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An Analysis of Gothic Architecture
An Analysis of Gothic Architecture
IS"
9x<f
AN ANALYSIS
OF
GOTHICK AKCHITECTURE
DOORWAYS, WINDOWS,
AND
ETC.
EAPHAEL AND
J.
ARTHUR BRANDON.
ETC.
ilfto
Jaiiition.
VOLUME
LONDON
''
DAVID BOGUE, 86, FLEET STREET, SOLD ALSO BY GEORGE BELL, 186, FLEET STREET.
MDCCCXLIX.
HA
IS
TO THE
P.R.S.,
IS
THIS
WOEK
IS,
WITH PERMISSION,
EAPHAEL AND
J.
ARTHUR BRANDON.
1847.
BEAUFOKT BUILDINGS,
LONDON.
PREFACE.
F
the numerous works recently called into existence by the
than for
The present work has been undertaken deficiency, by presenting a series of good and
pure specimens of the various details which occur in Church Architecture, as they are exemplified in existing Edifices. The examples thus selected
all
notice
and
of the Anglo-Saxons.
Many
and much of
thus
elicited.
Saxon
and
historian, is at best
constructive system,
it
day
And
on
indeed
its successor,
W. Guun,
iii
Grothic Architecture."
In a
Gunn
thus
justifies its
analogy
" A
modem Roman,
city,
of whatever degree,
80.
vi
I'REFACE.
Anglo-Norman, haw but very few,
if
tlio
jnl()|)ti(>n.
That
this
style
posHCHses
many
uu'.y'\U)v'umH,
we
we
trace in
its
it
all
Roman
shackled even in
clannick
its
honzonUdUy of
ancient
architecture.
Architocturc to have been alwolutely set free from the inlluence of debased
princii)leH,
until,
had undergone an
entire, althougli
style,
a gradual renovation.
It
was then
its first
that, in the
Early English
Cothick
Architecture attained to
decided development.
examples given
Continental
spirit
:
beautiful as
in
itself
with
each
be
consistently
English
is
details
features,
which
impossible to blond
exanii)loH
Abbey and
which
it
advance
for,
ai'(!hitectural details,
!ui(l
nuignitudes,
we
many Churches
to
numerous features
in
belongini;' essentially to
the
very
highcHt decree
their
a))|)ropriate decoration;
but which,
from
effect,
the necessai-ily
diminished
pi-oportions
and general
incongruity of
Any
as the
to
illusti-jitions
PREFACE.
Tho
into
illustrative portion of tlio
:
vii
work
is
will
two sectionH
devoted solely to a
exposition of
less
than in their
in
view
without
aiming at pictorial beauty, the object has been to ensure tho greatest possible to accomplish this, the authors have fidelity and accuracy of delineation personally visited every Church, from which examples have been drawn, and
:
have themselves taken tho admeasurements, made tho drawings, and engraved them on zinc. Two subjects only form exceptions, the one a floor-cross from
St. Patrick's
rubfyinrj
kindly
sent
them by
K. Colling,
Escj.
and the
Broadoaks, Essex, for a rubbing of which the authors are indebted to tho
kindness of the Rev. Charles Boutell
sincere
;
to
whom
ofler their
acknowledgments
for
much
Had
would doubtless have exhibited a higher degree of treatment, and greater beauty of finish but this, it was feared,
;
risk of
some
slight inaccuracy,
The liumble labours of the authors have been sweetened and rendered
dear U) them by the sincercst admiration for those noble monuments of piety and skill, our English Churches; which even now, cruelly mutilated and
dishonoured as they often remain, are still foremost among tho glories of our land and should their exertions in any way tend to encourage and enhance sentiments of interest in the matchless architecture of the Middle
:
INTROD
ERY
[JCTION.
commencement
of the second
preparatory
Norman
of
Romanesque then
established in
Duchy
of
Normandy, and
at the
among
ourselves as the
Anglo-Norman
style.
The
first
principles
by Edward
the Confessor, or
numerous Churches
improvement
reality the
in
Norman
was in
development of a system
was capable of
still,
intrinsically excellent as
its
suppression.
for
by the working, as
form of a
it
style,
full
maturity, than
it is
still
admit of
its
Anglo-Norman retained by far too much of ancient permanent establishment The low and massive propor-
ponderous and self-supported walls, the rectangularly recessed arches, the square
and the
every decoration,
Roman
;
degenerated to Romanesque,
its
foimdation
its
And
again, in
Anglo-Norman the
;
essentially aspiring
was wanting
from a
was something
itself
something not
Therefore,
in
far reinoved
Pagan
though not
actuaUy Pagan.
c
reviewing the
2
Transition
INTEODUCTION.
Period which intervened between the
final
close
of the
the
full
After
of the
new
style
and
at
once gave
full
assurance of
in the
lightness,
the
elegance, the
loftiness,
distinguished
style:
"a
it
style,"
observes
Manual
it
of Gothick Architecture,*
"so transcendently
beautiful, so perfect
that
may
the
well be questioned
if
ever a parallel to
if
hands that reared or the minds that conceived the choirs of Ely and Lincoln Cathedrals,
the Abbeys of Whitby, Westminster, and Rivaulx, have not achieved that, which as unsurshall never see equalled again." passed by former ages, so future generations
As
novelties,
the
reign
of the third
Henry (AD.
1216-1272) approached
its
close,
certain
In place of distinct
by
strips of the
main wall
in
and yet combined by continuous dripstones and hoodmolds, windows of large dimensions and divided into several lights by muUions, were introduced and with the muUions came tracery;
figures
the
alternation of bold
projections
far
and
and
banded into
clusters,
foliage, ever
;
trefoils,
diversified decoration
also,
Edifice, imparting
was that the Early English gradually merged into the Decorated, that most admirable style, which has identified with the Edwardian era (abounding as it does in matters
Thus
it
As
while, at
tlie
its earliest
lines,
tendency to direct
*
verticality,
placing itself
in,
Van
Voorst.
INTRODUCTION.
Romanesque horizontalism of the Anglo-Norman, had been
the special
characteristick
3
in the Early English Gothick,
cipal lines of the composition verged pyramidically, rather than vertically or horizontally.
And
of Anglo-Gothick
style,
from
the position of
the Decorated
its
had
itself
antl
style
was content to
much
was
:
especially its
own
and of
the
fii-st
(or,
historically
speaking,
the
period
of the
Perpendicular Gothick, although certainly wanting in the majestick beauty of the pure
Decorated,
it
would be
difficult
to
speak
in
With
the
depressed arch of the Tudors, however, came that multiplicity, profusion, and minuteness
of panelling,
in
detail,
Ai'chitectonick
single
retrograde
movement
admitted,
in
Architecture
is
almost
entire
always
a
;
fatal
symptom.
Debasement,
once
speedily
pervades
the
system
revive,
can again
former exalted
spirit,
to
even nobler
achievements.
It has
magnificent even in
much
it is
reason for associating with the past, both present congratulation and future hope
for
truly satisfactory to observe the existing recognition of the superior merit of Mediaeval
Ai'chitecture, as
of
its
principles
state of feeling
spirit,
it is
which
may even
The
thing to be attained
it
Juts
been practised-
various
details
of
in
4
liowcvcr humblo
NTK
DUCT
And
hcrc!
it
may
a dcgrctc, toward the attaiumcnt of thi all-important prfiliminary step. terms that undue importance must not be attached to the ho
r.;markcd,
as tliough I'erpendumlar Gothick,
tlujy
ICarly,
Decorated, and
in
denoted so
many
dutinct
t
MtylcM
Church Architecture,*
rtiinplify
invented and assigned, as the process of classifying details, these terms have been to certain Architectural fonns or periods the forms and periods themselvcH, distinctive
:
titles,
style
and
it
in
this light
As
it
hm been
already
the
first
style
and hence,
Gothick Architecture have led to its subdivision into styles, though the several conditions of name; still, these minor styles must, in the first instance, a each
distinguished
by
pe(!uliar
more prominent
that dates have been assigned Accordingly, notwithstanding and of Gothick Architecture, it is impossible to fix with absolute l,o these several subdivisions There where one stage of the art left ofi; and where another began. peromr)l-oiy .c.rtiiinty use in some parts of the kingdom C;an bo little .l..iibl, but that Eariy English was still in at the very to (lc|)art, as it were, from the scene of its many glorious triumphs) (iinwillitig
ne great
style, tlu;
Gothick."t
same time
niunner Dw^orated
pt-riod subse(iu(-,iit
.li.iilnr.
may
into existence; and in lik.complete Decorated was struggling a considerable be observed to have still lingered here and there for
is g(nierally
considered to
Per]KTi-
commencement and
I^^i.glish,
several more imimri^ant periods of minor stages of transition which iutei-vened between the their utility is greatly this capacity they arc very useful Anglo-Got hick Architecture and in
: ;
with the reigns of successive sovereigns, increiwed also, from the circumstance of their ranging
for the association
ol'
is
alway>
most
desirable.
it is
1ms buon roUiuod by tbo Autliora, .vh boing in iteelf by Iho kto Mr. Hickman, of being >vbil. nt, tho Hain timo it i.omohboh tlio vory important advantage .umcionlly well mbii.t.,.1 to iU puri-oH., ..xit wbicb .'lonrly ..xplai.i tlu,nnd .n>a..rHl.,<..l. And, in lilc manner, whom w,.rd already gonomlly roo-gniHod ho Im boon adopted but ^vb..ro ud. U'vm. are wanting, free dill.ront d.lnilH of An.l,il..'tur.-, Uiry bavo uniformly
;
I'rofeBHor WilliH.
Alban'.s
Architoctnml Society, by
May,
18'I0.
INTRODUCTION,
of
itH
reality,
Jt
may,
i
therefore),
<;liurchc of
England
the only
mean by which
it
the genius of our mediojval architects, or to sympathize with the spirit which animat(;d them.
it is
possililo
may
sometimes be misled by a practice, the very existence of which can scarcely be cousidero<l to
have received a general recognition
:
is
work
in a later style to
This
is
of original
E<liflc(;s
by
ourselves.
And
indeed,
i)ractice
for it
was a general
builders
never to
fall
even wh<!n
in these
which
oix;
aim
w;is
advancximent
frej^h df-sign
"
Master"
to improvcj ujMjn
own
previous worka
It
would
S(;em that
when engaged
tho architects
and
which they well knew must necessarily exist tho same at any period of
had
from the
first imj)crfect,
some instances
to
mold
their
work
in such
St,
less
Masters
;
"
of old
Tho
triforia
and
clearstory,
was
originally
Anglo-Norman
It
i)lain
and mjissivo
its
austere simplicity.
after a lapse
alter the
was
it,
fairly (!stablished, it
was determined to
nave to
Tho work
of renovation accordingly
first
We
with,
must
imagines
some
tliey
siivoral y(!ars
elai>sed Ixifore
for
proceetled
consideralJy
and
Ejirly English
way
DwomU-A.
Two more
g(!neral
of
the
design
while a partial diflcrencc being the same, tho strings, Ac, corresponding with the earlier work,
is
olwervable
;
in
the
moldings
and
other
oniamental
details.
discontinued
effort
INTEODUCTION.
Church, until
the
the
Decorated
perfection.
Gothick
had
attained
to
almost
the
very highest
the
and
And
here begins,
correctly speaking,
work
of
Since the
commencement
of these improvements,
:
so that it
is
very
work
to that of his
predecessors, he
adopted a design very different from that which has actually been carried into
is,
As
it
is
the
moldings of the arch heads, and the capitals of the piers are pure Decorated.
In the south
triforium also, the arrangement of both the arches and sub-arches of the arcade corresponds
earlier
work
shafts {though
placed in the jambs, and strings are continued above and below the arcade, in which the long
trails of
And
again, the walls of the clearstory (quite at variance with the practice of the time) are
:
the proportions
portion
of the
also,
windows
The
corbel
table
it,
is
continued
the Early
way
of male
lions'
head-dresses
of
the period)
and
heads,
Decorated ornament.
In Westminster
that in a
Abbey Church this same curious process appears also exemplified, and manner still more remarkable, in the Nave-piers and arches, triforia and vaidting.
Nave and
Aisles
The
the
was
rebuilt
and
intervals,
1340 and
1483.*
in
is
well
many
cases
it
before
it
possible to detect
Henry V.
and
it
might,
work
itself,
against their being classified as such, did not the customary octagonal
foliated members, Perpendicular period occupy the place of the corresponding circular and
which, had the windows really been erected some hundred years
earlier,
would assuredly
An
of the_
two
in
the
early
w^ork,
four
Westminster Abbey.
INTRODUCTION.
was worked with eight
rKmraDicoLARNAVKi'im,
7
the
central
shafts,
all
equally attached
to
maas.
This
last,
trifling deviation
nevertheless
indicative
shafts,
of
which detached
discarded.
In the
Nave
of Westminster Abbey, as at
styles,
St
Alban's, in the
member appears
Early English navb
pik.u
to
of compromisc,
their
and maintained
find at
characteristick identity
for,
in
the
treatment of
Moldings we
all
that
the
architects
of
Henrys
have
put
aside
attempt
assimilation,
It
is,
and
pursued
with
scrupulous
strictness the
how
their adaptation,
jealous, apparently,
of retm-ning to
be an inferior
style,
preserve and be guided by the conceptions of the original author of the general design.
must be noted
that,
when
member
own
it
thus in the piers they worked the bands of the thirteenth centiuy with the moldings
peculiar
to
the fifteentL
The accompanying
show how
fearlessly
cuts,
both
drawn
to the
same
scale,
they departetl
size
from the
of the
original
And
is
triforia,
design
portions
differ
equally
apparent
in in
the
these
its
former
and
latter
of
the
work
but
the
moldings
respective
portions
essentially,
own
period.
;
And
in
the
Aisles,
and
and
while to the elegant acutely pointed lancet of the height of the ridge-rib have been preserved,
* It of place here to remark, that the architect in chief to our
King Henry
V.,
author of the assimilations referred to in the text, was Alexander de Bemeval, the builder of the later portion of the
Church of
St.
Ouen, at Rouen
in
which Edifice
is
still
memorial of his predecessor in that great and splendid work, as well as of himself.
interesting
The
effigies
depicted in this
;
monument
tomb
is
and
the entire
of St.
represented
by Willemin
in his
Monuments
Inedits,
Church
Ouen by
Gilbert.
INTRODUCTION.
earlier groining,
which consequently
it
has been
necessary to stUt.
In the arcading
the process
also,
illustration
of
we
are describing.
that
find
it
to
omit
it
in
;
accordingly
we
it
and although
this
mode
of decoration
had long
new system of panelling, still in this instance, in its main features made closely to assimilate to the earlier portion. On examining
we
again perceive
how
ow Line N N.
Section of Cap at C.
Section on Line A A.
been adhered
to.
This
is
especially to
we
append cuts
the one a beautifully molded specimen of Early English work, the other an
The
stilted
Perpendicular shaft contrasts very forcibly with the low and unpretending Early Enghsh
base, each indicative of the prevailing spirit in the Architecture of its respective age.
INTRODUCTION.
One more notable
instance of assimilation
may
be mentioned
we
refer to the
Church
of Fotlicringluiy, Northamptonshire.
l)uilt
The
is
by Edmund of Langley,
fifth
son of
Edward
III.
and
in
Eichard
Duke
and
is
still
Horwood
"
mak up
new
body of a Kirk joyning to the quire of the College of Fodringhey, of the same hight and brede that the said quire is of," and that in "eche Isle shall be wyndows of freestone,
accordyng in
at
all ;"
all po)Tits
unto the wyndows of the said quire, sawf they shal no bowtels haf
"
aither of the said Isles shal have six
and
;
also that
mighty botrasse of
fre-stone,
clen-hewyn
large,
more strong
Now
here
new body
to
imagine, was so entirely imbued with the Architectural spirit of his day, that even with
these positive injunctions before him, he
still
let
style,
remark-
many
extraordinary facts
Architecture of the
Middle Ages
they arrived.
which
as in Westminster
such
and
capital,
common about
aisles,
this period.
had two
we can
easily
after, it
would be so more
especially
in
the piers and arches, as they form in a Parish Church the most striking internal features.
The arches
pointed,
From
these
examples, therefore,
it
is
clearly
it
was an occasional
to
assimilate
new work
;
to old, so far as
it is
and
practice
to
have been
*
far
present
is
imagined.
Society.
10
INTRODUCTION.
it
Whether
questions
was
also
followed
if
so to
what
extent,
are
Possibly
many
as it
features
which
and which
it is difficult
they occur,
may
result
Be
this
arise
may
from
and that
is,
To
an Edifice
may have
these important
the date of
those
Struc-
or parts of Structures,
which maintain
Such,
from
remark
that
monumental
brasses
may
fresatis-
and
beneficial results.
is
The arrange-
ment
of
;
the
canopies
in
in
these interesting
memorials
effective
while,
The annexed
illustration
from the
brass,
in
who
died in 1399.
"now and
side
as at Little Casterton
AN
ANALYSIS
OP
GOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
SECTION I.-OF MASONRY.
1.
WINDOWS.
be justly regarded as a peculiarly distinctive
of
Gothick Architecture,
its
own grand
the
conception,
and
aware
of
its
remarkable
skUl,
suitableness
for
display
of
both
to
and
constructive
in
the
as
Mediaeval
it
architects
delighted
all
exemplify in
versatility
this
one
member,
their
preference
art.
would
seem
to
others,
the
great
diversity in their
tracery,
its
just
harmony of
proportion,
and
imposing richness of
It
is,
from being specimens only of mediaeval genius, most admirable as these specimens are
for,
upon a
critical
examination,
it
reality
no other than
In
now
the heads
of windows,
its
gradual
endeavour to
it
illustrate
;
assumed
previously to entering
rules
by which
its
construction
may
be considered to have
12
windows
altogether
first
In the early Norman Edifices, and particularly in the small village Churches, the openings
for the
indeed
but
little
more than
plain,
round headed
massive walls.
"'"""su^ssExr""""'
pierced,
at as great a height
as
possible
and
Church,
;
Sussex,
Hampshire,
in
which
the
window openings
are between
feet high,
and in width
set
Class, however,
Oil
England,
'
I
many
these
early
windows
do
;
not
as
appear
to
have been
font
may
be seen at
Waltham
Abbey Church, Essex) and Darenth Church, Kent, where evidently no provision was A shutter, probably, was designed to close originally made for fixing panels of glass.
upon the
rebate,
as at
;
Southease Church,
resulted
from
absolute
necessity
made
to render
them subservient
to decorative
Many
In Nately
perfectly plain
on the
outside,
without even a
the
slightly
The very
a few rude and imperfect attempts at zig-zag and billet work about the heads
lights
1,
Norman,
plate 2)
may
be
noticed,
of
design,
the
two other
lights
are
without
is
it.
externally,
and
very wide.
(Section
1,
;
The windows
Plate
3),
the south
early,
aisle
of
Norman,
and in
exhibit
The window-opening
slight external splay
;
by a
here the
and
capitals,
* In
and ornamented with jamb-shafts, having bases a dripstone worked with which carry an arch molded with the chevron
regularly recessed,
:
all
the windows in the Chancel, including the east triplet, are rebated inter-
nally,
and
"
page 75.
WINDOWS.
billets
is
13
also
appended,
and
this
member
is
and particularly
in
is
As
the style advanced the windows increased in both size and richness
shafts
the arches
were
in
tending to the jamb-shafts and completely covering the innermost order of the masonry.
