Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit-I Gas Power Cycles 1.1 Air Standard Cycles
Unit-I Gas Power Cycles 1.1 Air Standard Cycles
]
4
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
T
T
T
T
T
T
1 _
1
,
1
1
_
1
1 , ]
------- (3)
3 4 4 2
1 3 2 1
T T T T
T T T T
j [
1 1
3 3 4 1
1 4 2 2
3 4
3 2 4 1
1 2
&
V T T V
T V T V
T T
V V V V
T T
_ _
, ,
Q
Substituting
3 4
1 2
T T
T T
in equation (3)
1
2
1
cy
T
T
2
1
1
1
T
T
_
_
, ,
cy
( )
1
1
1
r
1
1
1
]
1
1 2 1
1 2
T V
r
T V
_
,
Q
where
1
2
V
r compression ratio
V
Compression ratio ( r) : It is the ratio of the initial volume to the final volume
during compression.
1.2.3 DIESEL CYCLE
DIESEL ENGINES CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE :
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant pressure Heating
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume Cooling
Since combustion takes place at constant pressure the Diesel cycle is also called
as Constant Pressure Cycle.
Heat Supplied = C
p
( T
3
T
2
) -------(1)
Heat Rejected = C
v
( T
4
T
1
) -------(2)
.
.
. Work done = Heat Supplied Heat Rejected
= C
p
( T
3
T
2
) - C
v
( T
4
T
1
)
cycle
=
workdone
Heat Supplied
=
p 3 2 v 4 1
p 3 2
C ( T - T ) - C ( T - T )
C ( T - T )
4 1
3 2
4 1
3 2
( )
1
( )
( )
1
( )
v
cy
p
cy
C T T
C T T
T T
T T
1
1
]
p
v
C
ratio of specific Heats
C
Q
4 4
1
1 1
1 3 3
2
2 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
cy
T T
T
T T
T T
T r
T T
1 1
1 1
] ]
1 1
1 1
] ]
-------
-(3)
where
1
1
2 1
1 2
T V
r
T V
_
,
3 4 4 2
1 3 2 1
T T T T
T T T T
j [
1 1
3 3 1
4 2 2
1
3 3
4 1
2 2
V T V
V T V
V T
V V
V T
_ _
, ,
_
,
Q
1
3 3
2 2
V V
V V
_
,
3 3
2 2
, 2-3 constant pressure process
T V
T V
1
1
]
Q
3
2
3
2
c
c
V
r
V
V
where r cutoff ratio
V
_
,
substituting
4
1
T
T
=
c
r
and
3
2
T
T
=
c
r in equation (3),
j [
1
1
1
1
c
cy
c
r
r r
1
]
' ;
Cutoff ratio (r
c
) : It is the ratio of the final volume to the initial volume during
constant pressure combustion.
1.2.4 SEMI DIESEL CYCLE OR DUAL CYCLE
CRUDE OIL ENGINE - LIMITED PRESSURE CYCLE
1-2 Isentropic Compression
2-3 Constant Volume Heating
3-4 Constant Pressure Heating
4-5 Isentropic Expansion
5-1 Constant Volume Cooling
Since part of the combustion takes place at constant volume and part of the
combustion takes place at constant pressure the semi diesel cycle is also called as
Dual Cycle.
Heat Supplied = [C
v
(T
3
T
2
) + C
p
(T
4
T
3
)] ------(1)
Heat Rejected = C
v
(T
5
T
1
) ------( 2)
Work Done = [C
v
(T
3
T
2
) + C
p
(T
4
T
3
)] - C
v
(T
5
T
1
)
v 3 2 p 4 3 v 5 1
cy
v 3 2 p 4 3
[C (T -T ) + C (T -T )] - C (T -T )
[C (T -T ) + C (T -T )]
v 5 1
cy
v 3 2 p 4 3
C (T -T )
1
[C (T -T ) + C (T -T )]
5 1
3 2 4 3
(T -T )
1
[(T -T ) + (T -T )]
5
1
1
3 4
2 3
2 3
T
T -1
T
1
T T
T 1 + T 1
T T
1
1
]
1 1
1 1
] ]
------(3)
p
v
C
C
1
1
]
Q
5
1
1 3 3 4
2 1 3
T
-1
T
1
T T T
1 + 1
T T T
r
1
1
]
1 1
' ;
1 1
] ]
1
1 2 1
1 2
T V
r
T V
1
1
1
1
1
]
]
Q
5 5 3 4 2
1 4 3 2 1
T T T T T
T T T T T
1 1
3 4 4 1
5 3 2 2
P V V V
V V V P
1 1
1 1
] ]
j [
3 2 5 1
; V V V V Q
=
3 4
3 2
c p
P V
r r
V P
where
3
2
p
P
r
P
= Pressure ratio
( ) j [
1 3
1
1
1
1 1
c p
cy
c p c
r r
T
r r r
T
1
]
' ;
+
1 3 3 2
1 2 1
p
T T T
r r
T T T
( ) j [
1 1
1
1
1 1
c p
cy
c p p c
r r
r r r r r
1
]
' ;
+
( ) j [ }
1
1
1
1 1
c p
cy
p p c
r r
r r r r
1
]
' ;
+
Pressure ratio (r
p
) : It is the ratio of the final pressure to the initial pressure during
constant volume combustion.
