Ba ese” Acquisitions and Biblgthéque nationale ‘du Canada Direction des acquisiions et Bibbographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques NOTICE The quality of this microform Is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original thesis submitted for microfilming. Every effort has been made to ensure the highest quality of reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the university which granted the degree. Some pages may have indistinct print especially if the original pages were typed with a poor typewriter ribbon or if the university sent us an inferior photocopy. Reproduction in full or in part of this microform is governed by the Canadian Copyright Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and subsequent amendments. Canada 285, we Wetien Sia Omer Rinne AVIS La qualité de cette microforme dépend grandement de la qualité de la thése soumise au microfilmage. Nous avons tout fait pour assurer une qualité supérieure de reproduction. S'il manque des pages, veuillez communiquer avec l’université qui a contéré le grade. La qualité d’impression de certaines pages peut laisser a désirer, surtout si les pages originales ont été dactylographiées & l'aide d'un ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. La reproduction, méme partielle, de cette microforme est soumise la Loi canadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et ses amendements subséquents.EARLY DOCTRINE OF THE SHI°AH, ACCORDING TO THE SHI°I SOURCES Lynda G. Clarke Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, Montreal duly 1994 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Ph.D. (c) L. Clarke, 1994National Library Bibliothoque nationale du Canada of Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch —_des services bibliographiques nage cee a aes ile ae THE AUTHOR HAS GRANTED AN AUTEUR A ACCORDE UNE LICENCE IRREVOCABLE NON-EXCLUSIVE, IRREVOCABLE ET NON EXCLUSIVE LICENCE ALLOWING THE NATIONAL PERMETTANT A LA BIBLIOTHEQUE, LIBRARY OF CANADA TO NATIONALE DU CANADA DE REPRODUCE, LOAN, DISTRIBUTE OR REPRODUIRE, PRETER, DISTRIBUER SELL COPIES OF HIS/HER THESIS BY OU VENDRE DES COPIES DE SA. ANY MEANS AND IN ANY FORM OR ‘THESE DE QUELQUE MANIERE ET FORMAT, MAKING THIS THESIS SOUS QUELQUE FORME QUE CE SOIT AVAILABLE TO INTERESTED POUR METTRE DES EXEMPLAIRES DE PERSONS. CETTE THESE A LA DISPOSITION DES PERSONNE INTERESSEES. ‘THE AUTHOR RETAINS OWNERSHIP: L'AUTEUR CONSERVE LA PROPRIETE OF THE COPYRIGHT IN HIS/HER DU DROIT D'AUTEUR QUI PROTEGE THESIS. NEITHER THE THESIS NOR SA THESE. NI LA THESE NI DES SUBSTANTIAL EXTRACTS FROM IT EXTRAITS SUBSTANTIELS DE CELLE- MAY BE PRINTED OR OTHERWISE CI NE DOIVENT ETRE IMPRIMES OU REPRODUCED WITHOUT HIS/HER AUTREMENT REPRODUITS SANS SON PERMISSION. AUTORISATION, ISBN 0-612-05688-0 Canadaeo Clack vom Lynde Clacke ee Internationals arranged by bread, general subjedl calegories Please select the one subject which most Oi ‘ranger ‘general abject 2 Fone etsy deastlon Ener he Sovesponai urs code ne soos roe reary describes ‘ TTheelegy a4le8) UMI sit coe Bic SE Subject Categories s }OCIAL SCIENCE: fe 2579 THE HUMANITIES AND . 2} far acon no ey es rch $3 eke i SpamCATONS AND THERES, pyc Sea ols on tee out peer a oe Ss ee ge acne acs Ee Sky | Bitteas Se, Gosslan ane Bae Bish Soi Steg ow ue fap Oe Pom iy 7 Sealey fp Ga G32 kinetin B38 eae eae ida ao es @ eae oe ne it Soe (Sy Save oy ey go BB se Se os detentions 8 feretesens 8 soca semis ons eevee ee Toren ea ATE ND a gu” etSatiw sa OS a INGU sd. 328 lator Hg ‘awan0n oy OURS ~ es a Cow sia longs B28 eusteh Sniiin ono eerie Basa Cre ai ge "tees i teen oS ‘pekivord Corinna ‘oy ipa ‘90 Soong ois Sedeg” 676 eee eh Maden be Benking BESS lly acy adc ia a oo ere BRS ame Oe Bosiners ay nS. eee Eiisotond Forty e os eee 1 beet st sla She Ec a SES Siar ‘ae 316 Agrcetr 0505 Raators. a ee Sy rome coc ORR aasaa OO a Sg Her Be Sselbeeren oxo 8 Sinai) ge gio an 0880 ‘Canodion Franch) 55 Gp _tieon or ‘oop Horeca eet Reg i gale Sst Uke taj Hain doe echaricl eo