Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

PH NG PHP GI I NHANH TR C NGHI M MN HO H C

Part: 4

I. MT S PHNG PHP BO TON THNG DNG TRONG HA HC 1. Phng php bo ton in tch Nguyn tc: Tng in tch dng lun lun bng tng in tch m v gi tr tuyt i. V th dd lun lun trung ho v in. Cc v d: V d 1: Kt qu xc nh nng mol ca cc ion trong mt dd ghi bng di y: Ion S mol Na+ 0,05 Ca2+ 0,01 NO30,01 Cl0,04 HCO30,025

Hi kt qu ng hay sai? Ti sao? Gii: Do in tch ca mt ion trong dd bng tch ca in tch v s mol ca n, nn ta c: Tng in tch dng l: (+1).0,05 + (+2).0,01 = + 0,07 Tng in tch m l: (-1).0,01 + (-1).0,04 + (-1).0,025 = - 0,075. Gi tr tuyt i ca in tch dng khc in tch m. Vy kt qu trn l sai. V d 2: Dung dch A cha cc ion Na+: a mol ; HCO3-: b mol; CO32-: c mol; SO42-: d mol. to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml dd Ba(OH) 2 nng x mol/l. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a v b. Gii: HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O b mol b mol 2+ 2Ba + CO3 BaCO3 Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 Dd sau phn ng ch c Na+: a mol. V bo ton in tch nn cng phi c: a mol OH-. tc dng vi HCO3- cn b mol OH-. Vy s mol OH- do Ba(OH)2 cung cp l (a + b) mol a+b a+b Ta c: n Ba ( OH ) 2 = v nng x = 2 = a + b mol/l 2 0,1 0,2 2. Phng php bo ton khi lng Nguyn tc: + Trong mt phn ng ha hc tng khi lng ca cc sn phm bng tng khi lng ca cc cht phn ng. + Khi c cn dd th khi lng hn hp mui thu c bng tng khi lng ca cc cation kim loi v anion gc axit. Cc v d: V d 1: Cho t t mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 un nng thu c 64g st, kh i ra sau phn ng cho i qua dd Ca(OH)2 d c 40g kt ta. Tnh m. Gii: Kh i ra sau phn ng gm CO2 v CO d CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 40 = 0,4 0,4 100 ta c: nCO pu = nCO2 = 0,4 Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 63

Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

m + 28.0,4 = 64 + 44.0,4 m = 70,4g. V d 2: Mt dd c cha 2 cation l Fe2+: 0,1mol v Al3+: 0,2mol v 2 anion l Cl-: x mol v SO42-: y mol. Tnh x v y, bit rng khi c cn dd thu c 46,9 g cht rn khan. Gii: Do bo ton khi lng: 56.0,1 + 27.0,2 + 35,5x + 96y = 46,9 (1) Do bo ton in tch: 2.0,1 + 3.0,2 = 1.x + 2.y (2) T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,2 ; y = 0,3. V d 3: un 132,8 g hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H2SO4 c 1400C thu c 111,2g hn hp cc ete trong cc ete c s mol bng nhau. Tnh s mol mi ete. 3( 3 + 1) = 6 ete. Gii: un hn hp 3 ru c 2 Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: mru = mete = mH 2O mH 2O = mru - mete = 132,8 111,2 = 21,6 g. 21,6 Tng s mol cc ete = s mol H2O = = 1,2 18 1,2 = 0,2 mol. S mol mi ete = 6 V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp gm mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd HCl thu c 0,2mol kh CO 2. Tnh khi lng mui mi to ra trong dung dch. Gii: t cng thc ca cc mui l M2CO3 v RCO3 M2CO3 + RCO3 + 4HCl 2MCl + RCl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O 0,4 0,2 mol 0,2 Theo nh lut BTKL: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = mmui + mCO2 + mH 2O hay: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = mmui + 0,2.44 + 0,2.18 mmui = 26g 3. Phng php bo ton electron Nguyn tc: Trong qu trnh phn ng th: S e nhng = s e thu hoc: s mol e nhng = s mol e thu Khi gii khng cn vit phng trnh phn ng m ch cn tm xem trong qu trnh phn ng c bao nhiu mol e do cht kh nhng ra v bao nhiu mol e do cht oxi ho thu vo. Cc v d: V d 1: Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dd axit HCl d c dd B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O2 (ktc). Tnh V, bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gii: 30 nFe > nS = nn Fe d v S ht. 32 Kh C l hn hp H2S v H2. t C thu c SO2 v H2O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn ng l Fe v S nhng e, cn O2 thu e. Nhng e: Fe 2e Fe2+ 60 60 mol .2 50 56 S 4e S+4 (SO2) 20 30 mol .4 32 32 Thu e: Gi s mol O2 l x mol. O2 + 4e 2O-2 2 mol 4x Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 64

Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

Ta c: 4 x =

60 30 .2 + .4 gii ra x = 1,47 mol. 56 32 VO2 = 22,4.1,47 = 32,928 lit

V d 2: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R1, R2 c ho tr x, y khng i (R1, R2 khng tc dng vi nc v ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp A phn ng hon ton vi dd HNO3 d thu c 1,12 l kh NO duy nht ktc. Nu cho lng hn hp A trn phn ng hon ton vi dd HNO3 th thu c bao nhiu lt N2. Cc th tch kh o ktc. Gii: Trong bi ton ny c 2 th nghim: +5 th nghim 1: R1 v R2 nhng e cho Cu2+ chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e cho N thnh N (NO). S mol e do R1 v R2 nhng ra l: N + 3e
+5 +2

N 1,12 = 0,05 0,15 22,4

+5

+2

th nghim 1: R1 v R2 trc tip nhng e cho N to ra N2. Gi x l s mol N2, th s mol e thu vo l: +5 0 2 N + 10e N 2 10x x mol Ta c: 10x = 0,15 x = 0,015 VN 2 = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lit V d 3: Cho 1,35 g hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dd HNO3 thu c hn hp kh gm 0,01 mol NO vo 0,04 mol NO2. Tnh khi lng mui to ra trong dd. Gii: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al. 2+ Nhng e: Cu 2e = Cu x 2x x Mg 2e = Mg y 2y y 3+ Al 3e = Al z 3z z +2 Thu e: N + 3e = N (NO) 0,03 0,01 +5 +4 N + 1e = N (NO2)
+5 2+

0,04 0,04 Ta c: 2x + 2y + 3z = 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07 (1) Nhng 0,07 cng chnh l s mol NO3Khi lng mui nitrat l: 1,35 + 62.0,07 = 5,69g. II. PHNG PHP TRUNG BNH (khi lng mol trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh) 1. Cch gii: PP trung bnh ch p dng cho bi ton hn hp cc cht. Gi tr trung bnh dng bin lun tm ra nguyn t khi hoc phn t khi hay s nguyn t trong phn t hp cht. Khi lng mol trung bnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp (k hiu l M ) Cng thc tnh khi lng mol trung bnh: M = 2.
Khi lng hn hp S mol hn hp

Cc v d: 65

Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 4,68g hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A v B k tip trong nhm IIA vo dd HCl thu c 1,12 lit CO2 ktc. Xc nh tn kim loi A v B. Gii: t M l NTK trung bnh ca 2 kim loi A v B M CO3 + 2HCl M Cl2 + CO2 + H2O 1,12 = 0,05 mol 0,05 22,4 4,68 M CO3 = 0,05 = 93,6; M = 93,6 60 = 33,6 Bin lun: A < 33,6 A l Mg = 24 B > 33,6 B l Ca = 40. V d 2: t chy hon ton a g hn hp hai ru no, n chc lin tip trong dy ng ng thu c 3,584 lt CO2 ktc v 3,96g H2O. Tnh a v xc nh CTPT ca cc ru. Gii: Gi n l s ngt C trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca hai ru. 3n C n H 2 n +1OH + O2 nCO2 + n + 1 H 2 O 2 nx n + 1 x x mol 3,584 nCO2 = nx = = 0,16 (1) 22,4 3,96 n H 2O = n + 1 .x = = 0,22 (2) 18 T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,06 v n = 2,67 Ta c: a = (14 n + 18).x = (14.2,67) + 18.0,06 = 3,32g C 2 H 5 OH n = 2,67 C3 H 7 OH V d 3: Hn hp 3 ru n chc A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08 v khi lng l 3,387. Xc nh CTPT 5 ca A, B, C, bit rng B v C c cng s ngt cacbon v s mol ru A bng tng s mol ca ru B v 3 C. 3,38 M = = 42,2 Gii: 0,08 Nh vy phi c t nht mt ru c M < 42,2. Ch c CH3OH = 32 0,08.5 = 0,05 ; mA = 32.0,05 = 1,67. Ta c: n A = 5+3 0,08.3 = 0,03 mB + C = 3,38 1,6 = 1,78g; nB + C = 5+3 1,78 M B ,C = = 59,3 0,03

( (

) )

Gi y l s ngt H trung bnh trong pht hai ru B v C Ta c: CxH y OH = 59,3 hay 12x + y + 17 = 59,3 Rt ra: 12x + y = 42,3 Bin lun: x 1 2 3 4 30,3 18,3 6,3 <0 y Ch c nghim khi x = 3. B, C phi c mt ru c s ngt H < 6,3 v mt ru c s ngt H > 6,3. C 2 cp nghim: C3H5OH (CH2 = CH CH2OH) v C3H7OH C3H3OH (CH C CH2OH) v C3H7OH Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 66

Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

III. PHNG PHP GHP N S 1. Cch gii: Mt s bi ton cho thiu d kin nn gii bng PP i s ta c s n nhiu hn s phng trnh v c dng v nh, khng gii c. Nu dng PP ghp n s ta c th gii loi bi ton ny mt cch d dng. 2. Cc v d: V d 1: t chy hon ton ag hn hp hai ru no, n chc c hn hp kh v hi. Cho hn hp kh v hi ny ln lt i qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng nc vi trong d, thy bnh 1 tng 1,98g v bnh 2 c 8g kt ta. Tnh a. Gii: t CTPT ca cc ru l CnH2n+1-OH v CmH2m+1-OH. Gi x, y l s mol cc ru. 3n CnH2n+1OH + O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O 2 x nx (n + 1)x CmH2m+1OH + 3m 2 O2 mCO2 + (m + 1)H2O

y my (m + 1)y CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 8 = 0,08 0,08 100 Ta lp c 2 phng trnh i s theo s mol CO2 v s mol H2O: nCO2 = nx + my = 0,08 (1) 1,98 n H 2O = ( n + 1) x + ( m + 1) y = = 0,11 (2) 18 y, vi 4 n s (n, m, x, y) m ch c 2 phng trnh nn c dng v nh. Ta trin khai (2) ghp n s T (2): n H 2O = nx + x + my + y = (nx + my) + (x + y) = 0,11 Thay nx + my = 0,08, rt ra x + y = 0,11 0,08 = 0,03. Tnh a: a = (14n + 18)x + (14m + 18)y hay a = 14nx + 18x + 14my + 18y. Ghp n s c a = 14(nx + my) + 18(x + y). Thay cc gi tr bit c a = 14.0,08 + 18.0,03 = 1,66g V d 2: un p gam hn hp 2 ru vi H2SO4 c thu c V lt (ktc) hn hp 2 anken. t chy hon ton hn hp anken thu c x lt CO2 (ktc) v y gam H2O. Lp biu thc tnh x, y theo p, V. Gii: un nng vi H2SO4 c thu c hn hp 2 anken, suy ra hn hp 2 ru phi thuc loi no, n chc. CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2 (1) a mol a CmH2m+1OH CmH2m + H2O (2) b mol b 3n CnH2n + O2 nCO2 + nH2O (3) 2 a mol na na 3m CmH2m + O2 mCO2 + mH2O (4) 2 b mol mb mb V Theo (1), (2): a + b = (5). Theo (3), (4): nCO2 = n H 2O = na + mb (6) 22,4 Khi lng 2 ru l: (14n + 18)a + (14m + 18)b = p Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 67

Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

hay 14(na + mb) + 18(a + b) = p (7) Th (5) vo (7) c: V p 18. na + mb = 22,4 14 V p 18. 9 p 7,23V m H 2O = y = 22,4 .18 y = 7 14 V p 18. 11,2 p 9V VCO2 = x = 22,4 .22,4 x = 7 14 IV. PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG 1. Cch gii: Khi chuyn t cht ny sang cht khc khi lng c th tng hoc gim do cc cht khc nhau c khi lng mol khc nhau. Da vo mi tng quan t l thun ca s tng gim ta tnh c lng cht tham gia hay to thnh sau phn ng. 2. Cc v d V d 1: Nhng thanh km vo dd cha 8,32g CdSO4. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd2+ khi lng thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh km ban u. 2,35a Gii: Gi khi lng thanh km ban u l a gam th khi lng tng thm l gam. 100 Zn + CdSO4 ZnSO4 + Cd 65g 1mol 112g tng 112 65 = 47g 8,32 2,35a = 0,04 mol g 208 100 1 47 = Ta c t l: 0,04 2,35a . Gii ra a = 80g. 100 V d 2: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dd CuSO4, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dd Pb(NO3)2, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol CuSO4 v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2 trng hp nh nhau. Gii: Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, A l NTK ca kim loi, x l s mol mui phn ng. M + CuSO4 MSO4 + Cu Ag 1mol 64g gim (A 64)g 0,05m xmol g 100 0,05m Rt ra: x = 100 (1) A 64 M + Pb(NO3)2 M(NO3)2 + Pb Ag 1mol 207 tng (207 A)g 7,1m xmol tng g 100 7,1m Rt ra: x = 100 (2) 207 A 0,05m 7,1m T (1) v (2) ta c: (3) 100 = 100 A 64 207 A T (3) gii ra A = 65. Vy kim loi M l km. Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 68

Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

V d 3: Cho 3,78g bt Al phn ng va vi dd mui XCl3 to thnh dd Y. Khi lng cht tan trong dd Y gim 4,06g so vi dd XCl3. Xc nh cng thc ca mui XCl3. Gii: Gi A l NTK ca kim loi X. Al + XCl3 AlCl3 + X 3,78 = 0,14 0,14 0,14 27 Ta c: (A + 35,5.3).0,14 (133,5.0,14) = 4,06 Gii ra A = 56. Kim loi X l Fe v mui FeCl3. V d 4: Nung 100g hn hp gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng i c 69g cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp. Gii: Ch c NaHCO3 b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO3. 0 2NaHCO3 t Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2.84g gim: 44 + 18 = 62g xg gim: 100 69 = 31g 2,84 62 = x = 84 g Ta c: x 31 Vy NaHCO3 chim 84% v Na2CO3 chim 16%. V d 5: Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd HCl thy thot ra 0,2mol kh. Khi c cn dd sau phn ng th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan? Gii: K hiu kim loi ho tr I l M, s mol l x kim loi, ho tr II l R, s mol l y. M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O (1) 1mol(2M+60)g 2(M+35,5) tng (2M+71)-(2M+60) = 11gam xmol 11gam RCO3 + 2HCl RCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2) 1mol(R+60)g (R+71) tng (R+71)-(R+60) = 11g ymol 11ygam T (1) v (2): mhh = x + y = nCO2 = 0,2 Theo (1), (2): (x + y)mol hn hp phn ng th khi lng hh mui tng (11x + 11y)g = 11(x + y) = 11.0,2 = 2,2g. Vy khi lng mui thu c bng khi lng mui ban u cng vi khi tng tng thm. mmui = 23,8 + 2,2 = 26g. V. PHNG PHP NG CHO 1. Cch gii: PP ng cho thng dng gii bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau c th ng th hoc d th nhng hn hp cui cng phi l ng th. Nu trn ln cc dd th phi l cc dd ca cng mt cht (hoc cht khc, nhng do phn ng vi H2O li cho cng mt cht. V d trn Na2O vi dd NaOH ta c cng mt cht l NaOH). Trn hai dd ca cht A vi nng khc nhau, ta thu c mt dd cht A vi nng duy nht. Nh vy lng cht tan trong phn c gim xung phi bng lng cht tan trong phn long tng ln. S tng qut ca PP ng cho nh sau: D1 x1 |x x2| D1 x x2 = x D2 x1 x D2 x2 |x1 x| x1, x2, x l khi lng cht ta quan tm vi x1 > x > x2 D1, D2 l khi lng hay th tch cc cht (hay dd) em trn ln. 2. Cc v d: V d 1: Cn thm bao nhiu gam nc vo 500g dd NaOH 12% c dd NaOH 8% ? Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 69

Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

Gii:

m H 2O mdd12% 12

0 8

4 8

m H 2O 500

4 mH 2O = 250 g 8

( y x1 = 0, v nc th nng NaOH bng 0). V d 2: Cn trn H2 v CO theo t l th tch nh th no c hn hp kh c t khi so vi metan bng 1,5. Gii: M hh = 1,5.16 = 24 VH 2 2 4 VH 4 2 2 = = 24 VCO 22 11 VCO 28 22 V d 3: Ho tan 4,59g Al bng dd HNO3 long thu c hn hp kh NO v N2O c t khi so vi H2 bng 16,75. Tnh t l th tch kh trong hn hp. Gii: M hh = 16,75.2 = 33,5 V N 2O 44 3,5 VN O 3,5 1 2 = = 33,5 V NO 10,5 3 30 10,5 VNO V d 4: Trn 2 th tch CH4 vi 1 th tch hirocacbon X thu c hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi H 2 bng 15. Xc nh CTPT ca X. Gii: M hh = 15.2 = 30 2V 16 |MX 30| 30 1V MX 30 16

2V M X 30 = M X = 58 . Vi 12x + y = 58 ch c nghim khi x = 4 v y = 10 C4H10 1V 30 16 V d 5: T 1 tn qung hematit (A) iu ch c 420kg st. T 1 tn qung manhetit (B) iu ch c 504kg st. Phi trn 2 qung trn vi t l v khi lng l bao nhiu c 1 tn qung hn hp m t 1 tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 480kg st ? Gii: mA 420 24 m 24 2 A = = 480 mB 60 5 mB 504 6\

Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

70

Ti li u n thi T t nghi p THPT v tuy n sinh i h c Cao ng mn Ha h c

Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

71