1),
the surface of
arch
is
richly
diapered.
Iffley
;
recessed
is
head,
Castle
down
jamb masonry on
and
Amongst many
the Churches
as
of
Rising, Norfolk,
rich
Beaudesert, Warwickshire,
of
may
be
specified
containing
some
will
windows of
this style.
also
near
Win-
chester.
it
was a common
as in
practice to construct
;
windows having
where the
larger openings
aisles,
while
aisle-lights
measure
in.
Internally,
these clearstory
windows (themselves
the
consisting each of
centre one
being
This
in
the thickness
of
the waUs,
It
triforium.
Plate
1),
in
the Cathedrals
of
Oxford,
thus, at
precisely similar
of
Norman work
their
would be
at the eastern
end of the
Building
and
as
the
common
is
termination
of
Circidai'
windows
unusual
arches.
as,
by
its
rounded
In the earlier period they are mere openings, simply moulded, or perhaps ornacharacteristick
carving.
series
of such
;
windows
and
14
again in
the
original
alterations, it is difficult to
In the west
inserted
:
circular
of consider-
able size
distinctly traced
and again,
of St.
part
of a similar
in
Botolph's
example,
simply ornamented
of St.
Cross
and
Chichester Cathedral
and
New Shoreham
Church
are
other good
examples,
though
At
Anglo-Norman
style,
it
was usual
to
divide the
openings
of circular
shafts, radiating
from a common
centre.
Good specimens
*
of this usage occur in the Churches of Barfreston and Patrixboume, both in Kent.
From
style,
the
time of
its
first
introduction
until
the
final
close
of the
Anglo-Norman
the
pointed arch differed from the semi-circular headed arch merely in form
the
general
characteristicks, details,
It
and ornamental
practice,
accessories
of the
the same.
was
also
common
the two forms of arch in close connection the one with the other, in the same Building,
or part of a BuUding.
In the
Church, Essex, the arches externally are pointed, while internally their heads are rounded
is
placed side
by
rounded, and the two are connected by a string continued between their dripstones.
circular
Semi-
also
of Oxford
in
aU other
respects,
precisely identical,
and
essentially
Anglo-Norman.
exigencies
of construction,''" of the
it
Forced
into
existence
by
the
considerable
space of
pointed
arch were
in
duly
to
have been
frequent
highly remarkable that these windows, thus divided, and bearing so close an approximation to tracery,
The
circular
window
in St. James's
Church,
but
still
t There can be
constructive form.
little
it
introduced as a necessary
WINDOWS.
use,
15
merely with a view to produce an agreeable variation from the more general rounded
form.
The pointed arch thus used, may be distinguished as the pointed Norman Arch,
this
is,
and
that
period
may
also be
correctly indicated
Norman
by the term semi-Norman the period, and pure Gothick in which the grand
:
feature of the
coming
style
that already in
its decline.
Fine specimens of the transitional character of this Semi-Norman period exist in the
ruined
Abbey, Lincolnshire
in the
Church
and
in the conventual
Churches of Malmesbury
its
and Romsey.
From
construction
part of the choir of Canterbury Cathedral justly claims a pre-eminence in value and interest
over
all
Here,
in
window-arches
these
windows have
this
heads, each
its
one
close
circumscribed by
a semi-circular arch.*
But
new
form,
notwithstanding
approximation to the heads of the lights in pure Gothick windows, clearly had no real
influence in the formation of tracery
design, produced nothing
:
its
no more
important results.!
In the smaller Semi-Norman Churches, the windows appear to have frequently been
pointed, but in other respects constructed
and ornamented
after the
Norman
style.
Several
:
good examples of
this
and
at the east
Bamwood
Church, Gloucestershire,
is
a single-light
window (from
a
its
appears unnecessary
to refer to
windows
They were
and
also
Doorways.
windows between
71.
16 In the
earlier
many
cases
no
to
made
windows began
be recessed, jamb-shafts with quaintly carved capitals were introduced as the supporters
of richly ornamented arch-moldings,
(3.)
and the openings were considerably elongated. No decided indications of tracery had yet appeared the wheel-windows of even the
:
Semi-Norman
tracery,
period,
were discontinued when the Early English Gothick became positively established.
the
first
On
little
essential difference,
beyond the
was apparent
in the design
details
and
accessories in
new and
was introduced
several distinct
At
its first
period,
single
is
the pointed arch was very obtuse, rarely becoming equilateral, and perhaps
instance acutely-pointed.
no
window arch
we
find the
as at Lincoln
The
single-light
its
Section
;
I.
and
4).
and consequently,
of great thickness, this splay caused the width of the jambs to be, in most cases, four or
five times the
width of the
light.
Now,
if
to
widen
would have necessitated a much greater height in the walls of the Church than was
EngKsh
architects
outer adapting itself to the peculiar character of the window, but the inner being almost invariably a segmental pointed or drop-
arch;
many
itself,
Abbey Church.
is
It
wUI
WINDOWS.
slab a few inches in thickness,
17 meets the
of the
which
is
carried
up
internally
till
it
soffit
drop-arch.
(See Section
to
I.
The
effect
leave
the valley of
for
So characteristick was
shortly after
its its
this
introduction
in
windows
constructive advantages
combined
I.
Early
by no means
intro-
As a matter
siderably as
is
by
far
requisite
had the
interior
We may
here observe, that this arrangement, variously modified, continued to be in use in the
construction of
style.*
(See Section
1,
we meet with
by rough
and
iiTcgular
masonry,
!
without any
effort of
The proportions
gree
;
much
as eleven
the
Churches
at
Oundle and
(see Section
Clymping
I.
or ten times, as at
Shome Church
may
be regarded as a
fair
height of these
The
Mantoit ChURCBj rutlanbshihe.
we
find a
Church
arrangement of
that
in
lancet- windows
in
may
generally remark,
the
gables and
the
Chancel they
are of
*
contrivance of this kind was not necessary in the Anglo-Norman Churclies, the windows being almost
invariably of
much
less height,
in
Where
there
was
sufficient
windows were
York Cathedral.
18
would be altogether
insufficient
arise
the
the
Early
;
and seven
an example of
St.
this
latter
arrangement
affords
;
of
the former,
end of the
is
Chapel of
rarely
Mary's Hospital,
at
Leicester,
an
nor
instance.
is
A
similar
lancet
very
less
placed
in
the
east
end
of a
Chancel
window much
at
uncommon
a
is
western
elevation.
The
eastern
:
gable
of the
Chancel
Llanabar,
Merionethshire,
and
at Little
in western towers, in the Churches of Stan wick, Ringstead, and Etton, in Northamptonshire. J
The usual
and
is
in the north
aisles.
in the east
tall
and narrow,
efiect.
This arrangement
is
lade
well,
Churches, Sussex
Cambridgeshire.
occur
in
the
aisles
of Churches,
Little
any other
position,
as
at
Wenham
I.
(Section
this
Early
Plate
1),
and
which
proporis
caused
lancets
in
aisles
to
have a
gi-eater
tionate width
than in other
positions.
commonly found
South Newton chiikch, Wilts.
at Great
Weuham,
2).
The
beautiful little
;
Church of
but in the
St. Michael's,
aisles
Chancel lancets in
Clymping Church,
Parish
Sussex,
may
also
II.,
Churches, Vol.
I.,
p. 1.
may be
and
Church of
similar character at
Bamwood,
Gloucestershire,
II., p. 34.
WINDOWS.
The
triplet,
19
at once the
lancet- windows, generally appears to the east in the gable of the Chancel,
safely considered as its original position.
and
this
may
be
Here
its
impressive symbolism
is
most appropriate,
.
and
also in
spirit of
Instances,
however, occur, which authorize the introduction of the triplet into every possible position in the
in
its
at the
;
and
at
is
it
aisle,
and
also four times repeated in the south wall of the south aisle.
At Great
at
Casterton,
Rutlandshire,
the
side
of
the Chancel
contains
a triplet
and
Stanton Harcourt,
Oxon, two
triplets
are
pierced in
either side
of
the Chancel.
in
larger Churches,
triplets
at Whitby.
In
triplets
it
was customary
tional height,
factorily
to
mark with
in
by giving
to
it
addisatis-
and
this modification
may
be
deduced from the form of the gable, in which, as we have already remarked, the
without doubt were originally placed.
(Section
I.
triplets of lancets
4,
7,
1,
9,
12,
15,
and
20).
surmounted
by
own
distinct dripstone
by
two outer
lancets
and consequently
either
1.
is
stilted, as
St.
or In
some
Interrupted
by perpendicular
returns,
Its
own window-arch.
windows of a
and thus,
really distinct
from
It,
window.
The
glass. In these
combinations of lancet-windows,
usuaUy placed
near the outer face of the waU, in the same manner as in single lancets, and Internally
the three
windows
no
less
window
This
efiect
is,
in the greater
number
20
by the narrow
faced with bold shafts, from which rise the combined hood-molds.
and
is
triplets,
and
also in
aU other combinations of
trails, in
this beautiful
mold
fine
Albau's
Abbey Church.*
,
In Cathedral and other very large Churches, four or more lancet- windows of the same
combination.
In the
less
important
Buildings, and also, in many instances in the larger ones, the lancets in combination are of an uneven number, and are generally arranged after the same system as the triplet, the
central
window, that
is,
having both the greatest width and height, and the exterior window
pair.
on
exceeding three in number, the several windows are commonly surmounted by a single
dripstone, as in the Churches at Etton
I.
Early
English, Plate
rarely occur
:
7),
where
five lancets
Surrey.
is
foiled
at
Great
Wenham
Church,
Sufiblk,
the
eastern
end
of
This form of
by a triplet of this character. (Section I. Early English, Plate 1.) window-arch was in common use at an early period and in this, with its first
pierced
;
same
from Hangleton
Church),
we
see the
To
cusping has been applied, from the circumstance of the cusps springing from
the
soffit
of the arch,
and
not, as subsequently
arch-side.
;
practice,
may
it
be
is
In early cusped
here the
*
foils
circles,
are produced from the inner curve, without rising at all into the chamfer,
on the
exterior in
;
and
The tooth-ornament
I.
also appears
some lancet-windows,
a foliated arch
order
is
WINDOWS.
thus no eyes whatever arc formed
fered,
;
21
or
the
foils
their
is
curves (B).
that,
the
invariably of an early,
when not
The two
windows
10, 11,)
in
(Section
1,
and
window divided by
to
origin.
no
less
as
we
the
first
by
side
their
in
closer
heads was
by a simple
the
3.
oval-
a
No.
second window
1.
in
the
No.
same Church
2.
lancets
more
Olapthormk Ohurcu.
acutely pointed, with an opening of a lozenge shape in place of the previous oval,
and
within a
common
dripstone
advance
has
is
same,
the oval
been superseded by a
1
in
any one
conceived
the
in
artist's
mind,
three
successive
designs.
The window
(Appendix, Plate 3)
it is
somewhat
any advance-
is
window with
22
ment
The windows
in
same
The idea
character,
of several
distinct
lights
with
minor
compartments
fairly
of
an
ornamental
constituting
a single window,
was no sooner
of
its
number and
The peculiar
to
member
signally displayed.
and modifications
after
of each
design,
the
first
introduction of tracery.
two-light
seen,
window with a
first
quatrefoilcd
circle
at
was, as
It
we have
the
decided
step towards
the
was
a natural and easy advance to place two such windows in combination, and to pierce with
a
larger
circle
the
space
enclosed by
a dripstone
:
forming
single
arch
a
above
them
both
here
its
appears,
therefore,
four-light
"window with
geometrical tracery.
Then one
of
some instances
be suppressed
trary
nature,
a
;
fifth
or
be introduced
Aldwinkle Church, Northamptonshire.
and
the
in each
./
these
cases
./
some
ensue
:
alteration
in
tracery
must
necessarily
fresh
variety,
and
thus illustrate the facility with which window-tracery admits of change, even whilst fetIn tered by geometrick forms, without diminutioD either of beauty or of consistency, t
the
to
first
instance,
the
remaining plain
a similar enrichment was introduced at the heads of the lights, to the great improvement
of the entire
composition
large
*
Billing's
Durham.
(Parish Churches, Vol.
I.
p.
13,)
tracery.
The windows
dripstone
:
two lancet
lights,
surmounted by a
and
all
inclosed within a
common
At Oundle the
In
St.
is
the
same arrangement.
WINDOWS.
windows of many
original
lights,
23
Tlie circle,
the
fonn of tracery,
trcfoiled
and
quatrefoiled,
distinct
(^uatrefoils
and
trefoils
and
in
many
figure of
In
trefoilcd circles
also,
the
1,
trefoil
frequently reversed, as at
Meopham
Church,
(Sect.
The
trefoil
introduction
Section
1,
Early English,
8,
In
engx-aved
the progress
in
of the
development
itself
;
of
window
tracery,
is
change gradually
becomes apparent
the
first
Gothick Architecture
successor.
In
thus passing on
for deciding
upon the
being
lose,
windows
of
either,
lies
tlie
in
the
moldings
executed
combined with
the
cusping.
It
a
in
;
necessary result
that
works
during a transition
of
period
should
a greater
such
or
an
established
are)
style
works
;
must be
or
then-
either
regarded
to
(as
in
strict
reality
they
as
transitiontd
specimens
assignment
one or other
of
the
successive
in
periods
betwet-n
detail.
which
Thus,
upon
of
peculiarities
matters of
design
if
of
two
of
windows
geometrical
tracery
rejected,
less
may
the
be
precisely
identical,:
and
yet,
the
idea
transition
windows be
one
may
the
Ijc
correctly assigned
to
accuracy to Decorated
or because
in
Gothick
there
because of
moldings
being
in
essentially
different,
one
fit)m
may
appear
soffit-cuspiug,
while
the
other
the
cusping
may expand
the
(Section
Early English,
their
Plate
in their general
aspect
Decorated
English
soflit-cusping,
classifies
period.
And
Alban,
so
also
the
is
clearstory
over
the
of
the the
Abbey
mold-
Church
of
St.
the
composition
altogether
Early Enghsh,
character.t
but
ings partake
sition
*
In this translight.s,
period
was customary
to
construct
many windows
of
want of any
decided peculiarity of
24
intersection
of the
mullions
later,
window-head
basis
numerous
class
of Decorated
windows.
In
some
examples
of this arrangement
plain,
the
intersections
are
a meagre
is
and unsatisfactory
result,
appearance.
intersections
trefoils,
Very
of
different,
however,
are
the
in
:
when
the
the
midlions
filled
with
quatrefoUs,
general
singularly beautiful
and
elegant, as is
shown
in
DuNTON
Basset, Leicestershire.
at Southfleet
and Heme,
I.
Decorated,
of of
one
peculiar
kind of tracery,
of the
common
to
the
close
Early English
:
and the
commencement
to
Decorated periods,
the
demands
to be
particularly noticed
we
refer
that in which,
contrary to
usual practice,
the
general
design
is
indicated
by
foliations,
and not by
the
This arrangement
early
may
be distinctly
referred
to
trefoiled
arches,
adopted by the
Gothick
Architects
from their
Church,
aisle
Anglo-Norman
Suffolk
(see
predecessors,
I.
and
is
Wenham
Section
Early English,
The windows
in
the ^south
of
Decorated, Plate 1)
Abbey Church of St. Alban (Appendix, Plate 4), and in Wooton Chiirch, Northants.* As Gothick Architecture advanced, this foiled tracery was almost abandoned, appearino
fine
late
example
may
be
may we
windows undoubtedly constructed during this transition period, of the manifold experiments which were tried and rejected before the perfect Decorated window was produced.
Thus,
at
east
window
of
the
south
aisle,
which
is
* This
Manual
of Gothick Architecture.
4,
of tracery
combined
in the
same design.
WINDOWS.
decidedly of the same date with the
other
:
25
I.),
exliibita
almort
the
head
comprises
;
batement-lights,
super-mul-
lions, &c.
all
At Evington
aisle are
two windows
still
more curious
1)
of these, the
might be regarded
it
not for
of early
it
softit
:
cusping
work
is
richly
studded,
a mixture of
the
EvMorov Chvbch,
Lncamniu.
Fio.
1.
period.
east
window
is
even more
it
from small
Decorated character,
tracery
into
is
two
and a row of
tre-
two windows,
great periods
soffit-
of Gothick Architecture
dicular super-muUion
and tracery-transom.
rio.j.
phenomena
first
afford
ample scope
Perpendicular
for conjecture
shall
we say
that
William of
its
Wykeham
in
introduced
tracery,
I. ?
when we
find
every one of
essentials
window
in
of the time of
Edward
Shall
we not
rather conclude,
that
their
Perpendicular tracery,
peculiarities,
its
and
finally rejected it as
unworthy.
of the
principle
of
windowrecess
Capital >'kuH
i.^
the mullions from the face of the wall in which the window-arch
I
was pierced
and the
26
fine effect thus
distinct
orders
and by recessing
certain
portions
of the
tracery from
distinct
the
The
planes
Gothick windows
Decorated
here are,
first,
the wall-plane
second,
third,
the tracery-plane;
This last plane, sometimes, coincides with the plane of the tracery
and again,
tracery-bars
in
:
some examples there are primary and secondary planes of both muUions and
aU these modifications appear in the beautiful window of the north
(Section
I.
aisle of
Decorated window tracery has been generally divided into two chief
and Flowing
figures,
its
name
implies, of geometrical
;
such as
while in flowing
one design.
Of
two
varieties, the
geometrical
the earlier
though
it
forms were
used indifferently in windows of the same Edifice, and these erected at the same period.
Indeed,
position
its
:
same com-
many
cases
it
is
absolutely
In
its
most perfect
state,
geometrical tracery
invariably exhibits
some large
figure
of distinct
and decided
figure
is
character,
head
this
smaller geometrical
figui-es, in
or
it
is
formed by tracery-bars
as
to
diverging
such a
manner
resemble the
upper portion of the window-arch inverted, and containing ornamental work of the same
Tracery-bars are those portions of the masonry of a window-head, which mark out the principal figures of the
:
design
title
from
these, the
stonework
may be
of Form-pieces.
,j^
t For 'want of
the
better,
the
We
occasionall}--,
however, meet with instances where, probably from the great scarcity
of freestone, the mullions liave been brought flush with the outer walL
WINDOWS.
character as the large circles.*
27
circles
or three curvilinear
enriche<l
and variously
and modified.
And
dinate to intersect-
I.
I.
Decorated, Plate
8).
To
CorriHOHAH Chdrcu, Nobthauptonshirc.
windows of the
:
and
this
imm
8ooTHn.KiT, Knrr.
;
windows of
must
suffice
it
to refer,
in
general
tferms,
to the
more
leaving
for a
;
specimens
at
from
nmo9Ti=ADCnrRcn,Noi.TnAMProN8e,.i
the
Churches
Northflcet
and Roydon,
I.
Decorated.
bars diverge from the mullion, describing curves similar to those of the window-arch, the
filled
I,
Decoratetl,
3).
They occur
in
Howden, York
Cathedral, &c.
Exeter Cathedral
Fishtoft, Lincoln
3.
Trent, Somerset
"Wellingborongh, Northants
Ripon
28
era,
such are
Kent
(Section
I.
Belgrave
Church,
Leicestershire,
and
is
Lyddington
different
Church,
each
Berks,
(Appendix, Plate
"
4.)
