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Descriptive
Descriptive
Descriptive
Exploratory
Experimental
Describe Find Cause Populations Relationship and Effect Case study Developmental Research Normative Research Qualitative research Correlational, Predictive research
Descriptive/Exploratory Research
Purpose:
To describe a phenomenon To explore factors that influence and interact with it
Descriptive Research
Document conditions, attitudes, or characteristics of individuals or groups of individuals
Descriptive Research
Exploratory Research:
Focuses on the relationships among these factors Descriptive and Exploratory Research: May be combined, depending on the research question Are considered nonexperimental or observational research (no data manipulation)
Retrospective Research
Data have been collected in the past
Prospective Research Data are collected in the present (longitudinal studies) Prospective research is more reliable than retrospective
Descriptive Research
Case Studies
Purpose In-depth description of an individuals condition or responses to treatment Can also focus on a group, institution, or other social unit Case series- an expansion of a case study (several similar cases are reported)
Case Studies
Most often: Case studies emphasize unusual patient problems or diagnoses that present interesting clinical challenges A case study is an intensive investigation designed to a analyze & understand factors important to the:
Case Studies
Etiology, care, and outcome of subjects: Background, present status, and responses to intervention
Case Studies
It begins with a: full history, delineation problems, symptoms, and prior treatments, demographic and social factors that a relevant to the subjects care and prognosis
Case Studies
Literature should be cited to support treatment Documentation of all interventions, subjects responses, and and10 followup should be complete Data could be quantitative or qualitative, or both
Case Studies
Major Contributions:
Information generates hypothesis A thorough analysis of a single situation may lead to discovery of non obvious relationships Case law may lead to a conceptual form
Case Studies
Provides an opportunity for understanding the totality of an individuals experience Limitations:
Developmental Research
Involves the description of developmental change and the sequencing of behavior in people over time (Erickson, Piaget) Methods used to document change:
Developmental Research
Developmental Research
2. Cross-Sectional Method- studies a stratified group of subjects at one-point in time This method is used more often than longitudinal method because its efficiency as subjects are tested once at the same time
Developmental Research
Developmental Research
Provides valuable information for generating correlational or experimental hypothesis/es Generates developmental theories
Normative Studies
Purpose: To describe typical or standard values for characteristics of a given population Directed toward:
Normative Research
Normative Research
The norm is used as a basis for: Prescribing corrective interventions Predicting future performance
Researchers must be aware of sampling biases
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Methods:
Based on Logical positivism Concept/constructs can be measured and assigned numbers
Qualitative Research
Purpose:
To understand the patients perspective To describe how individuals perceive their own experiences within a specific context To seek an understanding why something occurs (Phantom pain)
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
Measurement error
In terms of judgments not numerical equivalency
Sampling Size
Exploratory Research
The systematic investigation of relationship among two or more variables Purpose: To describe relationships To predict the effects of one variable on another To test relationships that are supported by clinical theory
Exploratory Research
Exploratory Research
Exploratory Research
The strength of this relationship is measured by a correlation statistic Pearson Correlation r (how close the correlation coefficient is to +1or -1 2. RegressionPredicts the score on an outcome variable by knowing the values of other variables
Chapter 13