beae (ip american Bie Seow 035) ener sucker ae ee Se mee ome sae SES tod Bicone O84 mea Regi mS ENGINEERING Enginoorr THE SCIENCES AND : in cette 21 es Pa owas scans SS ee a ea ee, ry et a ee SEF rasa scans teas ea ray, oe, Se eseuge ws ¢ Meeiehinc and Mawel ize Ee Sessa ecco ‘Net, 78 Paavo i oe Econ aa hic arcpelfelogy 0076 akeneoy ee Geer Hepp Moreton 63h ‘ey ge OO Bid Pane a foes ay Berne sar rare a Ne sie ar rh é sees , SS 82 eum anoonmomera = eo ge ae eee he cee a aca ae SRE is lela Bot icua te ‘rarer = ne Bests 3 Al 8 Seal iOS Sper Sa Sm oe enek 82s cee See a ‘ Hy ane, Siva Sen coop ‘Hospital Managomon 7 ‘arog. 2506 Pibsics Technology 94 Shales Se Rea 8 Ne Se Sache om ‘ore Bi ee Rimi geticicy oe ssyvo.oct Ae saab Caer ens cls Oe sap Poles on Geel 384 pone Si Neng 8870 Honea oe Sees 2 Serer 85, Shinra cnc 00 nuda 35 ese on Saxe gen See Cae sere a oH fee Sl Site use co oe eae oe an Sees Fe sae? = a a $3 cepa "Soa Bis Femay $8 suite prekeeay 9 Sil Pra bir 4275 Applied Sdonces gag Bel nostas ri ieee i juarugas ses le? Ss Sina Geschomnry, ‘creoMcGilt University. FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH ‘AUTHOR'S NAME: Clear le nda G, DEPARTMENT: ee DEGREE SOUGHT: arte) dies ‘TITLE OF THESIS: Eeewr|y Dectring of the Shi-ab, Accerding & SHORT TITLE OF THESIS: CO na) am = (70 chars. or less) Authorization is hereby given to McGill University to make Permanent Address of Author: this thesis available to readers in the McGill University Library cor other rary, ether in Rs present form or in reproduction. S821 Palas ki ‘The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or ‘otherwise be reproduced without the author's written permission. The authorization is to have effect.on the date (Given below unless a deferral of one year is requested by the author on submitting the thesis.ABSTRACT Well before the Occultation of the Twelfth imam in 330/942 and before the time of the great Shiet theologians such as al-Shaykh al-Mufid (d. 413/1022), the Shieah had constructed their own integral and elaborate system of thought. This thought is expressed in the sayings of the Shi°i imams, recorded in hadith collections gathered in the traditionist centres of Kufah and Qum. It is apparent when these narratives are pieced together that the Shii system as presented by the shitah themselves bears little resemblance to the descriptions of the heresiographers. At the centre of the Shi*i worldview is the relation between the imams and the community. The imams’ constitution is altogether supernatural, and they succeed to the whole of the prophetic knowledge, while the Shieah, who were created of the same substance as the imams, are the bearers and beneficiaries of that knowledge. ‘The imams continue to receive intelligence from God so that they know every thing and are able to address themselves to every circumstance, while the Shi°ah must resort to no one else to guide them. God is known only through the imams and they conduct their followers to Paradise while others are left for the Fire. There is, however, evidence of revision of belief already in the time of the first traditionists. The definition of faith is emended so as to allow the non-Shieah a place in Paradise and enable the Shi°ah to integrate into the larger community. The confinement of the imams by the Abbasids and the lesser Occultation lead to reconsideration of the question of authority: human reason is given a greater role as the shieah set about thinking how to evaluate the words of the imams already recorded. Kalam, a field of enquiry formerly forbidden to the faithful Shieah due to the necessity of absolute submission to the statements of the imams, is sanctioned so that dicta concerning theology are issued under their names. Tradition now moves away from predestinarianism, and other features of post- Occultation Shiism are prefigured. Early Shi°t tradition presents the record of a community moving from exclusivism and rigid traditionalism toward greater social and intellectual integration.