The
tracery
in
of these
all
other Decorated
windows
light
St.
of the
same date."*
filled
windows are
varieties in
the
this
of
decoration,
that
we
are
as
much
astonished at the great effort of imagination which could, in a comparatively short space
of time, produce such
numerous
designs, as
we
and
same designs
windows.
In
state
into two-light
many
windows a
fine effect is
produced
:
by
in
sodihfleetchcrch, Kent.
i_
some examples,
as at
Dccoratcd, Plate 27,) the rich moldings of the muUions are concomposition.
entire
The mullions
also,
in
many
instances,
have
In some specimens
effect,
the baU-flower
is
stud-
Specimens of some
tracery, are
of the
given in Section
29.
Decorated, Plates
6, 7,
To
these
may
windows
Sawbridgeworth Church, Herts.
of the
same
in
in Carlisle,
York
Cathedrals. J
as applied to
Eev. J. L. Petit.
See also Bloxam's Gothick
plate representing
Architecture, Ed.
8,
p.
is
one of
th'e
aisle of
Abbey Church
of
tracery
at
Chartham.
p.
67
also
Sharpe's
Windows,
part 6,
WINDOWS.
A
fails to
29
in
class
of
windows
are
occasionally
met with
the
more
owing
We
refer to such
windows
aa those in the N.
transept and
E.
of Chancel
Eedgravo Church,
Siifiblk.
Abbey Church,* and in the Chancel of The diagram A represents the primary curves
of
the
window
that
we may
notice
two
and
feature
in
awkward combination
In a
B,
window,
on the
contrary,
as
shown
in
diagram
this
efiect,
main
all
lines
Amidst
is
difficult
to assign
any reason,
it
would
be
at
still
more
difficult
to
find
is
admirers.
fine
conventual Church
Dorchester,
Oxfordshire,
that curious
sight
of
into
various shapes,
is
made
to represent the
of Jesse, t
of canopies
Again, scarcely
less
reprehensible
the introduction
themselves,
to
into
window
tracery
and
pinnacles,
however beautiful
in
and
an
however
richly
they
may
be
decorated.
These
members
are
designed
form
external protection,
and
at the
same time
of
window
tracery,
Examples of
this
east
windows
of
Oxon,|
of
Alban's
window
Henry Vllth Chapel, Westminster. One other kind of tracery, very common
the
in
windows
not
throughout
to
Decorated
period,
we must
its
omit
to the
notice
before
three
its
passing
periods
on
of
that
great
change,
title
of
the
we
named from
resemblance
This,
when
Sliarpe's
Decorated Windows.
30
Abbey,
is
almost
invariably presents
to the
the
appearance
of
diaper cut
of variety
the
several
subdivisions
of the
design,
but
more
whkathampstrad Church. Hants.
which
comc
cut off abruptly, instead of curving upwards to adapt themselves to their situation.
It also appears requisite here to refer to
common
in continental Gothick
From
tions
undula-
of its tracery-bars
this
and
has
Section of Jamb and Sill.
form-pieces,
tracery
is
restricted to
form
or
design in tracery
but,
commencing with
England.
1
the
decline
of
Decorated
hardly
Gothick
be
in
The
term,
however,
can
correctly
applied to English
like*
their
if
tracery
may
be,
Gothick Art,
we have
ings
which we append an
illustration
from a desecrated Church at Rouen) the moldings show at once the debasement that has
taken place.
Mullions finishing with an arris are perhaps never met with in Decorated
work, though they harmonize weU with the general angularity of the Flamboyant.
* That
in our
resembling Flamboyant,
in
no ways remarkable,
if
we
consider
own country having flowing tracery, closely this last named style in the light of a debased
all its
Gothick, in which flowing tracery alone was preserved tolerably pure amidst the general debasement of
other parts.
Indeed, tracery
:
itself
all
taste,
earlier
on the
losing
WINDOWS.
Towards the
to
close of the reign of
31
the outline of window-tracery began
King Edward
to
III,
show a tendency
oflf
to
adapt
itself
the vertical
branching
This, the
and with
it
rise
to
common with
dicular.
prevailed, aa
Perpen;
alteration
con-
sisting
here and
there
of a perpendicular
member
into
racter,
Thus
in the east
ham, St
Sufiblk,
Charlton-on-Otmoor,
Oxford,
'
W<%
v;>V.i
\fjfji^.f.i
and in the
is
fvVhV
Decorated, Plate
9).
i^\
tfS5!
SKK %::
The N. &
also, are-
windows
in the Chancel of
Wheathamstead, Herts,
curious examples
In
the
Church
at
another
window
of transition tracery.
The
earliest
new
carried
out
of
Wykeham
the
in
Cathedral, and
the
corresponding windows in
Church
of St.
Nicholas at Lynn,
curves of the arch.
all
Norfolk
the basis of
Perpendicuar
and though,
as
the
damental principle was carried to such an excess as to degrade tracery into mere panelling,
characteristick
qualities
of the
mullions themselves
features
still
for
of great
is
and
In
these
earlier
specimens
of
this
style,
the window-head
generally divided
by
and
also
by other
similar
members branching
of the
main arcL
The
principal
subdivided by form-pieces, variously arranged and modified, but for the most
minated
super-mullions, generally
;
alternately
of
the main-lights,
into double
the
number of
16, 18,
lights
contained in
Perpendicular,
Plates
;
5, 13,
23,
&c.)
whereas in the Decorated period the trefoiled heading of the lights was so prevalent
32
as to
a characteristick of the
are formed
is
style.
Above each
exterior
light,
or
of those
a compartment of tracery
foliated,
placed within
the
space thus
formed.
:
This
it
prevails
in
is
also
exemplified in the
of
beautiful
windows
College
St.
in
the
Merton
Chapel,
Oxford,t in Ashborne
Church,
Derbyshire,^
Headcorn Church,
Kent, and
The
period,
transom, which
had
been
occasionally
used
during
the
Decorated
Gothick
lights
right
angles,
speedily became
a regular com:
ponent
of
perpendicular windows
this
member
:
lights
Instances
are
frequently
met
Church of
:
St.
Norfolk
this
Church
For another
of
an
embattled
tracery-transom, see
A rich,
though
was sometimes
series
CHUKCH, NoKTH.PTOKSH,E.
series,
without
A modification of this
windows
at the west of
first
introduction, until its utmost effort appears to have been the production of the
possible
possible
all
largest
window
of small
containing, in lieu
of tracery
rightly
so
number
devoid of
pierced
panels.
beauty or
eff'ectiveness,
II.
WINDOWS.
With the
33
felt
dows.*
richness
any degree of
was attempted,
of
it
it
springing
the the
arch.
from
this
arrangement,
idea
of
tracened-trauaoms
In this
period
con-
structed of such
ample
the
of the lights, as
by adding
to their
number
thus, the
Chapel contains
lights.
fifteen lights,
Alban's,
Nearly every possible variety of arch appears to have been used in the construction of
window-heads.
As we have already
was the
;
occa-
The accompanying
the north
lychnoscopickj
Sussex.
Farndisb Church, Bedfoedshiri;.
VmBAMFrXR
CBaBCB, Suffolk.
arches, as in
Deopham Church,
Norfolk.
+ This arrangement
those erected during
not
uncommon
the beautiful window figured by Sharpe, from Billingborough, Lincoln. Evington, Leicestershire.
J
to a very peculiar
all
is
most frequently
it
and the
sill
much
than in
Temple
Balsall
Church
affords
an
page
15).
It is still
west and south west windows are of this description, as in the Churches of Westhamptnet, Eaydon (Sect
E.E.)
34
and
this
is
always
the
most
Other window-arches which occurred during the Decorated period, were the
acutely-pointed, the obtusely-pointed, the ogee, the segmentalpointed,
ogee arch
nor
is it
the segmental-circular
Brandon Church, Norfolk.
very
rare.
The
SOUTHrLEET CUUROU, KENT.
all
page 65).
The
tracery in these
as in
windows
is
sometimes
very
good
and
rich,
6),
(Appendix, Plate
met
(-f/v\A/(>i
I
tloU.
r/v\/vi
(fXXXXH*-,
1 I
1
Church Sussex,
ment, in
its
is
never-ceasing search
after
improve-
as the present,
which
is
not instanced as a
may
be considered as a link
it
comparing
with the
window from
Southfieet,
we can
clearly
identify
it
as a modification of the
Vol
II.,
page 75).
Very
rarely are
thus treated.
page 51)
may
perhaps furnish an
we
find a
quatrefoiled
circle
or
in
Bishop's
Lydeard Church,
Vol
II.,
page 63), where the wall of the south Chapel, which apparently was
subsequently added,
is
up the lychnoscope.
the walls of the Chancel
is still
The
(for,
as
we have
"
among
Ecclesiologists
of the various
uses to which they have beesi supposed to have been devoted, such as confessionals, openings to watch the Easter
Sepulchre, lepers windows, &c., none seem to adapt themselves entirely to the different peculiarities of the case
at
any
is
rate
we
feel that
no apology
is
necessary for not entering into a discussion, which, though highly interesting,
no ways in accordance with the nature and objects of the present work.
We would
refer to
some very
instructive
164 and 187, Vol. VI., page 40, and Vol. VII.,
page 65.
WINDOWS.
former,
35
spandrels.
except in clearstories
the
All
these
arches
were
continued,
with
the
in
perhaps of
pendicular
four-centred
the
era,
acutely-pointed and
the
ogee,
with
the
important
late
addition
also
the
laat-
arch.
In
label*
very
windows,
took
the
in
of
this
named
pointed
style,
sometimes
;
place
case,
of
a
the
diipstonc
or
hood-mold
and
this
pierced
and
glazed.
Square-headed
windows were
of these several
Circular
in
windows
by no means common
CLEARSTOEY WINDOWS,
Which
rare
are
almost
at
essential
features
period.
in
Perpendicular Edifices,
were of comparatively
occurrence
an
the
earlier
The
Anglo-Normans
used
them
much more
:
architects
of either the
Steyning
;
Church,
they
Sussex,
we
observe
at
St.
Anglo-Norman
Margaret been
at
clearstory
windows
and
placed
Peter's,
singly
while
form
arcades
as
Clifie,
Kent,
the
St
Northampton.
are
circular.
At Southwell,
In
has
already
remarked,
clearstory
windows
Early English
Churches
the
clearstory but
rarely
formed
a part of the design, except in the Cathedrals and other large Structures.
Ely,
Salisbury,
Lincoln,
and
St.
Alban's,
find
this
have
and
in
Warmington
Church, Northants,
Clearstories
in
we
feature
of a
series
of
two-light
windowat
lightetl
the
smaller
Churches
of
the
Decorated
period
were
usually
exterior
and
interior strings
17.
36
by a
of quatrefoiled
circles.
Examples of
this
At Garsington,
in Oxfordshire, the
circles,
have
six foils
and
at Stanton St.
the
and with
five
foils.t
In
a series of finely
'
One fiot
FiLBY, Norfolk,
more nearly
to
From
was
the
the
of Perpendicular Architecture to
into
all
decline,
the
clearstory
(to
almost
great
invariably
introduced
their
new Churches
to
and
very
frequently
detriment of
those
Edifices
which
Church,
had
been
previously
is
Bishop's
Lydeard
a
Somerset, Structure
two-light
one
of
the
this
rare
examples
of
Perpendicular
Chiirches,
devoid
of
feature.
In the
smaller
and
in
three-light
clearstory
as
at
windows,
with
square
heads,
were
;
common
similar
use,
^
-^
)
and
windows segmental
Histon Church,
Cambridgeshire.
As
the
period advanced,
clearstories
became
which
windows being
placed in
close
connection the
of
glass
one
with
the
other,
considerably
larger
surface
than
actual
walling.
Suffolk,
Of
afford
this
arrangement
the
Churches
:
of
Lavenham
and
Long
Melford, in
in other Churches,
however, of
its
is
about the same date, the clearstory destroys the whole beauty of
the
BuUding by
nave
insecurity.
At Long Melford
which are
the
by twelve
transepts.
also
and south
I.
p. 37.
I. p.
I.
69
also
I.
p. 59.
p. 63.
37
BELFRY WINDOWS,
In
Norman
:
by a
shaft
or
in
parts
of
the
panelling
were
Another
Iffley,
not
;
unfrequent
arrangement
panels
are
is
exemplified
at
Oxon.
where two
formed
of
upon each
by two external
strips
masonry and
single arch
.
one central
strip,
retained, as at
Dudding-
ment was continued throughout the Early English Gothick as the new style demanded period, with such modifications
examples occur in the
Northants. t
foliage
Boaacx.
In the last
tooth.
named
windows
and dog
a
was
also
common
And
again,
in
this,
and
series
of small quatre-
4).
a single two-light
at
window
Badgeworth, Gloucestershire.
In
the
fine
Decorated
Church, Kent, the belfry lights are four single lancets, each trefoliated at the head.
At
;||
Heme
and
stage
in
Church, in the same coimty, two similar lancets occur in each face of the tower
the
large and magnificent
into
church of
St.
Mary, Redclyffe,
a
fine
Bristol,
the
upper
is
divided
three
three-light
window
pre-
In
Perpendicular
Gothick
Edifices, the
windows
is
differed
I.,
page
5.
The tower
at
Eepps
flint
Structures so
common
by an octagonal
which
is
pierced towards the cardinal points with shafted double belfry windows, of strictly Semi
I.,
Norman
character.
pp. 13
p.
and
31.
I., p.
I.,
69
19.
7.
53.
I., p.
II
I., p.
38
In Churches of moderate
a two-light belfry window in each face of the tower was the usual arrangement
while in
more important
Edifices
placed.
rising
In the latter
up between each
light
and
lofty pinnacle.
The towers
and
at
of
the
Churches of
St.
Doncaster,
of
St.
Margaret,
at
Leicester,
series
of double
windows
and
similar
series
occurs
in
the
noble
tower of
Magdalen
The towers
deserving
of
many Churches
It lights
in
Norfolk and
Suffolk contain
;
a peculiar
window
of notice.
and usually
figure.
consists of a
square enclosing
this
a foliated
circle,
Some specimens
and
of
window
of Northamptonshire, a circular
is
window
same description
in the
also
very frequent
it
Examples occur
Similar
in the
Church towers of
5, is figured
Leicestershire, as at
Humberstone Church.
situated
:
At
Section
I.
Semi-Norman, Plate
window
curiously
it
is
and
east
Clymping
round
pro-
Church,
the
Sussex
the
detached
chevron, which
richness
to
is
carried
opening,
imparts
considerable
in
its
pleasing
portions.
The window
is
tower of Hunworth
:
Church, Norfolk,
of a very singular
it,
design
it
is
it
exceedingly
presents the
and
at first sight
appearance of a very early gable Cross, built into the wall of the
'
"^
'^"'4J|
tower
that
'"''/''*"'
;||
the rough
show
Hunworth chcroh.
tliis
was not
casc, tliougli
it
is
Windows
belfries.
of three lights, 50 frequently occurring in the body of the Church, appear to have been sparingly
used in
In towers of great magnificence, two double lights under one arch was a more usual arrangement, as
II
I., p,
63.
8, p. 236.
I.,
pp. 31
and
59.
II., p. 75.
I.
39
TURRET LIGHTS.
No
part of an ancient Buikling, not even the minutest detail,
:
accordingly
we
design,
and no
in
their construction.
Norman tower
are
of
Martin's
slits
;
Chui-ch,
Leicester,
headed
Achurch Church, NURTUAMPTONSmUK.
whde
in
N.W.
light to the stairs, consisting of a series of small lancets with gabled canopies-
Early in the Decorated period lancet openings continued in use for turret
lights
;
as
of the
choir of St.
this
Alban's
Abbey Church, t
At
pmpose, as in
St.
Plate
3).
7),
and
Waltham
AuaiTi Abbst
Abbey
Church
Cmmca.
(Section
I.
Decorated, Plate
small
circles, squares,
or triangles, were
and these
for the
most part
13 and 22).
*
is
to the belfry
by means of ladders
such
is
VoL
IL,
p. 84).
of invariable occurrence.
stair-turret is encircled
by a
spiral molding,
40
SPIRE LIGHTS
In their general features did not
except that in consequence of
differ
windows
in the
same
Edifice,
the
of
their
position,
they were
somewhat
and
also,
of
the
spire,
and were
In some early
spires,
lying in the same plane with the spire, as at Fleet Church, Lincolnshire,* and Humberstone
Church,
Leicestershire.
;
Canopied
as at
spire
lights
occur singly, as
at
Oxfordshire
or in
two rows,
is
Leckhampton Church,
Gloucestershire,
while in other
three
The
lights
of the
spire, the
upper
sides.
we
proceed to examine
for
principles of their
impossible
any person to
have observed with the smallest degree of attention any number of Decorated windows,
without becoming aware of the constantly recurring combination of the equilateral triangle.
upon a very
close approximation to
it.
The
is
greater
number
of
I.
shown
at Section
and
7.
In Plate
1,
from Great
Wenham
of the triplet are trefoiled, the system of equilateral triangles has been, nevertheless, kept in
view, as
is
shown
in
Diagram
(B.),
I., p.
51.
I.,
pp.
65 and
17.
spire-lights,
see
pp.
11,
and
IN
WINDOWS.
41
A minute examination of numerous specimens of tracery, collected from all parts of England,
has led us to fonn the conclusion that this same principle of the equilateral triangle constitutes
in
them
all
in very
many
caaes
its
truth
is
undeniable, and
it
do not in mathematical
comply with
its
requirements
and just
may have
i-ule
may have
mere
practical experi-
ment.
wiU be seen
the window-arch
is
two
lights,
above which
is
In Shorne Church, at the east end of the north Chapel, occurs another
similar desigri, but in the execution of which
window
of precisely
we may
perceive that
the architect has allowed himself to deviate slightly from the precision
still
he can
scarcely
on
style
Such a deviation
;
is
it
existence.
left
So
in
SBOKKt CaOBca,
Km.
thereby rendered obnoxious to the charge of impugning the proportional laws-which have
been established.
In the window from Northfleet Church
(to
resume the
illus-
had
in
in
practice so widely,
circle in
the window-head.
to
These examples
the correct
show
that,
in
endeavouring
ascertain
specimen
is
conclusion
first,
windows
in general,
and then
to search
out frx)m
42
having a
circle
their formation
regulated.
class of
is
For
ourselves,
windows
to another,
we have been
and now we
desire to justify,
and
if
possible
by
into
which that important member can be divided, during the Decorated Gothick period.
In some windows
it is
difficult,
of the
equilateral
principle of
formation, except
by
actual
admeasurement;
in
others,
apparent;
all
and again
in
other examples,
it
is
at
once obvious to
last
beholders.
will
of
this
character,
we
^' ^'co^HB^TEr"'
adduce a
from the
Church
of
St.
Nicholas, at
class
:
Colchester,
which
may
here
the
principle of
formation
distinctly evident
we
easily
perceive
all
ABC
for
is
the
e, e, e,
the centres
In Plate 2 of Section
;
1,
Decorated,
of the
and in Plate 8
same subdivision,
Hingham Church,
Norfolk,
giL
Plate
^
4),
)iQ affords
an
example of a three-light
is
window
The
as
circular
window
Leek Church,
Staffordshire, is
remarkable specimen
||
are
east
likewise those in
Chichester Cathedral.
is
The
window
of the
Church of
the same time a most valuable witness in favom- of this principle of the construction of tracery
for the
II
See Britten's Antiquities, Vol. V. See Britten's Antiquities, Vol. V. See Architectural Antiquities in the neighbourhood of Oxford,
p.
