4.0 DESIGN LOAD 4.

1 GENERAL The loads and external forces which shall be taken into account in the design of the structures described below. are

The various combinations of those loads and external forces to be used in the calculations are given in attachment 2. 4.2 OPERATING LOAD Operating loads are the weight of any liquid or solids present within the vessels,equipment,sumps pits or piping during normal operation. 4.3 LIVE LOAD (L) Live loads are the moving loads including personnel, tools, miscellaneous equipment, movable partitions, cranes, hoists, part of dismantled equipment and temporarily stored materials. Live loads shall be uniformly distributed over the specified areas and shall be as follows: Design live loads Area classification Warehouse Working or operating area others than access or storage areas Walkways, staircase Ladder vertical loads Roof area , flat or pitched roof that are not to be used as working or storage areas Buildings Live loads 32KN/m2, for forklift axel load 45KN 4KN/m2 or anticipated equipment and component load during maintenance 2.5KN/m2 0.30 KN/m2 of ladder but not less than 1.35KN total 1.0KN/m2 (for concrete flat root) 0.25 KN/m2 (for metal roof) See attachment 1

4.4 THERMAL LOAD (T) 4.4.1 Friction Forces (TF)

(1) In the design of pipe racks and pipe supports, a horizontal friction force due to the thermal expansion or contraction of flare lines, steam lines, and process lines, etc. Shall be applied at the support bearing surfaces.