Chuong 1

CHNG I
TNH CHT VT L
CA T
BI 1. S HNH THNH CA T
t c hnh thnh do kt qu ca qu trnh phong
ho cc loi gc, sau c vn chuyn v lng ng li
trong qu trnh trm tch trn b mt Tri t.
Chng l nhng mnh vn ri rc cha c gn kt
vi nhau trong qu trnh trm tch.
Cc yu t quan trng trong s hnh thnh t l kh
hu, vt liu gc, a hnh, sinh vt v thi gian.
CHNG 1. TNH CHT VT L CA T
1. Ngun gc v cch thc hnh thnh t
* Cc loi phong ho
Phong ho: L qu trnh t nhin trn mt t do
hot ng ring l hay phi hp ca cc yu t gi, ma,
thay i nhit , tc ng ca cc qu trnh ho hc
- PH vt l:
+Tc nhn mang tnh cht vt l nh nhit , s
ng cng v tan r ca nc, s kt tinh ca mui trong cc
khe nt.
+ Sn phm: Cc sn phm c kch thc ln v
thnh phn khng thay i so vi gc ban u.
- PH ho hc:
+ Tc nhn mang tnh ho hc : H2O, H2S, NO
+ Sn phm thay i thnh phn so vi gc ban
u
- PH sinh vt:
+ Nh hot ng ca cc sinh vt : ng vt, thc
vt sng trn mt t.
+ Tc nhn mang tnh cht phong ho vt l v
phong ho ho hc.
VD: R cy xuyn vo t lm t nt n, Sinh
vt o hang, Sinh vt cht.

