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FG %&' #; 3 3 ;

7 #.a
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e.a +& X[ 4 7% ,& e. &

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e ( , &+D 4& 3 %+' , +& I A ,& 3

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s.X( j& &

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C#, '* 4 7 % *&

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1 c& ', 4& 3 & N*02 D

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& ' XJ '

hL/

N1 '3e & 3i

'3e & 3i

4& 3 &

q. ]' & 4 .C*' ( % " 3

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H 3

g'* e & fd#

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e)

% 2 * h " J +& I" * + 3 I"= 1 LG

"G

FG ." = 3

_' [ `1 3 < 61 N 3 < a'1 4 7^

e & +& R"#1 &

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, +& "7

%"= &+D 0.*

FG % ,& ."#1

b m' , +&

I+ b&
FG N1
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D)% =

N 1 " * '3 I" .); e & 3 7%D . '= I".21 % .3 "*&'

& hB; e & 0.* 7 B3 3

1 N 3 74 6.3 +& r O3 %

1 N3

N 1 '=

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e & 3N1N

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of
ive
ch
(U

.( ) ,& N

%"3 +& %'( %".21 % .3 \6; N3

I" = N ( # = (hijama)

! 7) 8% C %

1 N3 R '=

.X6B1 Y O6 &I &

+& %' ( %".2 1 %

1 N #( % , 3 % *' N 3 N .* ") +& 7" O3

P,'

3 F & +& U R%".L <61 N3 % H

+& 4 .C*' ( \ =

Hm

'b'

FG

Z. +& \XJ

,&

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2 +& %' ( %".2 1 4& 3 %&"#62*& +& 4 &"O P,'

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Y& [& 4 7 4 ? P,'

FG

FG N6B1

mihjam

. $' 4& 3

SI

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M +&

FG I5& R , #= M T* +& .

; F = - " J N 1 e & ". & N3 R" D

.(9 R )"=

H %D +& %' ( R

, N 3 I" = N 2 1 % 'FC#b +& N1 *'( ."# *&

N 3 7%D

#O N3 hajm

I"= N H %".L

.(9) ,& N H N2
N 67 R( Z. +& \ XJ

9: )n& )3 % + +& \XJ

."*&I '3 %'H *'H -& 7 T 3 4 6.3 < oJ&

7 4 6.3

.O ] >.@2 N 3 F# n& )3 #. 3 f.J -&"7 2

e &

." = 7%D ?.@2 h Z; 3 p (

la .

74 6.3

NO,' N* H la nZ(& m'lA N1 '3 % +

." * '3 & ' , h MB3 R& A$ R%'( :\ = %"3 , ,& o

e & ."# *&
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g X[& e & \$& %+&' N3 N 3& &

I" .); `7 1 N 3

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%' (

FG
Baganda

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I A ,&

`7 1

I A ,& 4 .C*'(

b ( ? #; 'b NF. * &

.( ) ,& I 1

lb

e &

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N3 & 4 .C*'( N1 "* '3

e . & 74 ? uvQ 6 G&

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lb 'X 3 4 7 .
C ( R 3'#b

'J a+& RI"., '( x & N3 ( Z. +& \XJ

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e. *&5 D _'#b) .*'H

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Y G 3 4 6.3 e ( , x ( 4& 3 4&NB., %&'#; N3

& % = '( & & R C

(E

+& \ XJ 9

`1 3

3 1 3 #X

FG

." = m F*& 7 " #7 P ,' N .X# `1 3 R *

1 N3 .*
4&I
H - '$ N3 7% J [
FG
2 .3 R%

BC*&

A &' d &~' B %&

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7 NO '$

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45' '
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7'

ZH <=0 %&'#; N3

., <

4& 3 &
O.X[

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N 3

L=0 hB; N1

1 4 & H% .#3 45' ' 0.

la 3 E'#. b . & & J g O2 & / "O3

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C" L

T* +& - .G - O

Rm

'3 N (' D

b %D

e & .& ' , & A $ Rh MB3 R%' ( :

3 G +&

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ch

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N1

h2a N3 m

LD

& . 2H 3 N.1 %' H N3 "* 1

N & &e C
,& ( . B.

4 .C*'( e. & ."3 N & & ( . B.

FG s/X

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4 .C*'( .( ) ,& N =&"* 4 3 1 E'A.

)U * &
)U * &

Z.

FG m F*& %& &" [ +& 0 .* ( Z. +&

? 4 "*

e&

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4& 3

7 +& Rq.