225.
IN WINDOWS.
worked
43
what
in other cases
lines, are
would
Kent, could hardly be the result of any other than of a system of triangulation.
We
which
though existing,
are
is
not so manifest
varieties
:
Of these there
two chief
tracery, as in the
two light-windows
at Stoke
Albany (Section
Suffolk
(Section
I.
Early English, Plate 17), and Little Early English, Plate 5); in three-ligh*
I.
Wenham,
I.
V
u,
*
10
;
Early Eugiuiii,
I'latc
and
in
windows of
In
all
five
lights at
Trumpington, Cambridgeshire
two or more
lights,
will
easily
be
seen
that
the
outer arch
being
equilateral,
all
the subdivisions of
the
window-head,
necessity
the
curves of
style
the outer
arch,
must of
Many windows
formed by
with
is
of this
have
no further
intersection
:
of
tracery-bars
continuous
the mullions
added,
it
is
more important
Such
members
of the
window-head
distinctly visible.
circles,
or other geo-
the
four
intersecting
of
;
the
or,
compartment
sometimes
foiling
it
within which
extends
they are
further
inserted
to
no
than
the
mere
all
the several
compartments.
With
these
intersecting
windows may be
classified
"
from the head of the muUion, and describe curves similar to those of the window-arch
in
fact,
these
tracery-bars,
if
(See Section
windows comprises by
*
is
No
two-light
window can be
upon the
down.
It
upon
the tracery in the windows of the Churches at Stoke Albany and Little
Wenham
said to intersect.
44
part of that
exemplified
net-tracery
in
the
window-heads of
the
Decorated
than
Gothick
in
period.
In windows of
flowing
we
detect,
more
readily
perhaps
principle.
any
other
variety of
tracery,
the
examples of this
in
execution,
is
altogether
:
suppressed
not only
every
made
is
to undulate
nevertheless,
upon examination,
a diagram,
net-tracery,
the
it
influence of this
figure
will
as at
Margaret's, Herts.
other,
(Section
of
I.
Decorated, Plate
tangent
of
to
each
the
centres
be
the
three
angles
an
equilateral
triangle,
determine
window
all
In
a a
three,
four,
five,
or
light
window
of
this
class,
we have only
centres
to
for
set
out
proportionate
curves.
number
admirable
is
of
triangles, in
order
this
to
find
the
aU
out,
the requisite
An
modification
in
of
tracery,
so easy
exemplified
;
the door of
Section
I.
as
shown
in
One
series
and equal
of
and inner
circles.
window
figured
in Plate 5,
is
Section
this
:
principle of formation
shown
to determine the
the same
is
the case as
and 26, aU
differing
more
Nor
The
beautiful
a most remark-
aU the
and
prominent
applicable
position.
is
equally
great
to
the
diaper
in
the
Flemish Brasses at
pavemunt
IN we,stm,steb
Alban's, Lynn,
and Newark.
equi-
ABBEY.
Thc
lateral triangle,
pcculiar geometrical
its
the part
properties of the
it
IN
WINDOWS.
therefore
45
best
(the
most compact of
all
these
figures,
and
the
adapted
satis-
points
factory
are
more
reason
our
finding
this
triangle
all
the
is
that
With
to
its
geometrical
the
:
value also,
we may
not
fail
associate
remarkable
symbolism of
a qualification of no slight
who employed
it
as
we
it
as a governing principle
tracery
11.
in the spandrel
Woodwork,
manner
evidently
decorations
is
we
subdivided into
is
So
also
:
in
window
window
tracery,
the
triangularity
constantly
apparent
2,
the
in
Northfleet
lights,
Section
triangles,
I.
Decorated, Plate
surmounted by as many
the intervening
each of which
is
doubly
spaces.
indeed,
a greater or a
lesser
degree
inherent
I.
iu
all
In
Plate
25
;
of the
for
this triplicity
in
the entire
design
of a
series
of trefoiled
But
let
us return to the
more
direct
consideration
of the subject,
from which we
of Sleaford
digress.
Church (Section
I.
we
any great
display,
:
somewhat
though
it
modified,
is
the
outline
of
window
two
lights
only
and
not actually struck from the angles of an equilateral triangle, but has the central figure
in order to impart a greater degree of elegance
it
slightly elongated,
to
the
second order
in all
is
fiUed
stiU
it
this, as well as
that
carefully kept in
view.
In the
46
other
figured in Section
I.
but even
would
be
difficult
to
maintain
that
the
constructive
principle
of
net-tracery
had
And
once
7)
more,
is
the
four-light
window from
Holbeach
Church (Section
I.
Decorated,
Plate
another instance of a somewhat similar departure from a strict rule with a view to suit
the circumstances of a special case, or to gratify peculiar ideas of the beauty of a traceried
window.
In the woodwork of the porch of Bradwell Church,
Essex, (Section
II.
"Woodwork,
Plate 13) are instances of two perfectly different designs of tracery, though both
formed
basis.
is
another
specimen,
in
been made to produce net-tracery from the intersection of squares instead of equilateral
triangles
;
but the
still
effect
thus
so,
produced
is
singularly distorted
would appear
is
more
the
How
is
difterent
the result
where
triangle
then
all
consistent,
reference to
those
windows,
in
certainly
circular
existing,
cannot be
discovered
without a
is
more
searching
examination
the
window
in
By refemng
to
the
diagram in Section
of
equilateral
Decorated, Plate
will
will
of a
series
triangles
It
give the
centres
argues the
window
to
who produced
Section
his design,
compass in hand.
doorway into the cloister of the Abbey Church of St. Alban's (see Perpendicular, Plates 1 and 2,) the curves for eveiy portion of the design
may
is
be proved to have been described from centres determined by the angles of equitriangles (See Plate 2).
lateral
necessary
formation,
to reproduce,
as
it
were,
similarly careful
wiU not
fail
to
show
that,
of Gothick art,
the
equilateral triangle
plates
made
apparent.
47
in the
and
also
was, in
very
its
many
cases,
work
when
executed.
Hence,
equilateral triangularity
may
l)e
pronounced an
cflsential
aud niches of a Decorated Gothick Structure, and in the prominent position assignwl
to
its
buttresses
its
this
characteristick
no
less
than
It
in
is
the
form of
and
diapers,*
its
pavements and
carved ornaments.
it
true that
would be
which
difficult,
if
even
possible,
;
in
of
the varieties
we have
now
examined
but, in
architectiire
almost universal,
constantly directed to
in
multifarious
than
in
taste
in
such an
age the
existence of
it
in
such
a
As we
Grothick
before
in
our
search
after
governing
examples,
principle
of
formation,
practice. J
*
we must be
guided,
not
by
individudl
but
by
the
general
members of a Gothick
J
The lodge
tlie
in
practical to
application of
equilateral triangle in a
be
here
altogether unnoticed.
ail
The plan
into
is
The
and in
roof on
We
which
will
be found in the
BuUder," Vol.
III.
Window
in
Rushton Lodcc
48
MOLDINGS.
treating
of
the
Moldings
of
Mediaeval
Architecture,
we propose
to
notice
are
separately the
associated
usually
for
we hope
to
be
to
better enabled
by
this
than
by
any other
science
system
of
arrangement,
produce
practical
analysis
of the
of Gothick
any degree induced to depart from that conciseness and brevity which the general plan
of
this
w^ork
to
renders
great
imperatively necessary.
It
appears
is
requisite,
however,
first
to
advert
the
and
remarkable
difference
which
apparent
;
between
Gothick
a difference extending
and
position.
in
ancient examples
and these
definite
in
their
:
character,
and introduced
in
and
whereas,
Structures
of
of
of
the
Middle Ages,
themselves,
style.
variety
of
outline
is
no
less
essentially
is
characteristick
their
occurrence
in
characteristick
Gothick
:
Gothick
appear
almost
to
and the
themselves
is
the
which they
scarcely a
member
occurs which
incapable
by
And
it
may
to
be added
are
not
commonly found
to,
or
have been
of
assign
to
own
admirable system
It
is
no argument whatever
in support of the opinion that Gothick Moldings are derived from Classick Architecture,
that
in
buildings
of
the
Anglo-Norman
especially in
distinct
style
:
a rude
for
resemblance
to
certain
ancient
moldings
may
is
be traced,
altogether
bases
the
Romanesque,
supposition acquire
* Tlie authors feel
casual similitude
availing
thus publicly
rare
upon Moldings,
combination of being equally valuable to the professional architect and the amateur student of architecture.
MOLDINGS.
few instances, between
to
49
or
the
attic
base,
occasionally
be
observed in some
This
resemblance
to a
regular classick
member only
:
existed during a
final
sitional,
and
necessarily
an imperfect, period
with the
abandonment of the
circular arch, a
other
members
was introduced.
2
its
In the
is
Early
No.
2.
No.
3.
to the latter,
indeed,
it
was not
in use at the
same time.
origin,
more
occiir
direct
consideration
to
of
mediaeval
moldings.*
in
These
in
the jambs
pier-arches,
and
bases,
first
in
cornices,
vaulting ribs,
These,
basements,
earliest
And
are
for
of
Jamb Molds.
in
the
examples
Norman doorways,
slightest
tEe
most part simply squared back from the walls without the
attempt to enrich
Recessed
and
this
arrangement
the
it
Gothick
to
art.t
In
recessed,
place
and
recessed orders,
shafts also,
;
the style
the
doorway of
Mary's Church,
;
Easton,
Hants, furnishes
good example of
I.
shafted jambs
Plates
1,
;
in Section
in
Norman,
of
4,
occur
a great
yet
variety
rr
U
^^^^
;
forms
their
this
St.
circular,
I.
occasionaUy
4,
form
Norman, Plate
or slightly pointed
last-named variety
as in the Chancel
arch at Codford
Mary's
*
(Section
I.
Semi-Norman, Plate
and again,
many
stj'le
being in so
Edifices
associated
successors,
has been considered expedient here to give a place for the consideration of these latest developments
differ
if at all,
from those of
in fact, in
most
and
position.
50
exemplified.
were either entirely dispensed with, or restricted to the sub-arch only, whUe the
of the recessed orders in the jambs were
richly ornamented,
as at Iffley
difiierent faces
we must remark
lie
:
that in
three
by Mr.
-wall
;
any plane (A A)
the Soffit
the
Plane*
at right angles
and
Chamfer Plane,
(C)
as
is
generally,
but by no means
of 45 with the
and
soffit
planes
and
this
\.
c
we
I.
Early
^Mkv
be
;
English,
Plate
3)
find the
During the
still
earlier portion
planes
continued
to
plane
most generally used, but then in tolerably frequent connection with the chamfer which at this time was in most cases worked exactly at an angle of 45 with
the wall
and
soffit
planes.
to the angle of 45
and
as
the style advanced towards the era of decided architectural debasement, the moldings shared
in the prevaUrng desire to produce a meretricious effect, without of composition
;
any reference
to correctness
accordingly
we
find that in
I.
many
late examples, as in
7,)
of
Lavenham Church,
Suffolk, (Section
Perpendicular, Plate
lie
molding planes.
/
jamb molds in the Early English Gothick period, the door-jambs continued most frequently to be worked in a series of rectangularly recessed orders, with
But
to return to the
:
detached shafts of cylindrical form and comparatively slender proportions placed in every nook.
An elegant deviation
doorway of
St.
from the
common and
S.
effect.
preceding style, some door-jambs occurred in which shafts took no part in the design
least in
or at
which
:
(also as before)
archway
*
its
Tliis
scarcely correct,
when
applied to
jamb molds
still, it
new
terms.
MOLDINGS.
arcliitecta left
51
were carried up plain to the impost of the arch, and there terminated in some elegant
device (see Section
I.
in doorways,
still
may
if
when
shafts,
engaged or otherwise, were used, the moldings they carried were placed on
the rectangular planes
;
but
the jambs were continuous with the arch, then the moldings were
aa in the
priest's
doorway, Fen
is
This arrangement
well
illus-
the
N.
doorway
of
Swatton
Church,
Lincolnshire,
(Section
jamb mold
;
is
the
j:
jjjjy
invariably
successive
Norman
up
all
At
much more
window than on
tHe outside
a window in
the south transept of Wissendine Church, Rutland, however, has a magnificent arrangement
of triple
St.
jamb
sill.
The south
aisle of
Martin's Church, Leicester, has some excellent examples of the use of this
member
internally.
I.
Early English,
I.
and in Plates
all
must, however, be borne in mind that though most exquisite adornments, moldings
:
see the
windows
in
North-
5,
and
15.
52
thus,
falling
I.
upon the
Decorated,
it
same planes
Plate 25.)
as in the west
Mimms
Church, Herts.
(Section
During the continuance of the Norman, Early English, and Decorated periods,
practice, in the case of arches dividing the
aisles,
or the
them
entirely distinct
these latter were frequently simply circular, or octagonal, while the arches
New Shoreham
Church.
(Section
I.
Semi-
Norman, Plate
examples in
St.
3.)
as in the magnificent
;
we may
perceive a
I.
much
between them.
The
piers
in Section
;
Perpendicular, Plate
show the
supported part of the arch moldings, the remainder being continuous and
common
to both
members.
molded
or carved
with
foliage,
animals,
&c.
they always,
strictly
kept in view,
feature.
if
we would
may
mold A, the
C.
9....
In
Norman
capitals the
in the
richer
at that
common
(see
Section
I.
Norman, Plate
bells,*
5.)
examples of ornamented
capital
which occurs in Waltham Abbey Church, has been distinguished by the name of cushion
capital
bell
;
it is
usually a
mark
of early work.
elaborate,
At
geometrical
figures,
foliage, flowers,
human
whole
space.
in
design would
were we not to
reflect that it
is
in
scarcely appropriate
yet
it is
so convenient,
and
its
moaning withal
is
it
it,
by the introduction of a
new
term.
MOLDINGS.
architecture to
08
faith or legend,
embody
in its sculpture
;
any matter of
have been, in
Could we but
read them,
how much
and during the Norman period generally consisted of a bead, or a square with the angles
taken
off.
In the succeeding styles these three parts of the capital, though always existing, were
less
prominently marked
and indeed
it
common
Gothick moldings to lose sight of the distinct existence of the head mold and
which have
accordingly merged into one, and the character of the capital been thereby entirely destroyed.
In the accompanying cuts,
is
Abbey
Church, and
B shows how
by the undue
become
Now
win
establish, as
projecting
member
little
from
it
and
lastly the
the beU.
In other words,
:
we might
pieces of stone
the lower one a thin slab, out of which the neck mold would be produced
first,
bell
and
first,
three, out of
some modern
capitals
is
principally
of
arrangement.
The
part,
bell,
when not
foliated,
which were united to the neck mold by a beautifully undercut and gracefully curved
;
outline
or occasionally,
different groups,
and the
effect is
bell
of
two
Section
I.
Early
English, Plate
24
and
it still
consisted of a bead
Finally,
capitals,
we would remark
of outline
by being
*
circular,
Examples
which
occurrence in no
way
54
two
distinct parts,
ho.se
the
in the sub-
stone,
moldings
from
animals,
or other
ornaments.
(See Section
I.
Semi-Norman, Plate
which case the lower member was generally chamfered, as at Orpington (Section
Scmi-
Norman, Plate
or
molded, as in the
triplet
St.
Bartholomew's
Hospital (Section
plinths are
I.
15).
commonly met
with, as at Clymping,
5,)
and
from the richness of the moldings with which they are ornamented, assume frequently
considerable importance
:
see
12.
a base
I.
Early
of
in
English, Plate
its
24, Fig.
During
plinth
lost
much
it
than
was
instances, however,
I.
may
Hingham
in
The
triple,
its
parts, requires
The tower
style.
piers
to
St.
Church,
Westminster,
I.
have
of this
9,)
Sometimes, as in the
consisted
solely of
sedilia at
Cobham, (Section
Perpendicular,
Plate
the base
entirely omitted.
more
so of the Decorated to
Shortly after the introduction of the Early English, the plinth began to adapt
to the
itself
it
supported
the square
became an octagon,
foliage
fill
in Westminster
delicately carved
knobs of
up the spaces which occur between the octagonal plinth and the
circular base
molds
finally,
the plinth assumed the form of the base moldings and bent in and out
pier.
It is
and in Perpendicular
wrought
in
it
was frequently the case that both plinth and base molds were
leaving only
the
octagonal faces,
MOLDINGS.
shape of the
shaft.
55
it
was customary
for
the
base
moldings to encircle the shafts only, while the plinths, on the contrary, were carried round
the whole pier, as in Lindfield and
Lavenham Churches,
little
Section
I.
of
very
it is
common Norman
not a
style
little
singular that the resemblance to the attic base did not occur tiU the
;
in fact
it
became complete.
Base moldings were also extensively used round the walls, buttresses, and towers of
Churches.
Those of the Early English period were generally very plain and unimportant
The
beautiful little
is
most
elaborate
description,
and
buttresses have
merely
chamfered table.*
Plate 6) has
Fig. 1,
a plain but
arrangement of moldings.
In
many
of the Decorated
essential portions
and Perpendicular towera, the base moldings became highly ornamental and
of the
design
those
in
Hingham Church
are
peculiarly
magnificent,
an equally
example of a somewhat
later period
flint
work and
same
some
excellent
and
wrought moldings.
(Section
is
I.
the
so
when
left
some
instances, a
much
In Norfolk
and
panelling
is
a very
common
Mary's, Stratford,
may
be cited
most
pei-fect
,ppears
on the basement moldings, by which we learn that that part of the Church (the
north
aisle)
was erected
flint
in
1430;
see Section
I.
Perpendicular,
"
Plates
11,
19,
and 20..
In producing these
of the design
enrichments the
"
it
on the
modus operandi consisted in tracing the outline a few inches, and afterwards filling up the sunk
was used.
such as
* Table appears to have been the general term for any horizontal
corbel table, crest table,
member
in
Gothick Architecture
skew
t
is
L'his
interesting
and pure specimen of a Decorated Church was erected between the years 1316 and 1359.
in
It
illustrated
Vol
T.
TT"
IHii"
56
now dying
now
as
nothing baffled by
label
now
window
a stringcourse at once
relieves
naked masonry and binds into a whole the seemingly detached portions of a rambling
and
The most
windows
;
usual,
essential position
is
under the
solid parts
basement.
The greater
period,
number
of Churches,
those
were
and in most
cases
where
it
was omitted,
round the inside of the Church, under the windows and over the doorways, as
Norman
strings
were usually heavy in their outline, and rarely displayed any particular
beauty of arrangement
frequently
:
much
and
in
St.
Peter's,
Northampton.
strings,
elegant,
taste
and and
judicious treatment
members which
accordingly
to
we
find
them now
rose
up
close
under the
of the
accom-
to run
immediately
were genea
buttress,
side,
round an intervening
it
as
to re-appear
on the other
and
style.
in these
and
in all
MOLDINGS.
execution, that
57
we
The very
interesting
Church
of Bottisham in Cambridgeshire,
may
flowers, animals, or
some quaint
window
to the other, of
Church, Kent,
ofl"ers
In the
rises
up
and
often
ever,
distinctly marked.
Their use was less frequent than waa previously the case, and
erected
entirely
the
without them.