2. Phn loi t theo hnh thc chuyn di v trm tch
- t tn tch (eluvi): gm
cc sn phm phong ho
khc nhau ca cn li ti
ch.
- t sn tch (deluvi):
gm cc sn phm phong
ho khc nhau c vn
chuyn xung sn dc
hoc chn sn dc do tc
dng ca nc ma hay
tuyt tan ri lng ng li.
- t bi tch (aluvi): gm
cc sn phm c thnh
to sng.
- t l tch (proluvi): gm nhng trm tch c thnh to t
dng l bn ca cc sng min ni hay cc dng chy nht
thi.
- t h tch (lacustrine): gm cc sn phm c thnh
to trong cc h nc.
- t phong thnh
(aeolian): gm cc sn
phm c thnh to do
hot ng vn chuyn v
tch t ca gi.
- Trm tch bin: l nhng
loi t c thnh to bin.
3. Phn loi t theo ngun gc phong ho
a) t ri: dm, cui si, ct.
- c im: t ri do qu trnh phong ho vt l sinh
ra, ht c kch thc tng i to c th nhn thy bng mt th-
ng. Chng sp xp chng cht ln nhau, khng theo mt
trt t no c, gia cc ht khng c lin kt g. Khi kh th ri
rc. Khi m cng khng do. Tnh thm ln nhng lng ht nc
nh.
b) t dnh: Cc loi t st.
- c im: t dnh do qu rnh phong ho sinh ho
sinh ra, ccs ht rt nh, phn ln khng phn bit bng mt
thng c. Khi kh th cng thnh khi; khi m th do; t
thm, thm ch xem nh khng thm nc nhng lng ht nc ln.
Ngoi hai loi t k trn, ta thng gp nhng t l
t pha trn gia t dnh v t ri. Nu ct c ln mt t
st th ngi ta gi l ct pha (hoc ct); nu st c ln mt
t ct th ngi ta gi l st pha (hoc st).
BI 2. CU TO CA T
Cc thnh phn ch yu ca t:
Ht rn;
Nc trong t;
Kh trong t.
BI 2. CU TO CA T
1. Ht rn:
L khung chu lc ca t. N quyt nh tnh cht xy dng
ca t.
- KV thch anh v Felspat t c tc dng vi nc bao quanh;
- KV monmorilonit tc dng mnh vi nc lm t trng n.
- Kch thc ht quyt nh t b mt. Ht cng nh th t b mt
cng ln. Khi gp nc, lng nc bao quanh cc ht s ln, s
tng tc gia cc ht vi nhau cng nhiu, cng mnh hn.
BI 2. CU TO CA T
* Tn gi cc ht t: Theo TCVN 22 TCN-1979
Tn ht t Kch thc (mm)
tng >200
Ht cui 200 10
Ht si 10 2
Ht ct 2 0.1
Ht bi 0.1 0.005
Ht st < 0.005
BI 2. CU TO CA T
phn loi t ngi ta cn c vo hm lng
ht no chim a s.
nh gi mc trn cnh ca cc ht ta dng cc ch
tiu sau
+ Ch s trn:
tr
r
R
K
N
=
+ Ch s hnh cu
d
c
c
D
K
D
=
D
e
BI 2. CU TO CA T
*) Thnh phn khong vt ca ht t.
a) Khong vt nguyn sinh: L thnh phn khong vt ca
gc m sau khi phong ho vn gi c trong cc ht t c
kch thc ln.
b) Khong vt th sinh: L thnh phn khong vt ca
gc b bin cht i do tc dng ca nc v nhiu nguyn
nhn khc.
c) Vt cht ho hp hu c: c to ra t di tch ca ng vt
hay thc vt. Sn phm cui cng ca n l mn.
BI 2. CU TO CA T
2. Nc trong t:
2. Nc trong t:
Tn ti trong t di nhiu dng khc nhau, c th chia
ra:
- Nc trong khong vt ca ht t: tn ti trong tinh th
khong vt ca ht t di dng cc ion hay phn t, khng b
tch ra khi t bng bin php c hc v t nh hng ti tnh
cht ca t.
- Nc kt hp mt ngoi ht t: l loi nc c gi trn
b mt ht t do tc dng ho hc, ho l, lc in phn t,
tnh cht khc nc t do v khng chu tc dng ca trng
lc. Theo cng lc in phn t chia ra:
BI 2. CU TO CA T
Nc ht bm: bm cht vo mt ngoi ht t;
Nc kt hp mnh: bm rt chc vo ht t;
Nc kt hp yu: bao bc bn ngoi nc kt hp mnh, khng
khc nhiu so vi nc thng.
- Nc t do: L loi nc nm ngoi phm vi tc dng ca lc in
phn t, chia ra:
Nc mao dn: dng ln theo cc l rng nh gia cc ht t, di
chuyn trong t nh tc dng ca lc mao dn;
Nc trng lc: l nc t nhin nm trong cc l rng ca t, di
chuyn trong t nh tc dng ca trng lc.
2. Nc trong t:
BI 2. CU TO CA T
3. Kh trong t:
Tn ti trong cc l rng ca t khi t cha bo ho nc.
Kh t kh quyn hoc t dung nham magma.
Ni chung kh t nh hng ti tnh cht xy dng ca t.
BI 2. CU TO CA T
Kin trc ca t:
Kin trc ht n: hnh thnh do s lng chm cc ht tng
i th trong mi trng nc. Trng lng gia cc ht ln hn
lc ht gia chng, nn cc ht sp xp theo kiu ht n ln ht
kia.
Kin trc t ong: hnh thnh do s lng chm cc ht tng i
nh trong nc, cc ht trng thi khng n nh, to thnh
nhiu l rng nh t ong.
Kin trc bng: hnh thnh khi kch thc ht tng i nh,
khi gn li vi nhau to thnh m ht nh c l rng rt ln.
BI 2. CU TO CA T
M hnh t 3 pha
BI 3. TNH CHT VT L CA T
Q
Vr
V
Vh
Vk
Vn
Qk
Qn
Qh
1. Trng lng th tch t nhin ca t (, kN/m
3
) (ch tiu
xc nh trc tip)
L trng lng ca mt n v th tch t trng thi t nhin
(mu nguyn trng c m v rng t nhin)
Cc phng php xc nh trng lng th tch t nhin:
Phng php dao vng
Phng php bc sp
Phng php thay t m ct
V
g m
V
Q .
= =
1. Trng lng th tch t nhin ca t (, kN/m
3
)
Cch xc nh: phng php dao vng
g
V
m m
.
1 2

=
s
d ds
s
s
s
M M M
V
A
=
A
=
g
V V
M
s ds
d
.
=
- Kt qu th nghim: Nu t trng ca sp l A
s
th kt
qu nh sau:
* Th tch ca t: V
d
= V
ds
V
s