E'#. b 4 7N ='* kBK&

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4& 3 4 &"* ,&

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of

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N1 "#a 7 RI" D

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=& 3 \3 J

d, % J %"6
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e & . ,& I '3 0.* _& ;&

7) 8%

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H
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U* &

9 +

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[

N*&+
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m F*& d, % J
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( N3

FG

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& ' ( p ( e.*&'J _& ;&. ,& N

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'3 m+Q 7 H

I A ,& *

G 0 .* " #7"3 %'( + 9

3 0 , ."= N H %'( U* &

'L# , s ; 3 ^ 0 3 4 7 ^ N3 l # o., 4 7

#, k[ +& |0b

.K =

O 4 7 N LB +& L

\ J N 3 & _& ;& I =

%&'#; N3
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e & +&

N1 4 '[ N3 "* 1

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4 .C*' ( +&

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U* &

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4 .C*' ( . 1 H"*+ "O3

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N 3 ,& 4 ) ;& 0.* ( Z. +& "O3

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N 1 '3 N

"?

N * H la 4 7
2.

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N 1 ' 3 * 1 e. & +&

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N 67

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FG 4 6.3

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6 N1

N 1 *' '# N3 Z X

N 1 *& 6.3 %

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R"*"=
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FG

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H N F. * & . & N & & "*

m F*& e
Venesection

& &

FG R% 'l 4 7N ='*

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,' %" 3 0.*

1j d

. & ' Xl3 4 6.3 I

'

FG m F*& +&

H N F. * & ." #

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FG

FG 2@3 & 4& 3

6.3

N ( #= "# #7 %&'#; N3 % H"##1

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N1

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% J

4& 3

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4 7+

N X & ."*" =

T* +& 4' *&

,& r %

Ar

4 . ' 6*

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. 3 m * & '3

ch

).)G

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Louise

FG m C#7 N3 %'( hFG

"* 1

E # = D Paerre

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ive

%&'

1 e. & % L=0t &

6l

FG 4& 3 k, # %'( hFG %&0.

N 1 * 1 +& . 1 % .3 &
Rene

3 " #*

4 " ); \ =

; = e.*&' J N ;'6F "#* 67 % , 3 %&

of

." = j d !

O.X[ '

6 , B uvQ 6 G& (Plethora)] *' (

N =&

\& &

Z,& k[ +& 2@3

"= 'L= 0.* %D NA B " N3

SI

Z. +& \XJ

I& 7_ ; N3

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.( R ) 1

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%&' #; N 3 E'#. b L & . =& % 1 `1 3

4 .C*'( 3

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'3 %

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FG N1 "= s; 3 R

m la
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I& 67 %'.,& ".7 +& = * .

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x 'b

'

% +

&0 H U. |
7%D A*

N1 *' '#

40.a * &

I N3 4 6.3 \ & &

e & 3 I Z; . 3

Q3&

FG N1
FG H&

^ R '=

( )

# 4& & '7) 8% C %

4& 3 2*& & k[ R *

"? m F*& +& U %'yB *

%& &0 7 & + "= 3 q./$ "*&'

R 9

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3 "=
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+ . 3

BC*&

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R"= l3 4 hBL N1 4 'b

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\ . N 3 N .B1

\J

e.3 +& 40 *'( \.

& +& %'( U* & 9 ."=

1 -'

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Innocent VIII

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0 a . 1 -' 0.* '( R"#

,

&e&R

e.3 +& 40 *'( \. N3 A*

N 3 % *D N1 %&'b N, %'(
m

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#,
FG e .3 n X &
R% " 4 .C*'( % *D T* +&."* 1 I =& (blood sampling
e. 67 N3 "= 3
,&'(

2.

G N= H
4

L '[ N3 %& 6.3 e &

."##1

lb

` +D m F*&

7N* 2 *

#. 3 h Z; 3 40.a * &

4"O3 NO d . '= 6*
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FG 3 N3 2 4&NF. * F & kX,

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&

J' - &"J& e & 3 4 6.3

1". &

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A* N 1 - ' $ c , 3 N3 Z X
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Venesection