Dripstones,
how-
were generally retained, and in most cases were simply returned at the springing of
the arch, instead of finishing with terminal heads and flowers, such as were used by the
Decorated Architects.
squares, pentagons,
initials, shields
and innu-
essential features in
Gothick
in fact,
They occur
of Norfolk
and
Suffolk,
we
shall
treat
hereafter.
St.
projeccorbels,
and hence
table.
circles afterwards
became
soffit,
x\
B.a.CHri. l.oo.h..
58
all cases
very inconsiderable.
In
the Early English Structures a series of small trefoiled arches corbelled out from the wall,
commonly met with the beautiful spires of St. Mary's, Stamford, and Ketton, Rutland, have exare
;
and a
single
was
also introduced
with excellent
effect.
cornices,
was generally o j
filled
ornaments
we may
notice that the flowers in Decorated cornices usually spread over the reI.
which
moldings occur, we will examine the subordinate parts of which they are composed.
The
earliest
molding found in Norman work appears to be the circular bowtel, worked out
This formation
is
clearly
shown
in
many
A bowtel
alternated
Norman mold-
result of a profusion of
sculpture, always
tiplicity or
conspicuous ornaments in
Norman
some instances
was so
complex as to require no
little
ornament continued
was of
may
Norman
They
* Willis's Nomenclature.
+ It
is
a peculiar characteristick of pure Gothick, that all moldings, panelling, or sculpture were always sunk
Such an arrangement
is
hence
its
wrought out of the face already existing j a row of dog tooth generally exemplifies very well
were worked out of the block.
how ornaments
also
.
As
in,
we
MOLDINGS.
had very
little
59
sides chamfered
oft occur-
The adjoined
and
English style was frequently carried to such an extravagant excess, as to materially affect the
durability of the moldings.
made
its
We
its
formation from the circular mold already noticed, by leaving the arris of the
original square block uncut.
From
this
became a bowtel of
all
in
The example
in the appended
cut
was common
work, and eventually gave
it
in Early English
and Decorated
rise to
the
wave molding
%
That
;
this
wave
mold
derived
;
its
origin
from the
filleted
bowtel
is
\ singularly
clear
for at first
we meet with
instances,
as in
the doorway of
the
fillets
St.
rounded
Fleet Church,t
Lincolnshire,
still
we
find
both
fillets
rounded
si.
off,
though
jukoa^ciuu
the Decorated
the molding
As
its
period advanced,
its
resemblance to
prototype
the
curve which at
Lincolnshire.'
first
assumed more
its
and
not a
little
singular that in
ost
complete
its
highest degree
f perfection, the formation of the wave mold appears to have been from
the three points of an equilateral triangle.
A group
of
it
arris,
The Church
itself
I.
page 51.
60
wave mold.
bowteL
The
and
A remarkDouBix Ogee.
its
ably early instance of this molding (probably fortuitous) occurs in the central
shaft of the double
formation
filleted bowtels.
to be noticed,
and though
:
last it is
perhaps
we
allude to the
mold.
It is in fact a bowtel,
fillet
might be
expected,
Skel-ton Church,
its
first
occurrence
is
traced to
shortly before
yorkshike.
Agreeably with
as they
at last
had the
it
bowtel
we
and
and
its varieties
became so numerous
It entered
bases,
hoodmolds, and
strings
:*
it
in Perpendicular work.
I
The sunk chamfer
Before leaving this subject, yet one other variety must be mentioned.
is
simple in
its
Its
production
may have
it
\been
^
away the
it
is
of particularly
happy
introduction.
To resume
observe that the
We
Norman hardly
that the
Early English, extending the example set them by the architects of the Semi-Norman period,
hollowed their moldings to an extravagant degree, and that the hoUows until then divided
individual members of a group, but that in Decorated the hollows only divided the complete
* It is occasionally, though very rarely, found in vertical groups of moldings, such as door
It occurs in
in the north
doorway
it
At
other times, and more especially in bases, this mold will be found
taste.
DOORWAYS.
groups;*
that
61
the
while
Early
English
moldings,
from
irregular section of
"
libera
that in
into
the
shallow
common
;
with
all
and
lastly, that
all
the
many
beautiful moldings,
be distinctly
traced to a
common
bowtel
how
little
DOORWAYS.
Norman doorways
in design.
richness
and elaborateness
On, perhaps, no other part of their Buildings did the architects of those days
;
supplied from
apparently
Their
usual
arrangement
consisted of
two or more
practice
jamba
A
Such
common
was to place a stone lintel from jamb to jamb, thus forming a square-headed door with
the
arch
generally
is
the
example
from
Norman,
Plate
4).
lintel is
produce
an
Rutland.
soffit
three
Norman
them
in
The
versatility of design,
1
however superior they may have been in chasteness and elegance of form.
Many Norman
on paper
we must
designed and
set out
on the stone
itself,
and
62
ornaments like
as in
Weald Church,
Essex.
This device
may
possibly
have suggested
I.
we
(Section
Norman,
Norman doorways
down
to the ground,
occurs in
where the wide bowtels which run down the Malmsbury Abbey Church, Wilts,
at this period, to project that part of the
the necessity of protecting this projection, the the doorway was pierced, and hence, from
as in Merrington Church, Durham, or Sempringham Church, doorways became gabled, Plate 6) is surmounted by a Cross (Section I. Norman, Lincolnshire, the latter of which
occurs in St. Germain's Church, Cornwall. a magnificent example of the same description at top in lieu of being gabled, as at Sometimes the projection of the waU was weathered
Ifiley,
and
in
as
an ornamental accessory.
Structure
of
an object of necessity, was retained gable no longer In St. Margaret's, at Cliffe, near Dover, a valuable and
character,
is is
interesting
pure
Norman
shafts.
jamb
The gable
formed by an ornamented
which
the complete
from the springing of the arch, terminates in a kind of trefoil. which occurred between the close of the Norman and During the transitional period architecture, we meet with many extraestablishment of the
Early English
of the Edifice. in the designs of doorways, as weU as in aU other parts ordinary arrangements and are merely interesting in showing Such arrangements are by no means to be adopted, after having been used in the with what reluctance the old style was finaUy abandoned,
erection of a greater
than were caUed into magnificent and costly Buildings In the doorway of of Gothick Architecture, t existence in any of the subsequent periods arch enriched with the chevron, between Little Snoring Church, Norfolk,| we find a pointed a constraction would almost indicate two circular arches, the outer one being stilted such
number
of
of the newly introduced form of arch. that they were fearful of trusting solely to the strength is pointed and enclosed within a circular the south
doorway
arch.
and careful workTransition doorways, however, were sometimes of elegant design Plate l), The west doorway of Orpington Church, Kent (Section I. Semi-Norman, manship.
*
Itinerary.
first
year of
Henry
III. there
and 81
alien priories.
Tanner's
Part
Notitia Monastica.
163.
DOORWAYS.
is
63
trail
been rather awkwardly introduced against one of the shafts, as shown in the plate,
em-iched examples of
the
Highly
Norman doorways
occur in
;
and
in
Leonard's, Stamford
this
on a somewhat smaller
to the general design.*
scale,
Early English doorways are distinguished by their usually great beauty and purity of
detail,
by no means
so
style, in part
no doubt,
They may be
classed under
the various heads of shafted, continuous, discontinuous, banded, foliated, and double arched.
The
large doorways,
when
shafted,
commonly
Norman
character
The immense
surprising.
consumption of
It
costly
material
in
is
truly
those, therefore,
who have
seen the restored purbeck piers in the Temple Church, London, can form an idea of what
effect
of this magnificent
its
vast masses
A
effective
fine
aisle
Leicester, is
L Early
arrangement
engaged.
and
though lying in the rectangular planes, the four orders of which they are composed have
lost
so
by being
in
detached shafts
alternating with as
are
*
many
may
be imagined,
of very great
beauty and are enriched, among other ornaments, with a very elegant
in all parts of the country of
its
Norman doorways,
which
however plain in
design,
architects.
all
have
been the custom to spare these interesting works of the early builders, even when
taken
down
to
make way
for the
64
of the
variety
7,)
tooth.
Here we may
:
we
refer to the
;
arrangement
such contrivance,
their length.
is
jamb
shafts,
panels or orhs,f with a quatrefoil above, are enclosed in a pointed arch springing from the
same
The
interior
at page 75.
The
foiled
still
further enriched
this style
were of frequent
In large examples
moldings only, to be
I.
Warmington Church,
(Section
Early English,
Plate 21,) a very perfect illustration of a pure Early English doorway, where the jambs are
number
of square recesses,
whose
in
are chamfered,
and while the two outer chamfers are simply hollowed and terminate
;|:
is
richly
tooth.
of the style
among
not
bowtel.
The quasi
order,
bases, resting
bowtel of the
first
must
pass
We may
appearance of
the
scroll
mold, which
is
also
repeated in the
Other
examples of foiled doorways occur at Merstham Church, Surrey, which has one row of
shafts
and
is
at
beautiful composition with the inner order of moldings trefoiled, the others as well as the
*
The west
front of
tliis
it is
a beautiful
and
Church
96.
+ WUlis'a Nomenclature.
i See Section
I.
99.
DOORWAYS.
dripstone being circular
foiled
:
65
and
at
Higham
little
simply
and the
trefoiled head, is
sunk a
carved
rose.
Illustrations of these
two
last
mentioned examples
all
will be
found in
"The
Chvu:ches of Northamptonshire."'
form of the
cinquefoiled
;
foliations, as in the
doorway
which
is
even in this case the dripstone in accordance with natural construction, follows
the sweep of a pointed arch instead of the outline of the several curves.
The doorways of
this period
restrictions
a
to
many
charm
A
is
of the Chancel of
English.
Meopham
is
Early
many
In
corbels
this
form
is
made
its
appear-
is
its
application to
Cathedrals and
Edifices,
Conventual Buildings.
Though very
fine
met with
in
the
smaller
we
St.
two
examples
is,
the one at
Higham
two
Ferrars,
and the
other at
The former
;
in fact, almost
its
distinct doorways,
each having
:
own
distinct
are
foliage,
and between them rises a slender shaft, which in a most elegant manner bursts forth into
foliage at the top
;
now
destroyed-
two arches and the large circumscribing one, is diapered with circles containing scriptural The pseudo porch, within which this double doorway is contained, is very general subjects.*
in the
in these parts
we
find
it
at Eaunds.t
RothweU.
numerous in
in
them
and
North-
amptonshire, in
many
form openings,
and elegant
serial
work,
now
publishing.
II. p. 69.
66
the
soffit
Higham
Ferrars)
Norman
it
excellent examples of
abound
where, indeed, they are more abundantly met with than elsewhere.*
Loddington Church, Northamptonshire, has a very curious doorway in the west of the
tower, the gable of which projects considerably
and
is
carried on
at the
The very
has a good gabled priest's doorway, also a very excellent gabled entrance on the east side of
the south transept
tion to
;
its
approxima-
an Altar, appears
Decorated Pooeways
abandonment of detached
(Section
I.
the
Norman method
An
apparent
effect of projection is
obtained
by the
* This frequent occurrence of certain features in particular districts, to the almost total exclusion of them in others,
is
We
may have
by a bold
woody
districts of the southern counties, the timber and shingle-covered spire will be seen
But the
distinctions to
clearly
no connection with
it
way
:
result
style, for so
long as
lasted, that
local
method of
treating one particular part of the Building, the style being identical
both examples
turret, yet
may
same number
of parts,
how
essen-
two designs.
collect
So
also in the
in
some
districts,
parapets
Churches, even of the richest description, were most frequently erected without them.
gather, that while the style itself
From
these facts
we would
was in the hands of an experienced body of men, and by them jealously guarded and
gradually improved
influenced
still,
that in the execution of any particular Church, the design of its several details was greatly
The
beautiful little
Church
at
many
of
bear to similar parts in the transepts of the Minster (York), that some of the same
also concerned
more humble
Church."
Evan
DOORWAYS.
course.
67
probably partook of that trefoiled
The termination
to the gable,
we
may remark the somewhat unusual feature but are so much decayed that their correct
bowtel which originates in the jambs,
intricacies of the panelled gable,
is
of a double
The
The small
adding considerably to
is
richness
flint
and good
effect
The
is
placed
a fine specimen of
is
shown with minute accuracy. As the became more frequently and abundantly used
and
these,
itself
of the richest
and most
perfect
details
Decorated Gothick, possesses a west doorway of such great magnificence, and with such
beautifully
and
is
in a
Church of a similar
Section
I.
awkward, manner in which the arch moldings join on to those of the jamb, we may trace a
lingering indication of a past era.t
Possibly
it
was
felt
but even then, one cannot help wishing that a more perfect and studied junction
had been
practised.
criticize
However, the
artificera
it
iU
becomes us to
so surpassingly elegant
We
drip terminations, in this instance, crowned heads (probably indicative of royal benefactors)
the well molded arch of two orders, the inner one becoming cinquefoUed, and each foU again
trefoiled
capitals,
;
and
;
jambs
the
:
stone sUl
all
and
though not
least,
these
The stone
is
sill
this
period.
An
example
;
given of
it
it
in Section
and
Fen
I.
Ditton.
68
ings
shafts, lie
on the rectangular
which
strengthening a remark
we have
make
in the chapter
on moldings.
The
beautiful roses
drawing, nevertheless add considerably to the general richness, and are themselves well
displayed and set off by the elegant moldings over which they are placed.
of the arch a head occupies the place of a rose.
The Church
doorway.
at
North
I.
Mimms
offers
(Section
Decorated, Plate
We may
shafts, lie
on the rectangular
in the hollows
They
are very
and
effective,
add not a
little
to the elegant
The
than rising up
stiffly
against
The bases
;
and in
this respect
is
MUton doorway
this period.
Gabled doorways were stiU very commonly introduced, occurring, as did those of the
previous style, more frequently in the south of Lincolnshire and those counties that
diately surround
fine
it,
imme-
than elsewhere.
;
example of
this description
is
it is finialled,
crocketed, which
a peculiarity observable in
many
it
has been
blocked up and is
the upper
being slightly
fills
Some very
elegant foliage
up
richly crocketed
Northamptonshire
I
doorway
is
is
The moldings
are con-
fine
examples
that in the
* For a further Vol. II. p. 77. description of this beautiful Building, see Parish Churches,
DOORWAYS.
ia
69
is
of
the same
in Buildings
is
of this period,
for without
rarely satisfiictory
severely
felt,
them
the
springing
of
the
arch,
which
defined,
appears un-
determined.
I.
example, with a door of the same date very rich and perfect.
out" of
its
The jamb
or
shafts
have molded
character,
perhaps, rather of no
particular character.
Mimms
and Milton
or presented
or seemed
in
in
many
cases
the smaller details of the Church, such as the sedilia and piscina,
we
are
more
likely to
meet
with minute and exquisitely wrought moldings. above and illustrated in Plate 23 of Section
I.
referred to
rows of shafts having foliated caps, and with excellent arch moldings.
terminates the
condition,
The
finial
which
dripstone
is
not
that
quite
it
perfect,
its
present
mutilated
we should imagine
on either
Here
on the
very
of extraordinary merit,
ball flower.*
Towards the
spandrels
filled
close
and Deopham
feature
:
in
new
window from
this
Church
;
is
illustrated in Section
in fact the
A plan and
entire
I.
p. 35.
70
now
and Heckington, are beautiful and rich examples that at Oadby, Leicesand the one in Brandon Church, Norfolk, tershire, has a traceried head
;
(Section
I.
is
commendable
I.
The example
Decorated, Plate
1,) is
mi^^W-^li
-^ solitary case
hke
this,
I^H
V*'f\,
we would attempt
Aldwinkle Church,
Northamptonshire.
presuming to put
it
of old worked.
Indeed we cannot readUy conceive that such rules as these were then
is
natural construction which wanting, for they are but the necessary results of that
so
remarkably displayed in
all their
works.
If shafts
lie
recesses,
and hence
and
their capitals,
become naturally
so
molds that
also
he in similar
planes.
At
when
the student in
its
Mediaeval Architecture has before him such exquisite specimens of the art in
matured
phase
when
it is
period,
he can turn at once to the truly graceful compositions of the Edwardian his mind is directed to the perhaps mainly as a matter of curious inquiry that
;
arrive at a
eminent beauties,
study it
same
field,
will
each generation receiving with reverence the bequest of its predecessor, and invariably
it
striving to advance
as
on the road to
perfection.
rate,
This research
may
yet
its spirit
often
when
it
may wear
taste
it
spirit in
which
it
was conceived, and pursued with ardour and constancy. The ancient architects devoting the of building, were every way qualified to energies of their powerful minds but to one style it more and more worthy of its develop the manifold graces it is capable of, and thus render
high purpose.
Yet, however great the excellence thereby attainable,
it
his sole and undivided attention to the frequent occurrence that an architect should devote
DOORWAYS.
study and advancement of one particular style out of the
each of which has
sideration after all
its
is
71
ardent votaries
of
the
many which arc in full practice, and more especially when we consider (and the con-
some weight) how dLsproiwrtionate would be the encouragement he would probably meet witli. But be that aa it may, as regards Gothick Architecture, the day is surely coming when it will no longer be studied aa a dead as an art which a
language,
(it is
gulf
ah-eady appreciated) its admirers will boldly strike out anew the track in which our ancestors laboured, and, armed with their principles, will advance it to a climax of To beauty unknown even to them.
return to the subject more immediately under our consideration.
In
label
characteristically dis-
though, as
;
we have
may
work
ance
is
horizontal
and
vertical lines.
St.
Alban's
Abbey Church
cloisters,
is
(Section
find
we
The
interior elevation,
which
flanked by
whole forming a very grand and imposing composition, adapted of course only to a very Church and in so far, perhaps, not large consistently occupying a in the present work, were it not for the place which it many valuable
pedestals, the
;
points
possesses,
peculiar to the
The very
and
may
all
singularly beautiful crowning ornament exhibits a of that very early specimen distinguishing Perpendicular decoration, the strawberry leaf, combined with much that belonged to the stage of art
The
on
its
is
we have
in p. 46.
The door
itself is
found illustrated more at large in Section II. Woodwork, Plate 4. roundlets with which it is studded seem to have been suggested by the
of the Decorated era.
spandrels.
and
will be
The small
ball
flower
in the
The arms
of
Coltishall
Church (Section
I.
is
a very good
we have now arrived. It is placed at the west end of the Church and in the tower, and exhibits the combination of both label and
;
dripstone
is
is
carried
round the
72 tower as a string.*
placed a very
ricli
band of
I
flint
for St.
The
in the base
carved in
circles,
and im-
mediately above
fashion
;
is
a three-light window.
a west doorway and window might almost be considered as forming one design
it
we
The
jamb molds
and
consist of
an exaggerated
in the arch
two casements, leaving two wide, plain chamfers, which have a kind of wave mold sunk from the face.
fiUeted bowtel between
is
a singularly
It is
and
group of moldings
label.
The
slen-
by a crocketed
canopy,
is
The moldings aU
Perpendicular,
Plate
6),
is
magin this
though very
late specimen.
is
Even
still
retained,
which,
interpenetrating
the
part,
string-
on the upper
and was
The moldings
common
practice,
observable in windows
II., p. 71.
see
window
in north
35.
DOORWAYS.
they produce au effect at once confused and unsatisfactorj'.
various groups arc composed of very minute members, divided
73
In the arch hcml, especially, the
by
large
tlie
when
all
was so
beautifully blended
;
The
it
many
instances of
may
it
AU
They
and
in
the principal ones, small square flowers of four leaves occupy the place of the beautiful foliage
of former times.