* Cui cng ta c:

1. Trng lng th tch t nhin ca t (, kN/m3)
* Th tch ca sp:
Cch xc nh: phng php bc sp
1. Trng lng th tch t nhin ca t (, kN/m3)
Cch xc nh: phng php rt ct
c
s t
g m m
V
). (
=
* Th tch ca h t:
V
g m.
=
* Trng lng th tch ca t:
2. Trng lng th tch kh ca t (
k
kN/m
3
)
L trng lng ca mt n v t trng thi kh xc
nh sau khi sy 1050C 50C cho ti trng lng khng
i.
V
Q
h
c
=
3. Trng lng th tch no nc (nn, bh kN/m3)
L trng lng ca mt n v th tch t khi cc l rng
lp y nc
V
Q Q
n h
nn
'
+
=
4. Trng lng th tch y ni (
n
, kN/m
3
)
L trng lng ca mt n v th tch xc nh khi t
nm di mt nc chu tc ng ca lc y Archimede
V
V Q
h n h
dn
.

=
Ch : Trong cng mt loi t
nn
> >
c
>
n

5. Trng lng th tch ring ht (
h
, kN/m
3
) (Ch tiu xc nh
trc tip

L trng lng ca mt n v th tch ht (khng c l
rng)
n
h
h
h s
V
Q
. A = = =
1 2
V V V
h
=
h
h
V
g m m
=
) (
1 2
Trng lng ring ht c xc nh trc tip bng th nghim nh

sau:
(1) Ly mt hp nhm cn c khi lng l m
1
.
(2) B mu t cn xc nh trng lng ring ht vo hp
nhm ri em sy kh cho hon ton ri cn c khi lng l m
2
.
(3) Ly mt bnh hinh tr c din tch y l S, trn binh
c ghi r vch chia n mm c th xc nh chiu cao. Sau
vo binh mt lng nc tinh v theo di vch chia trn binh.
Da vo vch chia ta c th xc nh c th tch ca binh v
ca nc V
1
.
(4) lng t sy kh hon ton vo binh v ng
thi quan st vch chia trn binh tnh c th tch ca bnh n-
c v t l V
2
.
(5) Tnh th tch ca ht t:
(6) Tnh trng lng ring ht:
(kN/m
3
)
L t s gia trng lng nc cha trong t v trng
lng ht t c khi mu c sy kh
.100%
n
h
m
W
m
=
Cch xc nh: phng php cn sy
6. m ca t (W, %)
- Cho mu t khong 15-20g vo hp nhm c khi lng
m1;
- Cn c hp v mu t c khi lng l m2;
- Cho c hp v mu vo t sy nhit 105 cho ti khi
khi lng khng i;
- em hp v mu sau khi sy ( ngui 2h trong bnh
ht m ) cn c khi lng m3;
- m c tnh theo cng thc:
2 3
3 1
.100%
m m
m m
e

=
7. T trng ( )
L t s gia trng lng ring ca t v trng lng
ring ca nc
n
s
= A
8. rng v h s rng
rng (n, %): L t s gia th tch phn rng v th
tch ton b mu t, tnh bng %
H s rng (e): L t s gia th tch phn rng v th tch
phn ht ca mu t.
% 100 .
V
V
n
r
=
h
r
V
V
e =
Quan h ton hc gia rng v h s rng
e
e
n
+
=
1 n
n
e
=
1
8. bo ha (Sr)
L t s gia th tch lng nc cha trong mu t v
th tch phn l rng ca mu.
r
n
r
V
V
S =
* Mt s cng thc lin h:
W
k
* 01 . 0 1
) 1
+
=

1 1 ) 2 = =
k
h
k
h
e
e
W
S
r
* 01 . 0 *
) 3
A
=
n n
e

+
A
=
1
1
) 4
BI 4. CH TIU NH GI TRNG THI
CA T
1) i vi t ri:
cht tng i ca t (I
D
):
min max
max
e e
e e
I
D
=
Trong :
e
max
v e
min
l h s rng ca t trng thi ri nht v cht
nht.
e l h s rng ca t trng thi t nhin.
0 1/3 2/3 1
cht I
D