0 .* P & = e &

' 6; % , 6.3 +&

FG 7 %D

N1 "., N3 2 NF. * N3

l* * Na H . &

"/

FG m F*& & R 'X* OdJ

,'a ,

4 7 4 6.3

NO d

.()"=

*"3 a

SI

p'? ( - Z (& R

3l &

9 4 7

R L =0 4 7 4 'y R 7 C2 +D m'B; e.3 n X & 'b

". , ' ( x & N3 *

47

& '(N ,

Y f g 3&
.( )7<& $

+& % " 4 .C*'(

7) 8% : aI

Q <& +4

%'3

61 3 PX

&

7` +D m F*& R%D % ' 3 6B; NB6b

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N3 '
& ." *

Ar

I" = N ( ,
I ,

1 e & 4& 3 p'?@ 4&N2.= 40B

*Q +& R

FG 4& 3 N

.( ) ,&
1 N3 4 7 &03&

4 "O 4 7 3 N1 4&NB., )~ #, 4 7 & H & (

+& AB @ g&' *& . ,& .M (" #1
F & \/ <
N B6b +& " *&N

1N3

+& "* '3 - X; _ K

N =&

% .3 ' ( Q" ,& 4& 3

N1

". , '( x & N3 % J

' +& 6.3

R ' 6O

.K

FG e & 3 #3
FG

*Q

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N1

lb

OB] NB ., < :

FG 4'J a

,&

.3'X/ .( )"= 3
,

1 e.

XBJ -ZL2
& Valquez

1 I =& 6 , B
&

L 5' '*

L 5' '* i &'; 'b

FG . 1

&0F & R`1& "#*

&0H 6 , B
7 '21

+'#7

.( )(9 \L=) '=

:( \L=)
\. N3 ` * N1 6 "J &0 3& < :(Lancet)

FG

3 uvOdJ 1 - 3&

3 1

N3

m F*& % 6;

7 +& 2 .3

+ 4 .C*'( 3

.67& N 3 N 1 ' 3
Olser

'$& 3

' 3 & , ' %D 2@3 & Na H

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h |Z;

restorative

[ '
1

FG

R" F*&

= * _ l & N 1 "* 1

4& 3 eL.

'

I"= N H %'( hFG

X . %D 3 "*&' 6*

+& R + 4 .C*'( 3

|' .( )

*'A; +&

7% F#

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FG &"* ,& 4 7 &0 3&

6.

*' '# +& = * .

A* 9 P ) R"*" = %

' ,

FG 4& 3 0 .* 7 % F#

c = R<. ,Z RN2.= R'X 3 R<. ,Q U#b +&

&

FG '

&"

FG B$& &03& R Mihjamih

1 N3 'T# e & N3 H

*' '#
*&

& P ,' N1 4 '

FG 4 7 &03&

c = h " J . ,&
4 7% F# I+ & &

#3 +' C.7 % b 1

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&0 %& 6.3 +& ( 3

ch

) *& m" ;

4& 3

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ive

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3 F -&"7 2

N3 b l
+&

'. & % 'l 4

3 N1 4&NO d

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#,%

%&' #; N 3

H - '$ \.|& ,&

FG +& NO d

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F & N 3 4+ .* % + 2 .* m

. '3

#, =

.( )(: \L=)"= X*

FG 4' J a :(Spring Lancet)4 #

*Q

FG g&'*&
+& %'( N1 * + N3 m' 6; ' [ N 3
!Z [& ' =

FG . ' = N H h1 &")
Venesection

D8

.( ) & w.

I". * O]'

%'( 7 & H & (

: '=
''

FG
N H% =

% 1 `1 3 R 7' &+ NB., N3 N1 '=

N3

h. )

8 :\ =

+ g&'*&

'6;

FG

`1 3 3 4 & H & ( 8 :\ = O ]'

FG
(9)' &+ 8 <2( `1 3 _'[

Fleam

*Q \ = N

"=

`7 1 & %

N 3 hL/ 4&Na

&'* < 3 * D

= }X* N1 hL/ "J %D N* & ."7

= e. 3
2 C*& N, 3

+& %' (

&

"=

P( <

ch

& J N3 X , 2 C*&
." =
6G C
h.)

=
*Q
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ive

& "

"

*Q N M. ." 7
,
H

lb <

Ar

0 , h7 &

,'

7 h $,] :[O& : aI

4 7#, "#* 0. NB., 7 \ =

2 .* . ' 3 - *&'.G 4 7%&" *

FG N. & &03&
R0 . ~' *

(Thumb

4& & N1 "= g&"3& h7 0* % J

2 ~Q

26= :i

lancet)

,' U#b +& e 0 N , 3 0. NX

( , I )* Z[ +& * 1 R ' 'L *& : 9 \ & &

U# b +& 4
Y dO*& N ' N3 \? Z1 P,' N1

*Q Ut,
"=

( e)- !G & 7) 8% a <

.'3

*Q * J' NX ." D % .3 Nd)* e &

."#1 h(+ "

9 &+!% L

1 N3 4 7 &03&

N 1 ,& G& b &03& R0. ~'* 3 <a'1

4Q 3
6.3 4 + 3 .
1 N3 % *&

&

of

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."# = 3

,' qd, N3 N1 L.* L

N3 ]

0 . NX e "#a 3 40B \ G :(Scarificator) & C=& ( 9

SI

FG * + .