In the bases
;
we may
is
ceedingly stilted
shaft in height.
The
buttresses
and
may appear
more
decoration.
at first sight,
must be considered
which sought
the design
so rich
and
attractive,
and
and the
we
composition as a whole.
The door
is
itself
now
so
much
The
;
flint
work
it is
of the tower
is
remarkably
weU worked
Islip
a portion of
shown
in the Plate.
Church,
Northamptonshire,
possesses
very
There,
;
good
as
doorway.
at
we
and dripstone
ogeed,
the
latter
and
both
uniting
and
carried
on on
Isup Church, NosTiiAitrTONsaiBS.
base
moldings
of
fills
the tower.
drels,
Some
up the spanfine,
bold
The
is
lowered, to
:
window
altogether
is
Church.
It is
and in
either
;
jamb
is
and
this leads us to
I.
which
in
we may
Church, (Section
Perpendicular,
Plate 3,)
and
Chesham Church,
(Plate
17,)
them
or not
whereas in
drel
is
dripstone, as in the
doorway from
Coltishall
and
it
di-ipstone
becoming
position
its
now very
and when
employed on a
large scale, as
efi'ect
at Potterspury Church,
Northamptonshire, the
unsatisfactory.
Perpendicular
Craksley Church, Northamptonshire.
priest's
doorways
were
usually
plain
and
uninteresting.
The
example,
however,
from Basingstoke
date of
its
is
Perpendicular, Plate
3.)
On
the
monograms
of
blessed
Virgin
other
with
inscriptions
now become
terminate
the label.
we have
frequent op-
of
remarking instances
of
that
unbounded freedom,
Does a window occur
"l-
just
where
it
was wished
to
with
;
the
or,
'f utmost
does
;^ ',.
1)oldness
buttress
at once
made
to
expand on either
side,
desired
doorway
is
pierced
through
or
again,
we may have
been overcome,
R-'
leir Church, LEICK3TERKI11BE.
which the
difficulty has
to
an already existing
DOORWAYS.
doorway.
75
we
by
the
former, instead
of being concealed,
is
immediately and
gracefully
made sub-
ty of the
priest's
latter.
The
in
doorway
Merstham
Surrey,
graceful
tion
TRUKCH
ClirlurM, ^'(lK^ol.K.
Church,
a
exhibits
combinathe jambs
OKurauBCBOB
Cmnicii, Korfoui.
of
dri[-
commendable.
The
interior of the
is
necessarj-
constructive feature
into
converted
In an arched
the door
is
placed considerably
becomes ne-
cessary to
Mebmtham Church, Suhret.
stilt
or give a different
In Section
I.
Perpendicular, Plate
7, is
shown the
verj-
doorway
of wliich
in
is
Lavenham Church,
the
soffit
arch-
with
FcLMiiisaAM Chdrch, BIPFaRD^'nIR^.
II. p. 95.
76
hood mold
capitals.
carried, as in
shafts with
molded
The
priest's
doorway
in
Higham
arrangement
a few moldings
on the
it,
are
satisfactory effect.
shire, Lincolnshire,
In Northampton-
and other
counties,
where stone
opening
is
spires
abound, a
small
in
these openings
Wekkley Church, xortramptonrhire.
are
generally well
as
casionally,
features.
II IGBAM
in
Weekley Church,
are
made ornamental
With such
rare exceptions as in
Higham
Ferrars,
was
an universal
practice to
In
early
Norman
Buildings
this
occasionally indicated
by a
triplet of arches,
with in the village Churches of Sussex, as in Piecombe Church, and Ovingdean, near
Brighton.
the
Though sometimes occurring of extreme simplicity, as in Keymer Church, Sussex, those in the Churches Chancel arch of this period was in general highly enriched
;
of Adel
The Semi-Norman
architects
t-he
In the Church of
I.
Codford
Plate
St.
:
Mary
the
is
Semi-Norman,
5)
outer
are
slightly pointed
;
on plan,
side,
on the east
is
the
shaft
p. 53.
is
An
PIERS
simply
circular,
AND ARCHES.
It
is
said
that during
some
repairs that
arch
it,
had been remodelled and converted from Norman into Semi-Norman by jwinting
style then
its
coming
into
left
almost in
original state.
very plain and simple, compared with the west, but this
Norman work
the
parts
that
would
left
more immediately
the
comparatively unadorned.
This
we
find
to
nave arches
iu
New Shoreham
are
richly
from
the
aisles
molded and
while
carved with
face
foliage
on the
aisles
sides
which
open
into
the
Chancel,
those
is
which
the
Chancel
are
altogether omitted.*
was due
which
portions
to
in composition,
and not
would
only
to
decorate
sight,
those
more immediately
from
the
of
in
we may
which
gather
extreme
the
care
with
every
In
part
Building
was
finished.
this
very Church of
lights
New
Shoreham, the
window which
roof and
the
space
between the
aisle,
seen,
nevertheless
richly
moldings
enough)
plain
;
and
outside,
dogtooth, the
(curiously
opening
perfectly
(See
Ap-
A
practice,
favourite
and
elegant
Early English
teali tf I-
^J..t
Such
is
Bunnell
*
a small foliated shaft carries the inner order of moldings, while the outer order
in
;
The arches
Felmarsham Church
simply chamfered
t
We are
indebted to the kindness of C. Hansom, Esq., Architect, for the use of some very accurately measured
elegant example.
drawings of
tliis
continued
is
down
to the ground.
in
beauty
the
shafts
are
slender
quisite
workmanship,
introduced
and
are
roof
order
Clymping
Church,
Sussex,*
the
inner
carried on
a corbel,
In
Whitwell
Church,
Rutlandshire,
is
the
arrangement
jambs on
other
either side.t.
In
instances,
and
more particularly
as
in
Skclton
Church, Yorkshire
a hah" octagonal
which continued
is
well illustrated
and always effective method in the example from Long Stanton Church,
This, a simple,
little
Cambridgeshire.^
not a
little
singular,
an important feature as the Chancel arch should so frequently have been left devoid of The arch in Raunds Church, Northamptonshire, a Decorated addition to ornament.
* See interior of this
Church
in
II., p. 75. p.
Parish Churches,
85.
carried on beautifully clustered shafts, having Hartlepool Church, Durham, has a richly molded Chancel arch,
I., p.
33.
7'j
ball
flower,
Even
any particular
the
mode
of treatment
the
new
fashion,
style.
To resume,
then,
we may remark,
its
that in
was distinguished by
carried
if
sculpture,
usually
on shafts
in recessed
jambs
of considerable
;
elegance, though
carved
ornaments were
arches
then
Perpendicular
were of
supported on semi-piers or
gradual introduction
these
latter the
continuous
of rich
down
the
ground.
It
is
and
costly screens of
wood induced
existed,
to transfer to
As
it
is
and
all
down any
it
positive
ndes
may
appears to
easily
we can
many
as
its
proportions
an unusually handsome
;
window
or,
when
was intended,
case,
talent.
tlie
generally identical,
other times,
quite independent of
any
other.
earlier Buildings,
Norman
great
size
,
piers
of
piers
at
St.
Nicholas,
Harbledown, Kent:
better
is
Sandridge
octagonal,
are
of
much
which
outline.
we
rather a late specimen, subdivided into parts, and considerable efiect produced
by the
are
introduction of engaged
frequently,
as
in
nook
shafts.
Early English
piers,
Other examples
At Boxgrove Church,
80
Sussex,* those
pier,
while
in both cases
Purbeck
the
material
employed.
furnishes
At
St. Alban's,
Even
in Early
\ ,^
in
St.
Martin's,
Leicester,*
we
and
larger
filleted.
This
fillet
applied
to the
eatos bra^I^fobdshibe.
principal shafts,
became an established
in the examples
We may notice it
Morton Church,
Lincolnshire (Plate 21), has a simple and elegant pier, the plan being produced
half circles applied to the several sides of a square.
beautifully foliated.
by four
All the
caps in this
Church are
The
the
piers,
occasional
itself
to
arches,
even in
beautiful
piers
who
consequently
the
is
shown
Lavenham Church,
Sufiblk.
As we have
and
had occasion
to
observe,
a peculiar characteristick of
all
Perpendicular piers,
in
previous
examples,
arch.
consists
the
moldings of
Arcades were
their use
with in
The Norman
architects
however
delighted in
extensively
introducing
their towers.
them
In
in their works,
St.
6.
PANELLING.
Abbey
buildings,
is
81
enriched
wrought,
with
capitals
remarkably
from
and
variously
carved.
Two
examples
of
Semi-Norman
Norman, Plate
character,
2.
New Shoreham
Church, are
given in
Section
L Semi-
English Structure, has a very beautiful arcade both on the north and south sides which,
in
this
case,
stalls
that were
afterwards used
height
similar
for a
for it is
seat.
occupies a
Alban's
;
Abbey
it
has
highly
eflFective.
other instances of
its
applica-
tion internally in Churches of this date will be found at Histon Church, Cambridgeshire,
and
Thurlby,
Lincolnshire.
of
In
the
Chancel of
Merstham
Chiirch,
Surrey,
capital
an arch
may
additions
is
alterations.
At All
Saints'
Church, Stamford, an
carried
St.
Mary's, Stamford
Ketton, Rutlandshire
generally
omitted,
rapidly
entirely superseded
by the introduction
eagerly
of
panelling,
which
during the
introduced in the
Buildings
then erecting.
of receiving
this
There was no portion of the wall but what was considered susceptible
new enrichment
buttresses,
parapets,
soffits
windows, and archways, and especially basement moldings, are found profusely ornamented
with
it.
The
Abbot's
tower
at
Eversham
is
completely
covered
with
panelling,
double
row
of
panels,
very
rich
and
Those
from
Lavenham
and
in the
Church,
centres
character,
clothier,
of
them
are
the
initials
and
mark
of
the
flint
Thomas
Spring,
the
In the
work
in
to which
we have
already
as
at
foliated
panels are
abundantly introduced
in
or
their
stead
we
find,
Coltishall
Norfolk, the
crowned
initial
letter of the
patron
saint
method of diapering
plain
was very
prevalent.
We may
notice
appearance even in z
Norman work,
as
over the
window
82
Fig. 2),
of St.
Margaret's,
at
Cliffe
but
it
is
in
the last
is
Abbey Church, that we may first remark the extensive use named Edifice contains many beautiful and varied designs. In
;
Dunstable Church
it
Beverley Minster
may
also be
mentioned as an instance of
given in Plate 19 of Section
I.
external application.
foiir
and
known specimen
at Canterbury, is illustrated in Professor Willis's History of the Cathedral.* as they are also important,
members
in Gothick Architec-
in
Norman work,
strip of wall,
it
narrow
which
corbel table
so that in fact
The tower
At
window
is
another small
Norman
cap.
The Semi-
Norman tower
of
;
weathered heads
midway with
In the small Early English village Structures, the buttresses stiU remained
but secondary features in the design
;
their projection
was very
slight,
and
Wenham
Early
and was
the
Sufi"olk (see
same
Plate)
side of the
Chancel
it is
(Also illustrated in
we
find the
J
in
Felmarsham
^^i
St. marqarkt's, leicestoe.
ChuTQh
in the Chancel they have a very slight projection, but at the west
St.
Margaret's,
t See Section
I.
Semi-Norman, Plato
5,
75.
BUTTRESSES.
Leicester, has a fine
83
arrangement of buttresses
;
in the latter
It
:
an elegant peculiarity
may
be observed in the
buttresses
Very
excellent examples,
deriving
ai-e
all their
Such
rated,
Fen Ditton Church, Cambridgeshire (Section I. DecoPlate 17), has also some plain, yet very good specimens
same date
:
of about the
a practice which
as
applied
to
village
is
Churches.
Church
and terminate
ridge.
in a
kind of trefoUed
(Section
I.
and a
shire,
trefoiled panel
on the
face.
tracery.
lijr
crocketed buttresses.
The
buttresses
84
perfect beauty
very lofty and rising in graduated stages, they terminate in gables with
trefoUed ridges, and have very elegant foliated niches in the upper stages, with pedestals
exquisitely
first
carved.
It
is
we may
as a distinctive peculiarity
finest
work
whereas
it
practice.
we sometimes
placed at
that
are
those
others
an
at
angle of
partly dying
into
the
as in the rich
examples from
St.
Margaret's,
IniMJtK
Leicester.
stages.
In
(Section
I.
Perpen-
frl
BuaTHOEPE^CHDECH,
as in the
is
previous style
elegant crocketed
upper
part.
New Walthat
singham Church,
and the
it
peculiar
and pleasing
I.
Perpen-
dicular, Plate
of the date of
is
erection (1430),
carried
exceedingly simple in
outline,
flict
and derives
enriched, in
common with
the whole
Alice
of
t;.e
The
initials of
Edward and
Moi^. and the mark of the husband's trade, occur on shields in various
parts of the design.
buttresses,
also
some good
:
worked out of
faces
those,
and elaborate
detail.
(Section
I.
They
and are
The armorial
PARAPETS.
85
bearings of the Veres, Earls of Oxford, and generous benefactors to the Church, appear on
the l)uttresscs.
Pinnacles were sparingly used during the Decorated period, and then, do not appear
to belong so
much
For
instance,
we
frequently find an
of
as
excessive
in
plainness
or again,
the
Over Claybrook,
similar
Leicestershire,
degree
of
enrichment
conclude,
that these
the architecture of the ordinary parish Church, until the full establishment of the Perpendicular,
is
of frequent
occurrence.
angles
Chancel
the
only.
they
rise
out of
the
the
buttresses
clearstory.
Chancel and
and
is
also
out
of the
embattled
parapet to
similarly enriched.
The
elegant
into
;
buttresses
to
the
and
Etton,*
the
spire
table.
At Stanwick,*
in
the
same
county,
off
they
appear
as
rather
well
rise
as
and are
profiled
on the
sides,
as
in
in a very
manner; while at Achurch, they only some towers, even of the Decorated
Kent,
to the
Again,
arc
period,
have
no
buttresses
in other,
at
all
such
Southfleet,*
cases,
and
Barnwell,*
Northamptonshire,
while
and
far
more frequent
St.
the buttresses in
Redcliffe,
Mary,
all
In
Perpendicular towers are mainly indebted for their grandeur to the noble proportions
of
their
buttresses,
in richly
crocketed pinnacles
very fine
examples occur in the Churches of Bishops Lydeard,* Beaminster (Dorset), Ludlow (Salop),
the Holy Trinity, Coventry,
St.
St
George's, Doncaster.
In
are
table.
excellently
but terminate
below the
parapet
In
Deopham
panelled.
and finished
and
The Parapet,
is
as
we have
elsewhere remarked,
architects
is
as frequent
it
in
some
parts,
as
it
rare
in
*
others.
The Norman
seldom introduced
T.
and
II.
A A
86
very
possibly,
however,
many Norman
of
parapets,
situation,
have been
in the style in vogue at the time the restoration occurred. replaced by others
;
The tower
top,
it is chamfered at Clymping Church,* has a plain parapet, apparently original and carried on a row of corbels. In its complete state, the parapet may be divided
;
into
the string or
Polebrook
Sutterton,
Church, Northants, has some very good examples of Early Enghsh character
Lincolnshire, the cornice
&c.
;
at
is
aisle
later
date,
filled
relief
frequently
quatrefoils,
style,
all
trefoils,
some flowing
first
tracery,
as
In this
it is
also,
we
may
not at
unlikely
period.
Higham
difference that
may
is
and
later
examples
is,
legitimate
and horizontal
position,
whereas subsequently
it
carried
down
the distinctive peculiarities of the Decorated and Perpendicular parapet are well contrasted.
In
St.
is
stiU held in
view
contrary,
;
it
is
continuous
up with a
By
far
is
very
fine,
in
Badgeworth Church*
of a simpler,
yet
pleasing,
character.
;
The parapet
is
in
Martham Church,*
In
exhibits
a good
specimen
of flint decoration
the coj)ing
flint
not returned.
Deopham
much
enriched with
panelling,
and surmounted by a
;
fine
out
the
of the
parapet
rising
and
at
Filby,
near
Yarmouth,
parapet
graduated
the
centre,
a characteristick
Engraved in the
Pari^li'
Churches, Vol.
CROSSES.
feature
in
87
Doncaster,
it,
Norfolk towers.
The tower of
St.
George's,
has
remarkably
Louth,
on each
side.
Lincolnshire,
and Bitton, Gloucestershire, have both very handsome panelled parapets, with
The
natural
gable,
was made
period.
From
MSS. we may
even then, they were invariably introduced, though owing to the want
it is
The
fanatical
many which
the ravages
of time
unharmed.
The Church
distinct
We
find Crosses,
carved in low
relief,
at Barnack,
and worked
of
Martham Church.
In Cranford,
the
N.R and
S.E.
roofs.
we
find
them
at the four
brnack chuhch. NorrMAiTOKSHiE.
Dcopham,
in the
is
same county,
The
enclosed
earliest Crosses
within
circle,
I.
projecting,
Cross,
as in
Edith
Western
over the
pat^e
of
Church.
(Section
Early English,
The
lately destroyed,
Norman Chancel
inscribed
of
Bamwood
circle,
Church,
mentioned
Knights
by
Lyson
as
Cross
St.
within
the
badge
of
the
Hospitallers
of
John
Jerusalem.
led
to
this
and
many
them
;
examination we would
;
classify
Simple Crosses
2,
Wheel Crosses
3,
Floriated
Crosses
4,
Tracery Crosses.
the arms sometimes are merely chamfered,
or
engrailed,
as
In
Simple Crosses
Gloucestershire,
as
at
as
in
Churchdown
Church,
or
at
cusped,
Tinwell,
as
(Section
St.
I,
Decorated,
28,)
or
the
arms
trefoiled,
in
or again,
we sometimes meet
with them ornamented with a small flower raised on the face of each arm.
perfect
*
fine
and
example of a wheel
are
the
east
of
Oadby
The authors
now
preparing illustrations of a series of Gable Crosses, to which they would refer for a more
ample account of
88
Church,
it
radiating from
WhitweH Church,
Tlie
Early English,
is
may
included in this
visible.
class,
for
though the
circle
omitted,
its
very
the
arms of the Cross, grouping the whole together in a very beautiful manner, as at
Norfolk, (Section
I.
Hingham Church,
Cley Church, Norfolk, probably possesses the finest example of this class in the kingdom.
I.
certainly the
most magnificent of
have
met with
it is
out of which
Crosses,
worked.
to
we would
;
frequently
(Section
(Plate 21.)
I.
I.
be found
Norfolk
15,)
Morton,
Stody.
Perpendicular, Plate
Ludham,
(Plate
33,)
and
Trunch and
are
Two
early
this class
given
in Section
Other varieties
they are in
examining.
reality,
may
yet
we have been
Such
I.
is
the simple and effective Cross over the chancel of Wichford Church,
its
Wilts, (Section
St. IMary's,
one which would be classed with tracery Crosses, had not the usual arrangement been
whimsically departed from in the lower part, and cusps substituted for the two secondary
branches.
On some
at
Crosses
(Section
we
I.
of the faces, as
Oakham
is
Perpendicular,
Plate 21,)
whde
one.
at
Little
Casterton a smaller
of Thorns
(or
Cross
is
At Louth a Crown
beautifully twined
and
at
had)
its
outer
circle
of
some
let into
Ifeaden joint, a
;
practice
many
beautiful
examples
for,
is
in
course
the
loosened,
and
was
drops
down
and very
rarely,
(we
say)
in former days,
set
up
again.