Trng thi ca t
Ri rc Cht va Cht
1
2
3
4
125
71
15
1-Phu
2-ng mu
3-Qu cn
4-Thanh g
D=76
CA T
1) i vi t ri:
CA T
1) i vi t ri:
Ly 1000-1200(g) t em sy kh sng loi b ht to.
Dng phu cho t vo ng kim loi, trong qu trnh rt va
rt va xoay phu, khi t c rt vo theo phng
ngang t c rt vo trng thi ri rc nht.
Khi y ng ly dao gt bng v em cn
2 1
min
1
( )
k max
m m g
e
V

=
t qu nng ln ming ng v dng thanh g, g vo thnh
ng trong thi gian 1 pht t di ln v xung quanh thnh.
Tin hnh o ln qu nng, tip tc g cho n khi qu nng
khng ln c na ta c ln S.
CA T
1) i vi t ri:
( )
1
2 1 2 1
min
1 1 2 1
( ) ( )
1
( )
h
kmax
V V
m m g m m g
e
V FS V V m m g
A

= = =
A
2) i vi t dnh:
st ca t (I
L
):
p L
p
L
W W
W W
I
=
0.25 0.5 st I
L

Trng thi ca t Cng Do
mm
Na cng Do cng Do chy Chy
0 0.75 1
CA T
* Th nghim xc nh WP : Phng php v giun
Phng php v giun
CA T
Ly t th nghim sy kh nhit thp 60-70;
Cho vo ci s, dng chy s bc cao su gi nh, cho qua sng
0,5mm.
Ly khong 15g t em trn vi nc v tin hnh th nghim
v giun
+ ng knh D=2.5- 3mm.
+ B ra khng c l rng
+ B mt c vt nt chn chim.
Ct b t 2 u giun t. Ngt ra tng on 1-1.5cm.
Mang giun t iu kin i xc nh m ta c Wp.
CA T
- Th nghim xc nh W
L
: Phng php chy Vaxiliev v
phng php a p Casagrande
Phng php chu xuyn Vaxiliev Phng php Casagrande
CA T
Bt ng ( g, nhm ).
Chu hnh nn; h=2,5cm; khi lng 76g
vch 10mm cch mi chu.
Dng dao trn k t vi nc v cho vo bt ng; gt
phng sau 2h.
t mi chu ln bt t st, vung gc vi mt t sau
th tay ra.
Theo di trong vng 10s.
Nu sau 10s chu ln 10mm, ngp ng vch : 3 im
nm trn ng thng cch nhau 1.5cm, l c t trng
thi gii hn chy.
BI 5. TH NGHIM PHN TCH THNH
PHN HT
1) Th nghim phn tch thnh phn ht
a) Phng php ry:
10.0mm
y
5.00 -
2.00 -
0.50 -
0.25 -
0.10 -
1.00 -
PHN HT
* Kt qu th nghim:
% 100 .
m
m
P
i
i
=
Trong :
- mi: Khi lng ca t trn tng ry, (g)
- m: Khi lng ca t em th nghim, (g)
- Phn trm tng nhm ht:
PHN HT
i lng xc nh ng knh ht (mm)
> 10 10~5 5~2 2~1 1~0.5 0.5~0.
25
0.25~0
.1
< 0.1
Khi lng ht (mi)
(g)
m1 m2 mn
Hm lng (Pi) (%)
Phn trm cng dn
(%)
100
Bng kt qu phn tch thnh phn ht:
PHN HT
b) Phng php t trng k:
HR
PHN HT
* Kt qu th nghim:
- ng knh cc ht lng thi im t:
- Nng ca dung dch thi im t:
- Phn trm cc ht c kch thc d<dt:
( )t g
H
d
n h
R
t
. .
. . 18

q
=
( ) 100 .
.
n h
h
dt
R

=
% 100 .
.
) %(
m
V
d d Z
dt
t
= s
PHN HT
- ng cong cp phi ca ht t:
PHN HT
* nh gi ng cong cp phi:
- H s khng ng u:
10
60
D
D
C
u
=
- H s cp phi:
10 60
2
30
) (
xD D
D
C
g
=

Chuong 1

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CHNG I

Trng lng ring ht c xc nh trc tip bng th nghim nh

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