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Logarithm 25 June 08
Logarithm 25 June 08
The system of logarithms whose base is the constant e is called the natural logarithm system
where ln 10 = 2.3026 or that e = 2.3026
Logarithms
y = log b(x) if and only if x = by
log b(1) = 0
log b(b) = 1
log b(x*y) = log b(x) + log b(y)
log b(x/y) = log b(x) log b(y)
log b(x n) = n log b(x)
log b(x) = log b(c) * log c(x) = log c(x) / log c(b)
http://www.math.com/tables/algebra/exponents.htm
Laws of Logarithm :
1. logA + logB = logAB
2. logAn = n logA
3. logA logB = logA/B
Rules.
log(xy) = log(x) + log(y)
log(x/y) = log(x) - log(y)
log(xy) = ylog(x)
10x10y = 10x+y
10x/10y = 10x-y
(10x)y = 10xy
log(1) = log(100) = 0
10logx = x = log(10x)
.
log a (N) = log a(M) log a(N)
1
M
Power Rule for Logarithms
For M > 0 and any real number N,
log a (M N ) = N log a (M ).
Inverse Rules
If a > 0 and a 1, then
1. log a (a x) = x for any real number x
2. aloga (x) = x for x > 0.
Rules of Logarithms
If M, N, and a are positive real numbers with a 1,
and x is any real number, then
1. log a (a) = 1 2. log a (1) = 0
3. log a (a x) = x 4.
5. log a ( MN ) = log a ( M ) + log a ( N )
6. log a ( M/N ) = log a ( M ) log a ( N )
7. log a ( M x ) = x log a ( M )
8. log a (1/N ) = log a ( N )
Base-Change Formula
If a > 0, b > 0, a 1, b 1, and M > 0, then
log a (M) = log b(M)/ log b (a)
http://www.kemt.fei.tuke.sk/Predmety/KEMT320_EA/_web/Online_Course_on_Acoustics/logarithms.html
ln (x)
ln (x)
Summation Expansion
(x-1)n
n
=
= (x-1) - (1/2)(x-1)2 + (1/3)(x-1)3 + (1/4)(x-1)4 + ...
((x-1) / x)n
n
=
= (x-1)/x + (1/2) ((x-1) / x)2 + (1/3) ((x-1) / x)3 + (1/4) ((x1) / x)4 + ...
ln (x)
=ln(a)+
Comments
Taylor Series
Centered at 1
(0 < x <=2)
(x > 1/2)
Taylor Series
(0 < x <= 2a)
(-1)n-1(x-a)n
n an
ln (x)
((x-1)/(x+1))(2n-1)
(2n-1)
=2
= 2 [ (x-1)/(x+1) + (1/3)( (x-1)/(x+1) )3 + (1/5) ( (x-1)/
(x+1) )5 + (1/7) ( (x-1)/(x+1) )7 + ... ]
(x > 0)
Equivalent Value
Comments
= - ln (x + 1)
= - ln(x)
= ln ( (1+x)/(1-x) )
2
logarithm derivative
When
f (x) = logb(x)
Then the derivative of f(x):
f ' (x) = 1 / ( x ln(b) )
See: log derivative
Logarithm integral
The integral of logarithm of x:
logb(x) dx = x ( logb(x) - 1 / ln(b) ) + C
3
For example:
log2(x) dx = x ( log2(x) - 1 / ln(2) ) + C
Logarithm approximation
log2(x) n + (x/2n - 1) ,
Logarithms table
x
0
0+
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
log10 x
undefined
-
-4.000000
-3.000000
-2.000000
-1.000000
0.000000
0.301030
0.477121
0.602060
0.698970
0.778151
0.845098
0.903090
0.954243
1.000000
1.301030
1.477121
1.602060
1.698970
1.778151
1.845098
1.903090
1.954243
2.000000
2.301030
2.477121
2.602060
2.698970
2.778151
log2 x
undefined
-
-13.287712
-9.965784
-6.643856
-3.321928
0.000000
1.000000
1.584963
2.000000
2.321928
2.584963
2.807355
3.000000
3.169925
3.321928
4.321928
4.906891
5.321928
5.643856
5.906991
6.129283
6.321928
6.491853
6.643856
7.643856
8.228819
8.643856
8.965784
9.228819
loge x
undefined
-
-9.210340
-6.907755
-4.605170
-2.302585
0.000000
0.693147
1.098612
1.386294
1.609438
1.791759
1.945910
2.079442
2.197225
2.302585
2.995732
3.401197
3.688879
3.912023
4.094345
4.248495
4.382027
4.499810
4.605170
5.298317
5.703782
5.991465
6.214608
6.396930
700
800
900
1000
10000
2.845098
2.903090
2.954243
3.000000
4.000000
9.451211
9.643856
9.813781
9.965784
13.287712
6.551080
6.684612
6.802395
6.907755
9.210340