The thickness
of the Cross
;
depended of course in a great measure upon the strength of the stone employed
generally
CROSSES FONTS.
from four to
five
89
inches
may
be considered a
fair
average.
aisle
of
Humberetone Church,
Leicestershire, the
now
the material
Bamack
stone.
The
ways
in
limits of this
work
is
many
:
different
adjuncts
we wiU
therefore,
and appropriate
iise
in
Two
carved
in
relief,
while the
incised or
sunk
in the slab.
he
interest,
and
we can
At
it
an
illustration,
even of the
types of the different fonts used during the three grand periods of Gothick architecture.
The
examples
as
introduced,
each
of
illustrating
one of
these
epochs,
must be considered,
therefore,
good
specimens
dates
their
several
It
it
eras,
but
by no
means
as
decided
to
characteristicks
of the of
they represent.
font,
has
been
considered
difficult
inexpedient
to
select
give
an
illustration
Norman
for
would be rather
one
are
among
the
many which
met with
all
The two
the
earliest
forms of
still
Norman
fonts,
its
cube
the
former,
preserving
circular
was afterwards
this
raised
on
and base
(a
is
very beautiful
example of
arrangement
while
shafts.
the
latter
central
by four small
In
many
fashion
was preserved
the
Churches of Merstham
and
also
Shiere,
Surrey,
class.
The
;
single
stem was
I.
occasionally
made
it
of,
as
in
the
font
in
Weston Church
(Section
Early
English,
Plate
27,)
priest,
which
shape of Decorated fonts, greater license seems to have been used than at
:
at
is
shafts
at
Orchardleigh,
is
and
cup-shaped
refer to the
and
at
Ewerby
is
an
"
by Van
many
excellent woodcuts.
B B
90
in
the fonts
we
first
shafts,
as at
Eedgrave Church.
(Section
Decorated, Plate
32),
or panels divided
by
small pinnacles, as at
Hedon Church,
Yorkshire.
Perpendicular fonts, though frequently richer than the previous ones, exhibit nevertheless considerable
eight-sided
is
and raised on a molded stem, though at Hurley Church, Berkshire, the font
a simple
;
octagonal block, tapering downwards, with panelled sides, and buttresses at the angles
while
in Cornwall some extraordinary and anomalous forms are occasionally met with.
decorations were then very prevalent
;
Sculptured
animals,
especially
lions,
stem, while
the basin
is
Walsoken
rendered
together
Church,
highly
Norfolk,
interesting
has
very
beautiful
its
and
rich
font
of
this
description,
execution
(1544)
being
cut
upon
;
it,
the
former has
and
pinnacles,
and on the
angels,
sides are
ported
by brackets formed
of foHage
and
The
supported by
The
shaft
is
ornamented in the same manner as the bowl, but the niches contain
artistick
skill.
The emblems of
in Plate 28,
inferior in point
of richness,
foliage.
nevertheless a pleasing
series
of steps,
either square,
or
;
octagonal.
as in
the risers
are
frequently
enriched with
quatrefoUs
the
In
both
whUe
for
the use
it
is
met with
even in early
fonts,
date.
The Sedilia,
or
the
ofiiciating priests,
Altar,
were
6,
9.
of the
;
form
as
in
Great
Wenham
The
Suflblk
(Appendix, Plate
Fig.
and
in St. in the
Martin's, Leicester.
same design
as the sedUia.
*
SECTION n.-OF
TIMBER
its
angels,
traceried
spandrels,
exquisite
as
bosses,
and above
as
it
its
is
truly
art.
glorious
a sight,
Such
excellence, however,
judging from
it
we would conclude
was
as unscientifick as
all
was rude.
classed under
is
the
of
head of tie-beam
this description,
and appears
by
collars
;
braced together
are
carried
slanting
are
also
tenoned
into
the
principals,
and
down on
to
the
of the roofing.
a roof of a somewhat
similar construction
it is
is
much
and
is
rafters,
carried
on
struts
framed into
ones,
the
beam, as at Adel
these
struts
are
further
strengthened
by smaller
framed
There
with
from them into the tie-beam, and following very nearly the rake of the roof
is
flush
the
very general
the projecting
"
practice.
*
indeed, cutting
off"
permitted
consideration
the work
Analysis"
is
now
in the pressi
ancient roofs the tie-beam was employed to hold the walls together
down on
to
it it
is
employed
to tie
92
that
has
Yet even in very early examples we sometimes meet with a certain degree of
evincing
careful
embellishment,
workmanship
one of the
is
beams of the
Norman
;
roof
enriched with
a billet molding
and
roofs,
was to
rafters,
truss
each
rafter,
sometimes by
and halved
;
at the intersections,
II.
(Section
Woodwork,
each
rafter
Plate 24,)
as
was more
usually the
stiffened
case
in
roofs of considerable
span,
had a
collar,
by braces sometimes crossing above the coUar, and underside. The foot of each rafter was so framed, as to
whose base generally was equal to the thickness of the
this contrivance obtained
triangle,
on which
it
rested,
and by
an excellent hold
thus any
one plate, placed midway in the wall, the feet of the rafters being halved upon
soimetimes they occur with an internal and external plate
central
plate,
;
but
or,
as at Heckington, with a
slightly projecting
cornice.
is
case,
it
When
still
retained,
and introduced
the
length
of the
as
in
the
has a
molded cornice projecting from the wall and carried on notch heads, and into which
the tie-beam with similar moldings
is
framed.
ties in
Chancel,
the
between each.*
;
was not
long,
however,
before
tie-beam
was
altogether
omitted
and
the
rafters,
simply trussed,
continued
favourite style of roofing with the Early English and Decorated architects.
are generally from one foot six inches to
The
rafters
two
feet
their scantling
more numerous
That in their
after aU, for
than any others, but in most cases they have been lathed and plastered.
original state they
though
picturesqueness and beauty, nothing can exceed the view of the rafters intricately crossing.
Sometimes a trussed
aisles, as
in St.
Michael's,
Long
See an engraving of
ROOFS.
Stanton, Cambridgeshire
;
93
down on
and terminating
Decorated
framed foot
roofs,
however, far from being always of this simple description, are frequently
of great beauty, and display considerable constructive knowledge in the framing of their
principals, ridge, pm-lins,
collar roofs.
&c
The
in
Its
may
foliated,
produce an excellent
eflfect
Other curved and molded braces are framed into the underside
of the tie-beam, forming a pointed arch, and serving to bring the weight of the roof lower
down on
the walls.
Ferrars Church, Northamptonshire, also, has a good roof of Decorated date
is
;
Higham
the tie-beam
very
framed into
it,
and bases
The
cornice
An
is
Wrmmington Church,*
in
is
Beds, built
by
"3)01)^15 CTuvtCgis:
first
M%
1391.
of the
almost entirely as
sists of
designed,
a cambered
is
beam with
Higham
the ridge
same manner as
and so low
is
the pitch in this example, that the purlins rest directly on the tie-beam without any intervening
strut.
Of Decorated
each truss
is
about midway
;
on the
collar
* For an engraving of this roof, see Parish Churches, Vol. II. p. 93.
t Ancient
roofs,
an angle of 90 was
Norman
roofe,
indeed, in this
style,
we
occasionally .meet
PerpendiciJar roofs
The Decorated
only four.
roof over the south aisle of St. Martin's, Leicester, has a sjmn of twenty ^)ne feet,
in
with a
rise of
The roofs
roofs,
flat.
tects gradually
lowered their
though
94
lies
further strengthened
and kept in
its
place
by small curved
collar,
braces,
There
is
and carved
There
is
a roof of a somewhat
aisle of St.
is
and
exceedingly interesting.
Its construction is
rafters
the underside
These
the former
also are
framed the
filled
latter,
with tracery.
which are
cai-ved
curved braces
expression
;
they are about four feet in height, exceedingly well carved, and
to be emblematical of
of
virtues,
upon
we have abeady
examined.
Here we may
first
is
is
a curved brace in
two pieces
pins
;
is
tenoned into the undersides of the collar and principal, and fixed with wooden
foot of the brace is also
and the
is
cornice
and answere a
distinct purpose
from that of
In the
and Norfolk,
may
it
consisting of a
is
beam
to
hammer-beam,
which
affords
an additional
lateral tie
either
pierced
unfrequently with
having
from
* St. Martio's
are continued
aisles
is
a span roof,
and the
rafters
it
down
which is covered by a
The
and with
worthy
materials, these
two
why
not fully carry out the restoration, and extend this enrichment to the
new
roofs
ROOFS.
expanded wings, as
usually molded,
at
95
while the upper part like the lower
is
and sometimes,
We may
for
rafters
far back,
and
in
some
l)etween the
waU
and the
of the rafters.
it
To
fill
this
space with masonry would not only be a piece of useless construction, but
would
also tend
much
&om
roof,
Perpendicular
panelling
the
effect,
however,
is
Wymondham
Church, Norfolk
its fullest
(Sect.
II.
WoodThe
development
:
roofs
may
a hammer-beam
bedded on a
plate,
internally its projection varies perhaps from one-fifth to one-sixth of the width of the opening
a wall piece
is
framed into
its
underside, and
is
is
on
a corbel
hammer-beam
is
brought
down
by means of the
and
in a
of the former,
manner
is
A
is
principal,
it
which
tied in
by the
collar,
:
to the coUar
and supporting
strut
thus
'
and
The
by three
purlins
and an intermediate
is
principal,
many
;
in one of
them we may
crowned M.
pattern
is
merely pierced through, or with the edges chamfered, as in the examples before
Very
In this roof
we may
pieces.
and
and wall
96
Woodwork,
:
Plates 26
and
27),
we
find a
The king-posts
are beautifully
wrought into
and
The
efiect
Church, which
choir,
also
a double
hammer-beam
Trunch
Church, also in Norfolk, has a magnificent roof over the nave, without a
tied in
being merely
by
its
most elaborate
richness.
Woolit is
hovering
also
midway
The lower
worked
into niches,
with figures of
saints,
suspended
is
too well
known
to need description.
In another kind more frequently met with in the Midland Counties, and also in Devonshire
feature.
the tie-beam
itself is finely
with flowers
and in
fact
in a high degree.
As
itself in
the Perpendicular period drew to a close, the expiring genius of Gothick art exhibited the roofs no less than in
fiat,
all
exceedingly
was sought
remedied and
Many
we have
is
almost
infinite,
but
interesting subject
and
therefore, in
the present
briefly
work
to devote to this
sum up
1st,
we may be
j)itch
I., p.
For an engraving of
49.
WOODWORK.
much below
;
97
of 90 to one of 60, rarely exceeding the latter, but not unfrequently, even in Early English
examples, very
common
different periods
modem
and
in
common with
all
if closely
examined, would
still
And, before
we would
humble
land can boast of roofs such as those that abound with us, either in beauty or boldness of
execution.
None but
those
close
and bestowing a
careful
inspection,
effect
few
pious
many most
exquisite
Churches will be
sufficiently
understood
ornamented, the actual construction and disposition ever remained the same, and consisted
of a continuous sUl laid along the floor, into which the bench ends were stubbed, the seats
being supported on brackets placed at intervals, with the backs either terminating level with
the seats, or carried
seat,
down
;
to the floor
it
little
when not
their
of Section
Woodwork.
The
sUl is
molded
case,
and the bench ends are ornamented with small and some very
buttresses, in
more
3.
The top
finish level
we
find the
same description of
but very
much more
continued
down
to the floor,
crass sUL
and Crowcombe
Churches are
still
filled
seats,
all
of late workmanship.
Woodwork, Plate
V D
in
98
initials,
having
name
At
finished
other times,
and
especially in Norfolk
and
Suffolk, the
for
with
finials,*
affording
the
carver
opportunities
of
his
imagination, which indeed appears to have been most wonderfully prolifick, for not only
were two
different.
finials rarely
St.
found alike in the same Church, but even the two sides were generally
patterns
30.
nor
6,
16, 20,
and
to
most
finials is
the fleur de
Poppy, or poppy
derived from the frequent custom of working the terminations into figures of priests, warriors,
&c.
this description
in
examples of ogeed bench ends richly panelled, though of rather late date and exhibiting a
declining taste.
in the
Church of
St.
by
figures,
many
original splendour.
Though
still
was
it
and worthy
and
rich
gilding.
To
all
more
especially,
was considered
essential.
and
the
the casement.
On
lower panels were customarily painted the holy Apostles, or other Saints and Martyrs.
a few specimens of screens have been given, for, to do
But
them
justice, a
one
in
word
is
we must almost
term for the bunch of foliage terminating the fynyall ; represented the entire pinnacle, while the crop is the legitimate " et altitude a le gargayle usque le crop qui finit le stone-work 31 pedes," see Willis's Nomenclature of the Middle
Ages.
p.
209.
WOODWORK.
which
effects.
99
alflo
shall be
Wuties, but
the polychromatick
is
An
given
iu Section II.
Woodwork,
Plate 7
its
moldings
very characteristick.
Other
examples of
is
design.
a selection of
panel heads from a very beautiful screen lately in Cheater Cathedral, but which
to have been destroyed since our drawings were made.
we understand
(Section
11.
Woodwork, Plate
10,) has
The carving
some of the
crockets, spandrels,
The lower
8,)
WeUs
Cathedral (Section
triangle, as the
II.
Woodwork, Plate
have
some very
is
rich tracery, in
early examples
however, never display any carved work, owing to the general practice of those times of intro-
at once a strengthening
and a
beautiful enrichment
Some few
their great
Norman
Such
is
ham
is
I.
Norman, Plate
6),
deal.*
Towards the
it
out of the
inside,
solid.
These panels are strengthened and tied together by cross pieces placed
to the outer face
I.
:
is
three inches
and a
half.
In North
Mimms
Church, (Section
is
similarly
is
Holbeach Church
is
its
framing
and
in
details are
I.
minutely described, and wiU be best understood by reference to the Plate 10,
Decorated.
Section
*
Only one other instance has come under the notice of the authors, where this material has been preferred to oak, namely, the doors to the chapter house at York, which are of later date, but also profusely enriched with ironwork.
100
surpassed in ricliness
costly
and canopies,
all
of the most
Many
the head.
the
one in
Deopham Church
mens
transitional
speci-
one of them
Woodwork, Plate
4.
I.
Other
Early
Porches were frequently built of oak, and Decorated and Perpendicular examples are
even
Section
The south porch of Aldham Church, Essex, is The accompanying plans and Woodwork, Plates 12, and 13.
which was very similar in
all
illustrated in
sections will
cases.
and
and
cusps terminations, aU exhibiting in a high degree the talent and taste of the
The
bosses from Hashngfield Church, in Plate 28, are situated at the intersections of the principal
its
moldings.
METALWORK.
NDIFFERENCE
ironwork
the other, have despoiled our Churches of the greater part of their ancient
;
it, .as
difficult as it is to
branch of
art.
The Norman Architects frequently displayed the greatest ingenuity in this In St. Alban's Abbey Church are some hinges of that early period two of
;
them
and
9,
is
of Section
II.
Metalwork.
That in Plate
has the
and
finished with
commencement
of a serpent
is
;
The knob
is
this device,
in high relief,
material.
In
METALWORK.
chisel
;
101
is
commencement, and
is
gradually brought
down
specimen of
entire door
is
Norman
ii-onwork
to be found in
I.
Sempringham Church,
6,
The
represented in Section
Norman, Plate
also covered
the design
Alban's,
we may
heads
is
the whole
The
art of
working
this metal,
it,
its
infancy
Ai'chitects rapidly
improved
so great
superior.
Numerous examples of doors covered with the elegant scroll work of this age are yet The example from St. Mary^s, Norwich, is most remaining in different parts of the country.
excellent,
and in a very
large.
perfect state
it
is
ornamental parts at
is
No
less beautiful
the
(Plate 11).
is
merely used as a
stifilener,
the hinges
attached.
The
Mary's, Norwich.
The doors
ironwork.
They
which division
is
made apparent in
the different
work
they are
all
exceedingly graceful, and of the most finished work(see Plate 4), exhibit
manship.
The
details
some of the
varieties of the
leaf
terminations,
and
In
all
we may remark,
;
that the small branches invariably proceed from the outer side of the scroll
the section of
the scroll
it
is
sometimes raised to an
arris, as in
as in
Many
engraved in Plate
9.
is
given a
very elaborate stiffener from Tunstead Church, and also one of a plainer description from
Great Casterton Church.
102
as in the examples
5)
St.
(Plate 13).
or less enriched, even
The
when
the
quite plain.
:
Examples of
all
abundant
the
flat plate
to
is
which it
is
The
plate
and
occurs from the simply indented pattern in the Churches of Diss, and Bapchild (Plate the highly ornamented examples in
7), to
(Plates 5
and
12).
The
is
shown
in Plate 5,
surface
is
further enriched
ornamented
very frequently
it
plain circle, or
was elongated,
it
and 12)
at
Ashby,
St.
Leger's,
Alban's two
serpents
good
effect
as
at
9),
The
an extraordinary specimen- of
feature,
the smith's
plate
and helped
is
At Martham Church
(Plate 13),
2),
and
in
windows was
Rushden
kind of fleur de
lis,
as at
same
plate), or
railings
Some specimens
at
preserved in Arundel
its
Church.
original railing
and
period (1292)
its
plate,
show
off
METALWORK.
remains in the Abbey.
103
The doors
into the
Abbey Church, a
portion of which
In
is
St. Alban's.
we
will candidly
many more
subjects that
we would most
fain
illustration,
but
to
it
we have borne
prospectus,
as closely as possible.
will never
session of the
make
a Church Architect
necessaiy.
there
is
hardly a
village
Church, however unpretending, but will furnish some information to the diligent
;
inquirer
for,
"Yet do the
THE
EjSTD.
TO.
BEDFORDSHIEE.
DuDstable,
106
TO.
Arreton
Basingstoke Old Basing Nately
21
74 95
.
Eomsey Abbey
St.
Cross
Winnal Magdalen
HEEEFOEDSHIEE.
Leominster
28
HEETFOEDSHIEE.
North Minims
68, 69, 99 St Alban's Abbey 5, 7, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 33, 35, 39, 44, 45, 46,53,67,71, 80,81, 100,101,102,103 .58, 79, 92 Sandridge
.
.
.52,
Wheathampstead
30, 31
IRELAND.
Galway
St. Patrick,
89 Dublin
ib.
KENT.
Bapchild
Barfreston
.
Canterbury Cathedral
15,
Chartham
Cobham
Darenth
Hartley
Headcorn
12 18 32
24, 26, 33, 37,
Heme
Hythe
43
18
Meopham
Milton
Northfleet
.
54, 62
14
17, 41, 73 24, 27, 28, 34, 37, 41, 43, 56,
19,
Shorno
Southfleet
St.
.
Bartholomew's Hospital Chapel St. Margaret at Cliffe St. Mary's Cray St. Nicholas Harbledown Stone , Sutton at Hone
.
.
3.5,
85 54 62, 82 37
81
34, 43, 79
Thannington
70 33
LEICESTERSHIEE.
Belgravc
21, 28
Eothley
Dunton Basset
Evington
21, 25, 33,
24 86
Godeby Maureward
TO.
107
Hingham Hunworth
Kenuinghall
38,81
81
.
Knapton
95,96
.
