ fGE
fEG d ffdG
INTERIGHTS, the International
Centre for the Legal Protection
of Human Rights
YEG Y ffdG adG IQOe
Media Defence Initiative
dG
fhdEG bdG
GdG
H J e
dG
http://www.osiwa.org/
Z a dG dG IQOe
Z a dG jJ h IUdG YCH J
.jaGC OSIWA - Open Society jaGC
Initiative for West Africa
a edG cQdG jJ Y IQOdG J
T a dG dG IQOe
http://www.soros.org/initiatives/
jM h ,fdG IOS h ,WGjdG dG OSIEA - Open Society jaGC
osiea
jJ h ,dG jJ N e ;fEG M
Initiative for East Africa
fdG dG YL h IOb jJ h ,eGdG
.H e H jdG
Y aGdG dGE jdG VGZC aGdG J
Peace dhdG dG a
http://www.peacebrigades.org/
dH IOdG dG h fEG M
Brigades International/ PBI
dj /RJ M ,efdG Gg sf) SdG
h ,edc a Y MGC h dGC Y e
.(f h ,dG h ,JGZ
dG h dG dG jH dG J
dhdG jdG e
http://www.protectioninternational 11 Rue de la Linire,
M Y aGdG jM LGC e dhdG
Protection International
B1060 Brussels, Belgium
.org/
LJ .d GhOCG h jQdG aJ h fEG
e OY a d HdG jdG Je
.fhdEG bdG Y WG - GdG
jaGC a fEG M Y aGdG jM fEG M Y aGdG T
Rgion du Littoral, Ville de
http://www.redhac.org/
.SdG
REDHAC, SdG jaGC a
Douala, Ancienne Rue
Network of Human Rights
Makumba, Immeuble Lux
Defenders in Central Africa
Optique 2e Etage- Face
Auto Ecole Jojo, Cameroun
a edG h adG Y dG aGJ
OhM H SGe
Reporters sans frontires
www.rsf.org
MdG hGC dG LGj e YEG b
Reporters Without Borders
47 rue vivienne 75002
h jdG c Y J h ,H ed
Paris France
dG J h ,HbdG QJ h ,edG IASGE
.JFY h adG dGE ddG
e dhO lT WdG LGj SQGO Scholars WdG LGj SQGO
Scholars at Risk Network,
http://scholarsatrisk.nyu.edu
jJ LGC e j jdG OGaCG h dG
at Risk
c/o New York University,
dG Y adG h ,jOcCG jdG
194 Mercer St, New York,
.ddG AfGC L a SQGd ffEG
New York 10012, USA
TdG h edG Z d dG j
fEG d SGB L e
http://www.safhr.org/
d kUa fEG M a edG South Asia Forum for Human
h ,bEG QGdG H j h .cfG
Rights/ SAFHR
j c ,YdG f h ,HCG AGLGE
.IUdG M
jH J dG jdG Y ddG j SGB T L a adG dJ
http://www.seapabkk.org/
No.115 Thakolsuk Place
QGfEG dP a H ,SGB T L a dG
Southeast Asia Press
Unit 3B Terddamri Rd.
.LdG
Alliance - SEAPA
Dusit 10300 Bangkok,
Thailand
jM h fGC aGdG jM QdG e dG UdG IdG eCG Qe
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/
Office of the United Nations
J h ^fEG M Y adG a M fEG M Y aGdG VH
issues/defenders/index.htm
High Commissioner for
TQh J h ,GQjdH dG JdhDe UN Special Rapporteur on the
Human Rights (OHCHR)
.dG GP YdG QGUGE h ,dG
situation of human rights
Palais Wilson
defenders
52 rue des Pquis
CH-1201 Geneva,
Switzerland
dG AfCG eL dGE YdG hdG j The Rory Peck Hp QhQ hU
http://www.rorypecktrust.org/
The Rory Peck Trust
dG bdG a jQdG uj h .JFY h
Trust
2 Grosvenor Gardens,
dG YdG j h ,edG ADg IGOH J
London SW1W 0DH, UK
LM a g e dG edG dGE TdG
jOCJ AKCG e Gbo e FY dGE h ,dGE
.Y
keGC cGC H OjGE J dGE dG J
fEG M Y aGdG T
http://www.caucasusnetwork.org/
RbdG L a fEG M Y aGd
South RbdG L a
dGE h ,Y jOCJ e j dG dG Y Caucasian Network for Human
.dhdG dG Y h dG a JGUGC jJ
Rights Defenders
104
eeCG dG SDe
fhdEG bdG
http://www.usaid.gov
GdG
Information Center
U.S. Agency for
International Development
Ronald Reagan Building
Washington, D.C.
20523-1000
H J e
dG
A````dG
http://www.arabwomensfund.org/
http://www.apwld.org/
http://www.awid.org/
105
dG
dG
fhdEG bdG
http://www.arc-international.net
www.astraeafoundation.org
http://cal.org.za/
http://www.iglhrc.org
http://www.ilga-europe.org/
GdG
H J e
dG
LdG LhOe h ,YdG e dG OGaCG
dG tFK h ,dG de h ,dG
106
eeCG dG SDe
fhdEG bdG
GdG
http://www.icorn.org/
H J e
dG
M Y aGdG e e SDdG J
dGE SGQdG h ddG dG jd fEG
QGUEH kjGC J h .SdG OVG jV
SdG AdH dG dG h FGdG
.cdG g YO h ,jOdG UTCG h
a edG h TdG Gg dedG efH uj
adG h MdG h ,WGjdG e
J e ddG AfGC L e H dG
IUe Y JQb jJ h WGjd a
.WGjdG tdG
jd Qeg SDe
SdG OVG
Hamburg Foundation for the
Politically Persecuted
http://frontlinedefenders.org/
front-line-award-human-rightsdefenders-risk
http://www.goldmanprize.org/
http://eng.518.org/eng/html/
main.html
http://www.martinennalsaward.org
http://www.humanrightstulip.org/
simplepage/home/
http://www.state.gov
dG
107
WWW.FRONTLINEDEFENDERS.ORG
FRONT LINE
DEFENDERS
Tel: 00 32 2 230 93 83
euoffice@frontlinedefenders.org