FG

C#7
."*+

"

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References :

21222324-

25-

20-

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1819-

perspectives. Semin Thromb Hemost 1989; 15(3): 2614.

Homeopathy malaysia.http://drinikomar. Tripod.com.
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www.elib. hbi. ir/ persian/ traditional medicine/ canonweb/canon-01/kifa4. htm. K03.htm.
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Roger w Byard, Blood letting and leeching:
instrarnents of healing or torture? eMJA Australia
2001; 175-66.
Schmidt PJ.The leech from the historian. Transfusion
Today Quarterley Newsletter of the International
Society of Blood Transfusion 2009; 78.
Ullah K,Younis A, Wali M. An investigation into the
effect of Cupping Therapy as a treatment for Anterior
Knee Pain and its potential role in Health Promotion.
The internet journal of Alternative Medicine 2007;4(1).
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from:URL:http://www.elib.hbi.Ir/persian/traditionalmedicine/Jorjani/zakhire-sirjani/fehr.
Pourfathollah AA. Transfusion medicine, past, present,
future. The scientific J of Iranian blood Transfusion
Organization 2006; 2(7): 287-9.
Schmidt PJ, Ness PM. Hemotherapy: from blood
letting magic to transfuiosn medicine. Transfusion
2006; 46(2): 166-168.
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Lancet 1828-29;11: 321-24.
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Transfusion 2001; 41(7): 968-9.

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donors. Transfusion 2008; 48: 2490-1.
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State J Med 1980; 80(13): 2022-8
5- Lawrence L. Blood letting: an early treatment used by
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7- Schmidt PJ. Therapeutic bloodletting: from
bloodletting to blood transfusion (part 1). Blood Bank
Transfus Med 2003; 1: 9-13.
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J Haematol 2008; 143(4): 490-5
9- Turk JL, Allen E. Bleeding and cupping. Ann R Coll
Surg Engl 1983; 65(2): 128-31.
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Hijama through the passage of time

Gharehbaghian A.1(PhD), Mehran M.1(MD), Karimi Gh.1(MD), Vafaiyan V.1(Pharm D),
Tabrizi Namini M.1(MS)

Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center,Tehran, Iran

Abstract

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Blood-letting is defined to be the withdrawal of blood from a patient. Considering the

mysterious, life-saving, and occassionally miraculous nature of blood during the evolving
history of man, civilization, and science, this red liquid being the token of life and death
throughout centuries was used as evidence for clinical diagnosis of special diseases or
otherwise as definite and soothing treatment of patients. Based on the existing evidence,
hijama or blood withdrawal in cultural and religious beliefs and customs of certain tribes has
had even a special status in saving man from devil or evil forces. The accessible old documents
show the expansion of blood drawing as a known life-saving element and treatment method in
ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome in different forms including hijama. However, the
development of medical sciences, particularly transfusion medicine and blood transfusion
sciences, the treatment and preventive role of hijama and other methods like arteriotomy and
leech cupping started to get less prominence except for some eastern countries especially
Islamic states where hijama is still employed to relieve soul and treat diseases as a tool of
preserving traditions. In Iran, considering the available standards based on which potential
blood donors with recent hijama experience are defered for one year, it is necessary to raise
awareness of all those involved in the field of blood transfusion and the whole community
about the history of hijama so as to see how we can better deal with this historical and
traditional controversial topic.

Ar

Key words: Leeching, Venesection, phlebotomy, Blood letting

SJIBTO 2009; 6(2): 147-158

Received: 14 Jan 2009

Accepted: 22 Aug 2009

Correspondence: Gharehbaghain A., PhD of Cinical Immunohematology. Associated professor of Iranian Blood
Transfusion Organization-Research Center.
P.O.Box: 14665-1157, Tehran, Iran. Tel: (+9821) 88601599; Fax : (+9821) 88601599
E-mail: gharehbaghian@ibto.ir

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