Implementing IP Addressing Services

IPv6

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Objectives

Introduction to IPv6
Configure NAT on a Cisco router Configure new generation RIP (RIPng) to use IPv6

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Internet Protocol version 6

Internet Protocol version 6(IPv6):
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks and the internet. A recent study by Google indicates the penetration in different countries of IPv6 The leaders are Russia (0.76%) France(0.65%) Ukraine(0.64%) Norway(0.49%) USA(0.45%) In AsiaChina(0.24%)

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Conti
IPv6 is implemented on all major operating systems in use in commercial, business and home consumer environments. According to the study Mac OS leads in IPv6 penetration of 20.44%

Linux (0.93%) and

Windows Vista (0.32%)

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Features of IPv6
Larger Address Space The very large address space supports a total of 2 ^128 or approximatly 5*10^28 addresses for each of the roughly 6.5 billion people alive today.

Stateless address autoconfiguration

When first connected to a network, a host sends a link-local multicast router solicitation request for its configuration parameters; if configured suitably, routers respond to such a request with a router advertisment packet that contains network-layer configuration parameters.

Multicast
IPv6 does not implement braodcast. The same effect can be achieved by sending a packet to the link-local all hosts multicast group.

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Conti
Mandatory network layer security Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), the protocol for IP encryption and authentication, forms an integral part of the base protocol suite in IPv6.

Simplified processing by routers

IPv6 routers do not perform fragmentation. IPv6 hosts are required to either perform PMTU discovery, perform end-to-end fragmentation or to send packets smaller than the IPv6 Maximum Transmission Unit size of 1280 bytes.

Jumbograms
IPv4 limits packets to 64 KB of payload. IPv6 has optional support for packets over this limit, refered to as jumbograms, which can be as large as 4 GiB.

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IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 addresses are typically composed of two logical parts: a 64-bit (sub)network prefix, and a 64-bit host part, which is either automatically generated from the interfaces MAC address or assigned sequentially. Because the globally unique MAC address offer an opportunity to track user equipment, and so users, across time and IPv6 address changes.

Notation
IPv6 addresses are normally written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, where each group is separated by a colon e.g 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 is a valid IPv6 address. To shorten the writing and presentation of addresses, several simplifications to the notation are permitted. Any leading zeros in a group may be omitted; thus, the given example becomes 2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334

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Conti
One or any number of consecutive groups of 0 value may be replaced with two colons (::): 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334

This substitution with double-colon may be performed only once in an address, because multiple occurrences would lead to ambiguity.
For example, the addresses below are all valid and equivalent 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab

2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000::1428:57ab
2001:0db8:0:0:0:0:1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0:0::1428:57ab 2001:0db8::1428:57ab

2001:db8::1428:57ab
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Conti
The sequence of the last 4 bytes of the IPv6 address may optionally be written in dot-decimal notation, in the style of IPv4 addresses. This notation is convenient when working in a mixed (dual-stack) environment of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses

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IPv6 address types

Unicast addresses Anycast addresses An anycast address is assigned to a group of interfaces, usually belonging to different nodes. A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to just one of the member interfaces, typically the nearest according to the routing protocols choice of distance. Multicast addresses Special addresses e.g 127.0.0.1 in IPv4 Unspecified address ::/128 Link local addresses

::1/128 the loopback address is a unicast localhost address

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Conti
Unique local addresses fc00::/7 unique local addresses (ULA) are routable only within a set of cooperating sites

Multicast addresses
ff00::/8 The multicast prefix designates multicast addresses Solicited-node multicast addresses ff02::1:FFXX:XXXX

IPv4 transition
::ffff:0:0/96 this prefix is used for IPv4 mapped addresses ORCHID 2001:10::/28 ORCHID (Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers) as per (RFC 4843). These are non-routed IPv6 addresses used for Cryptographic Hash Identifiers.
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Transition mechanisms
Until IPv6 completely supplants IPv4, a number of transition mechanisms[16] are needed to enable IPv6-only hosts to reach IPv4 services and to allow isolated IPv6 hosts and networks to reach the IPv6 Internet over the IPv4 infrastructure. For the period while IPv6 hosts and routers co-exist with IPv4 systemsRFC 2893 and RFC2185 define compatibility and transition mechanisms. These techniques, sometimes collectively called Simple Internet Transition (SIT) dual-stack IP implementations for interoperating hosts and routers embedding IPv4 addresses in IPv6 addresses IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling mechanisms IPv4/IPv6 header translation

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Conti
Transition strategies for implementing IPv6

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Ipv6 tunneling
Concept of IPv6 tunneling

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Configure New Generation RIP (RIPng) on Router

Configure a router to use IPv6

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Conti
Configure and verify RIPng for IPv6

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Configure New Generation RIP (RIPng) to use IPv6

Explain how to verify and troubleshoot IPv6

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Summary
IPv6
A 128 bit address that uses colons to separate entries

Normally written as 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits

Cisco IOS Dual Stack

A way of permitting a node to have connectivity to an IPv4 & IP v6 network simultaneously

IPv6 Tunneling
An IPV6 packet is encapsulated within another protocol

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Summary
Configuring RIPng with IPv6
1st globally enable IPv6 2nd enable IPv6 on interfaces on which IPv6 is to be enabled 3rd enable RIPng using either ipv6 rotuer rip name ipv6 router name enable

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