Little Snoring
62
86, 86,
Ludham
Norwich Cathedral
Eopps
St.
Nicholas at
Lynn
31,44
88 88 75, 88, 96
31, 54, 55, 101
Walsoken
Wiuterton Worstead
55, 69,
.
72,"
Wymondhani
90 39 85, 90 95
NOEMANDY.
Desecrated Church at Eouen
St.
30
7
Ouen
at
Eouen
NOETHAMPTONSHIEE.
Achiirch
.
Aldwinkle
Ashby
St. Leger's
Baruack Barnwell
John
Cransley Crick
Duddington
Ettou
Floore
.
29,
9 21
65, 66, 76, 86,
Higham
Islip
Ferrars
56 93
King's Sutton
73 31 66 17, 20, 22
88
.
83
36, 37, 65, 76, 78, 81
Eaunds
Eingstead Eothwell
27 65 99, 102
18,
St. Peter's,
Northampton
56, 81
19, 20, 35, 40, 64, 78,
.
Warniington
Weekley
83 93 39, 76, 79
72,
108
TO.
Steyning
12, 13,
Capel
St.
Mary's
42, 94, 95
Debeahani
Eye
Great
Wenham
75,
Polstead
Eaydon
Redgrave
Kickenhall
St. Mary's, Bxiry St. Mary, Stratford
.
23,
29,
31, 55,
Stoke Stuston
Woolpit
Tangmere Westhamptnet
12, 17,
35 18 33
WAEWICKSHIRE.
Beaudesert
13 85 85 33
WILTSHIRE.
Codford
St.
Mary's
49,76
15, 50,
35,
South Newton
St.
Wichibrd
62 65 18 37 88
SUEEEY.
Bishop's Palace, Southwark
Merstham
Oakham
Shiere
42 89 20 89
WORCESTERSHIRE.
Abbot's Tower, Eversham
81
YORKSHIRE.
SUSSEX.
Arundel
. .
.
.102
.
Boxgrove
Chichester Cathedral
79
Clymping ~
Hangleton
.20
.
82 86, 90, 92
14, 42,
Keymer
Lindiield
.
34, 76
37, 55,
80 37
92 76 76
18
Preston Southease
78
12
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
(4
WINDOWS.
110
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
WINDOWScon^mwed
KO.
(
Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire
Dunton
Basset, Leicestershire
.
*Grafton Underwood, Northamptonshire *Cranford St. Andrew's, Northamptonshire *Cranford St. John, Northamptonshire
Kent
Ditto Ditto
Ditto Ditto
Chesham
Bois, Buckinghamshire
Chenies, Buckinghamsliire
Alban
.
St. Mary's Stratford, Suifolk Holbeach, Lincolnshire Ditto Ditto Eoydon, Essex
Bottisham, Cambridgeshire Trumpington, Cambridgeshire Worstead, Norfolk Ditto Ditto Paston, Norfolk Hingham, Norfolk Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto
.
. .
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
WINDOWS continued.
Cottiugham, Northamptonshire Sawbridgcworth, Hertfordshire
Southflcot,
>o.
Ill
or uoBTs
PAOB
sionoN
run
four three
Kent
two
five
27 27 27
27 27 28
Riiigstead, Nortliamptonsliire
HoUoii
St.
St.
Mary, Suffolk
Alban's
Southflcot,
Sawbridgcworth, Hertfordshire Wheathanipstead, Hertfordshire Eouen, Normandy Tunstead, Norfolk Famdish, Bedfordshire Brandon, Norfolk
.
28 28 30 30
31
two
five
Alban's
lancet
33 34 34 34 34 35 36 36 39
41 41
Southfleet,
Harbledown, Kent
Southfleet,
Kent
.
41 42 43 43 30
31
*Barnwell, Northamptonshire *Burton, Leicestershire *Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 'Fleet, Lincolnshire *Lyddington, Berkshire
.
.
32 33 34
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 46
Withani, Essex
*St. Alban's
Abbey Church
*Cranford
St.
* Interior of ditto
Andrew's, Northamptonshire
three
.
five
four
three
44 45 47 48 49 53 50 52 54 55 62
63 66 67 68 69
*Harbledown, Kent
*Ditto
two
three
*Wimmington, Bedfordshire
Ditto
*Cley, Norfolk *Billington, Bedfordshire
two
three
two two
tour three
Wilton, Norfolk
three
113
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
WINDOWScontinued.
NO.
OF LIGHTS
SECTION
Lavenham,
West
five
.
Chesham, Buckiaghamshire
Eistangles, Suffolk
three three
Norwich
Bradfield Norfolk
Norwich
Bradfield, Norfolk
Coltishall, Norfolk Little Shelford, Cambridgeshire
five
24 32 33 36 38 39 47
56
four four
five
.
four three
five
57 58 59
61
60
65 64
Northampton
three three
MOLDINGS.
Caps, Bases, and Stringcourses Caps, Bases, and Stringcourses Caps, Bases, and Stringcourses
*Eingstead, Northants *Fen Ditton, Cambridgeshire *Heckington, Lincolnshire *Wissendine, Eutlandshire *Exton, Eutlandshire *Greetham, Eutlandshire
Basement moldings
Gosgrove, Northamptonshire
St. Martin's, Leicester
String
i
Corbel tables
Spire tables
String
DOOEWAYS.
Nately, Hampshire
INDEX TO ILLUSTBATIONS.
DOORWAYS.
Orpington, Kent
113
rtATB
nouu
rAOB
nonox
I.
Meopliam, Kent
Holton
Warniington, Northamptonshire
St. Martin's, Leicester
*P)arnwell, Northamptonshire
*Felmarsham, Bedfordshire
*St. Margaret's, Hertfordshire 'Burton, Leicestershire
Plate 7
Kent
Fen Ditton
Ewerby, Lincolnshire Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire
Leir, Leicestershire
Higham
St.
Ferrars
Weeklcy, Northamptonshire
Alban's
51 68 70 74 75 75 76 76
Abbey Church
Chesham, Buckinghamshire
Coltishall,
Norfolk
Northamptonshire
72 73 73 74
75
Merstham, Surrey
75
PIEES
AND ARCHES.
New
Ditto Ditto
Shoreham, Sussex
Codford
St.
*Polstead, Suffolk
St. Mary's Cray, Kent Matching, Essex
Erith,
Kent
8 77 78 80
Bottishamj Cambridgeshire Brockworth, Gloucestershire Boughton Aluph, Kent Morton, Lincolnshire Trumpington, Cambridgeshire
Lindlield, Sus.sex
.
114
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
PIEKS
AND ARCICE8continued.
nauBE
SECTION
I.
PLATE
Lavenhaiii, SufTolk
Ditto
14
PANELS.
Ijavonhani, Suffolk
St. Mary's, Stratford, Suffolk
I.
Perpendicular
Eye, Suffolk
DIAPERS.
Westminster Abbey Church Hatliold ISroadoaks, Essex St. Alban's Abbey Church Westminster Abbey Churcli
.
BUTTRESSES.
Raydon, Suffolk
Little
.
Wenham,
82 83 83 84 84
St.
Lavenham, Suffolk
Ryall, Kutlandsliiro
New
Walsinghani, Norfolk
PARAPETS.
Hockington, Lincolnshire Ditto Ditto
Evington, Leicestershire
Lavenham, Sullblk
St. Mary's, Stratford, Suffolk
CROSSES.
Bamack, Northamptonshire
Witchford, WilUliire Edith, Weston, Rutlandshire Helpringham, Lincolnshire St. Mary's, Stamford
87
I. I.
.
I. I.
L
I.
I.
I.
L
I.
I.
I. I.
Early English Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Decorated Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
CllOSSEB continued.
Liulham, Norfolk Initio Ditto nin^,'liani, Norfolk
IIiujlin^'titiM,
.
115
rUTB
nana I
rAOR
uonoii
Ciunhridgoshire
Oakham,
Ditto
Kutliindshirc
Ditto
Stody, Norlblk
FONTS.
Woston, Lincolnshire Rcdgravo, Sudblk
(jlyinping, Sussex
SEDILIA.
Great
Wenham,
Suflfolk
Preston, Sussex
Coblmm, Kent
PISCINA.
Widelflfield, Sussex
CHAMFER TERMINATIONS.
Twenty Specimens Ten Speciiuons
GABLET3
Capel
St.
Mary, Suffolk
Swafiold, Norfolk
Trunch, Norfolk
Little Sholford, Cambridgeshire
Ditto
Coltislmll, Norfolk Tunstoad, Norfolk
Ditto
Stapleford, Cambridgeshire
DRIPSTONE mRMINATIONS.
Swafton, Lincolnsbin;
St. Marganit's,
.
Westminste.r
Abbey Church
116
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
EOOFS.
SECTION
Wymondham,
Capel
St.
SEATS.
Great
Waltham
Bentley, Suffolk
Comberton, Cambridgeshire
FINIALS.
Bentley, Suffolk
.
Great
Wenham,
Suffolk
.
Brandon, Norfolk
Chesham
Bois, Hertfordshire
Nautwich, Cheshire
Stoke, Suffolk Stoke, Suffolk Howell, Lincolnshire
St.
Mary
Stratton, Norfolk
Ditto Great
Ditto
Wenham,
Suffolk
POECHES.
Aldham, Essex
SCEEENS.
Waltham Abbey Church
Barton, Cambridgeshire
SPANDEELS.
Barton, Cambridgeshire. Bottisham, Cambridgeshire Doncaster, Yorkshire
Stoke,. Suffolk
DOOES.
St.
Alban's
Abbey Church
Wells Cathedral
Stoke, Suffolk
Norfolk
PANELS.
Great Waltham, Essex
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
PANELScontinued.
Great Waltham, Essox
Cirencester, Gloucestershire
117
novu
PAOI
nonoa
IL
BOSSES.
Brockworth, Gloucestershire Brockworth, Gloucestershire Diss, Norfolk
HasUnglield, Cambridgeshire
.
STEINGS.
Cirencester, Gloucestershire
.
CUSP TERMINATIONS.
Barton, Cambridgeshire Iligham Ferrars, Northamptonshire
.
CLOSING RLN'GS
St.
Alban's
Abbey Church
Ashby
St. Ledger, Northamptonshire Exton, Rutlandshire St. Nicholas, Gloucester Martham, Norfolk Filby, Norfolk
HINGES.
Erith,
Kent
118
INDEX TO ILLUSTEATIONS.
Bl'SGEScontinued.
SECTION
Northfleet,
St.
Kent
Kent
Gloucester Cathedral
Brockworth, Gloucestershire
Sempringham, Lincolnshire
Tiawell, Rutlandshire
St. Mary's,
.
Norwich
Market Deeping, Lincolnshire St. Alban's Abbey Church Eaton Bray, Bedfordshire Wootton, Bedfordshire Sutton at Hone, Kent
.
Oundle, Northamptonshire
STIFFENERS.
Chester Cathedral
York Minster
Great Casterton, Eutlandshire Tunstead, Norfolk
KEY
Westminster Abbey Church
Diss, Norfolk
PLATES.
"*
SECTION
II.
iSooliiDork A-
PLATE
/.
rn/rt
llfi;
'
li
'Vr
La.
ft"
jtXeffubuem. q/" fturLda^e^
*
iil^
^il
Seetum,
j^'^\\^^v\\'^\V\\\^tt^ty^^
tf SuUt
'
/V/m.
.fttt/.
7*
JHmn
of
ttfjptr movtJtdxrt^s
7%ie
art mffrticui'
S"
.ftnftim, of'
rntnUxrrtfs
fiiM sitt
SCALE
or F(ET
'
N'^
vil-
%f
^
^V^
,J:
SECTION
II.
)o
PLATE
X.
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
-;
"P
^>
^ %,
SECTION. II.
oo^roork ih
PLATE. 3.
(r
n
Paiml
htiiiJ.f fittr'i
itpai
,iti/,9
ti' hh/t/iai'i.
I'A
JJsJtta:.
9CALS or
^
,'.
&^
SECTION
II.
fOlDO^iuork ik*
PLATE
4.
AN ANALYSIS
OFCOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
^LATE 6
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
SECTION
^
II.
PLATE
7.
TttrelMt/ -fivnv
WaWuan AVb^
Ch/.
Easaao.
"5^"
a^
Sir
Sfttenan. hnt>A.Jl
4
6
I I
S
I
<7
1
zfeer
=1
-I
AM ANALYSir-
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
<w
t-
*'
SE.CTION
II
IDIootuDorkA'
PLATE
9.
J^rom
"S'oaM
C4a/fe/ reeAetfarfA
C^
C^omees'^rj'ifte
/ram
CtreneefUr
CAtred
G/oac^*^iff4i^fi
I3i
J^rr>m
CercHCttitr
CAurcA
C/nuC^sUrs^ire
^t.
SECTION
II.
IBoo'btDork /v>
PLATE
U.
AN ANALYSIS
OFCOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
iQloo'biDork
PLATE
/.
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE
SECTION
II.
jQlootitDork
sk*
PLATE /C
fiftandrel
Fi'viw
Cuvncestfr
Church,
Glcucesttf^hxFt
T^
>*
iv*
SECTION
II.
PLATE
drattn
li.
S.Dnr
-f
Sfttle
CSurti.
So/folk
tralf
at
f/f
at an mei
/att
V/////// /.
Srefun
yi
4
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
'Ks
\'
SECTION
II
ootitDork A-
PUATE.^.
,!|!ltPi|||i!l!'i
J^rcm
^dur/i/'tr^i
CAurfi
f^Af^^ffe
E
AN ANALYSIS OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
Itl
ae
u u
J;
X O
o
>
o
lb
o M
>
lECTION.II.
|ED|oot)n)ork APLATElf
Rjoof aver J^orffv AieU' ^ffymondhcmv Ch
NbHvUo.
LongUwdtnal
Section/-
AN ANALYSIS
OTGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
Ul
U u
u
<
u o o
w
o
10
M
>-
<
SECTION
II.
-jPK5i
PLATE
10
Frmn 6^ Mary
Strattaw Chsurchjforfolk
J
I!
V:\
Vrom
ffr
Frrmi
t
1
,
r>
(Inrfi-h
uv Jfarix^
Scale
I.I
lnrh/x
.4
ootiiDork ih
SECTION
I.
^\T^%.
g?:.
4
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
ool)it)ork
*SICCT'lt9M.II.
^
.
PLATE Z2
-wvOv detaxle
V^ Scaler
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
'^-
lo^trork i)r
CTION
II.
PLATE
tf
.S^Mcury's
ChurtA
Sti^^oH^
SECTION.
II.
PLATE
C4
J&f^
*nrr
pmrtX t'HUMan
fJiarch.. Hioffhlk.
vV.
1.1
If
"-S^ESRlJESIS
'
Wa^^-^^-J -r-
ScnU.^
J i'ft
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
SECTION. II.
juSoo'biDork ^
PLATE.i.v
HrkghA^.
14
i^vcJu*
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE:.
tk
SECTION
II.
iSoo'biDork
PLATE
:i
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
SECTION
fiII
PLATE
IB
"j/
c/"
Mfrf4 />t>;4
Z>,i*
P^ Ai^/i
.
J^m
^liA JrfteJrt^ CA
er/fM,t*S^i,i-r
^5r*
^A
SECTION
1.
|9|ool)iuork
S)o
PLATE ZA
^^
SCALE
ort2
>
JrcET
>"-'^
-'-'^-^-
'^
'^K??'"
'
SustMn/ of Stat'
and-^
Bcokhinnl/
EUfTiutiueK/ cf'
i$M^
h
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
"
t:'
SECTION. II.
iBooliiDork h
All half fuH
PLATE
.30.
svx/.
Prom
Screen' in-
f.
tv
linialflrem. DtSarfvam,
Cktir^
SaffofJt
R E.
ISE.CTION
II.
IQIoo'biDork A-
PLATE 3;.
Sench. ends
p'ctn,
Gvwcomie,
ChltrcA-, SoTn,ersetdhvrt,
Nvr^olk-
Frew
I
fyvworrtiif.
Ch Scnversclshire
FrvtrvBisJuiitlvdtarc/. C>iurcK,Strmerset^Jure-
i!
AN ANALYSIS
OFCOTHICK ARCHITECTURE
SECTION
II.
PLATE
;,
Hinges.
A B
Ahb^
CkardfC, Jfiddi
C. From/ Margartty Hodinfi Churoh, EsseoT'. Ry/nv S^Feters Churchy, Colchester, Fseex,.
.
E. From/ Nordvf^eet
Church/,
Kent.
tfOT
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
lECT.IONll.
PLATE 2
SaUduvti
Jhm/S^2Xctryi
StreU/brd/,
SufMJv
Vt5^
FronvWtatmbuOrAjbi^
I_-I
A .3
rom/
-SovUfv cU>or
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
PLATE
n.
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
SECTION
II
PLATE.
#.
SECTION
II.
PLATE
3.
SECTION. II.
PLATE
f.
J&taiwark-frorro'Doffrs
of
Dcteals
oii^hal/'JiUlsire.
SECTION
II
PLATE
dosing
A
.
Smgs
frcnu
J)j/is
Ckarch/,
Narfolh
C
D
E F
iaeonby
WeetmmxtBr Abh^ Chitroh, CoUy Westmf Church, J^orthccmptumshre' K^Tlatpe flymv Thss Church HbrfbVt/
UfnnglOTV Ckiovh/, Xmcobis^zre/
SECTION
II.
PLATE 8.
Trom/ S^ Majya
Jfarwiok/,
'
.'^'-.
l'
f!
.
i
T
SoaUmPl
^ii
'i
''
i
"
>
-i;!
"i.
'
If
'
.
'
IS-b
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE
SECTION
II.
^eklTDork/)r>
PLATE
4
AN ANALYSTS OF GOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
SECTION. II.
PlkT t1(f.
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
SECTION
II.
PLATi
//.
SECTION
II.
t^LAttti.
Jshiy Sf Ledt/f^
CAir.rrfi
(inti Mar^/iyfJH,
ChJZTxJv.ycr/oik
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
SECTION.
II
PLATE
From'
C. S^AlAaiisXbhe^Churth..Hvrtt
D;
E F
.
SmM^ CfvurckrJ.eicMtfrjfiirf
3^iM
Ovtxrr.hi, Somtritlihirf,
RuthdovCkarcfv,Fortiiampterifhxr'.
^.FvUby avarchf,2forrolk.
H AskbyS^ledgtr Charchy,.Vor(Aanle.
1/W\A/V\J
frvmMxrOuun,av.MorfoUc
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
ppen'bixiv^
PLATE, t
r ^
/e-i
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE:
PLATE Z.
AN ANALYSIS
OFCOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
ifpp^tii) IXA^
PLAtt 3
Kw"'" ix/v
PLATC
4.
'^^mm,
m^rm^^
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
pen'blXiir'
PLATE
i.
AN ANALYSIS
OFGOTHICK ARCHITECTURE.
PLATE
Speeimeng
^^ DogtooUv
SftteuntnMot noMilums
Gutlesmmv^, RxUiandehirf/
Gruetfioum/
BntljOindfihuT
Achxtrch/Jfartfuurtptxinehtrt
AN ANALYSIS O
GOT H C K AR C H ITECTU
I
Rf
E.
*^
PLATE. 7.
(rS.
SttKth-Doerwayi^ccmtvM/ Churofi.JVareAncytts
&cLc orC-
to
JUiiJ
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DEC 2
1974
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FROM
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CARDS OR
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