1.3 COMPARISION BETWEEN OTTO AND DIESEL CYCLES
Same Compression Ratio And Same Heat Input:
D O
<
Same Compression ratio
1
2
V
V
= C
i.e., For same T
1
,T
2
should be same for both the cycles.
Heat input is same
mC
v
(T
3
- T
2
) =
'
v 3 2
mC (T - T )
we know that C
p
> C
v
(T
3
- T
2
) < (T
3
- T
2
)
( )
( )
4 1
o
3 2
1
T T
T T
( )
( )
'
4 1
o
'
3 2
1
T T
T T
Mean Effective Pressure =
( ) ( )
( )
3 3 4 4 2 2 1 1
1 2
1
PV PV PV PV
V V
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 4 2 1
1 2
1
mR T T mR T T
V V
( ) ( )
( )
3 2
4 1
4 1
1 2
1 1
4 1
4 1
3 2
1
2
2
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
T T
mR T T
T T
V V
V V
mR T T
V V
V
V
V
_ _
' ;
, ,
_ _
1 1
' ;
1 1
] ]
, ,
_
,
( ) ( ) }
( ) ( )
1 1
4 1
2
1 1
1 1
mR T r T r
V r
( ) ( )
}
( ) ( )
1
4 1
2
1
1 1
mR r T T
V r
( ) ( )
}
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
}
( ) ( )
1
4 4 1 1
2
1
1 4 1
2
1
1 1
1
1 1
r PV PV
V r
r V P P
V r
( )
( ) ( )
1
4
1
1
1 1
1 1
P
r r P
P
r
_
' ;
,
Mean Effective Pressure
( ) ( ) }
( ) ( )
1
1
1 1
1 1
p
Pr r r
r
1.4.2 DIESEL CYCLE :
Mean Effective Pressure =
sup
.
rej
s s
Q Q
W D
V V
( )
3 2 4 1
1 2
( ) ( )
p v
mC T T mC T T
V V
3 4
2 1
2 1
1
2
2
1 1
1
v
T T
mC T T
T T
V
V
V
_ _
' ;
, ,
,
( ) ( ) } 2 1
2
1 1
( 1)
v c e
mC T r T r
V r
( ) ( ) } 2 1
2
2
1 1
( 1)
v c e
mC T r T r
mRT
r
P
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 1
1
2
1 1
1 ( 1)
v c e
v
T
PC T r r
T
C T r
' ;
Mean Effective Pressure
( ) ( ) }
( )
1
2
1 1
1 ( 1)
c c
P r r r r
r
1.4.3 DUEL CYCLE:
Mean Effective Pressure =
sup
.
rej
s s
Q Q
W D
V V
( )
3 2 4 3 5 1
1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
v p v
mC T T mC T T mC T T
V V
+
3 5 4
2 3 1
2 3 1
1
2
2
1 1 1
1
v
T T T
mC T T T
T T T
V
V
V
_ _ _
+
' ;
, , ,
,
( ) ( ) ( ) } 2 3 1
2
1 1 1
( 1)
v p c c p
mC T r T r T r r
V r
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
1 1 3
2
2 1
1 1 1
( 1)
v p c c p
T T
mC r r r r
T T
mRT
r
PT
+
' ;
( ) ( ) ( ) }
( )
1 1
2
1
1 1 1
1 ( 1)
v p p c c p
v
PC r r r r r r r
C r r
( ) ( ) ( ) }
( )
1 1
2
1
1 1 1
1 ( 1)
p p c c p
P r r r r r r r r
r r
Mean Effective Pressure
( ) ( ) ( ) }
( )
1 1
2
1 1 1
1 ( 1)
p p c c p
P r r r r r r r r
r
1.5 BRAYTON CYCLE
THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINES:
It is also called as Joules cycle. The cycle consists of the following processes,
1-2 Isentropic compression (in compressor)
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition (in heat exchanger)
3-4 Isentropic Expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection (heat exchanger)
Heat supplied to the air Q
2-3
= ( )
3 2 p
mC T T --------(1)
Heat rejected by the air , Q
4-1
= ( )
4 1 p
mC T T --------(2)
Work done = Heat supplied Heat rejected
= ( ) ( )
3 2 4 1 p p
mC T T mC T T
=
( ) ( )
( )
3 2 4 1
3 2
Work done
Heat supplied
p p
p
mC T T mC T T
mC T T
( )
( )
4 1
3 2
1
T T
T T
4
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
T
T
T
T
T
T
_
,
_
,
--------(3)
We know that for isentropic expansion or reversible adiabatic process 3-4,
( )
1 1
1
3 3 2
4 4 1
p
p
T P P
r
T P P
where r pressure ratio
_ _
, ,
_
,
3 3 2 4
4 1 1 2
T T T T
or
T T T T
Substituting the value of
4
1
T
T
in equation (3)
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
T
T
T
T
_
,
1
2
1
1
1
P
P
_
,
=
( )
1
1
1
p
r
1
1
1
1
]
Where r
p
=Pressure ratio =
2
1
P
P
_
,
1.6 THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES FOUR STROKE PETROL
ENGINE
Theoretical Workdone = Area 12341=A
Actual Workdone = Area 42344 Area4514 = A
1
- A
2
Pumpimg Power = Area 4514 = A
2
Actual Workdone< Theoretical Workdone
THEORETICAL CONDITIONS
i. Suction and exhaust takes place at atmospheric pressure
ii. Suction and exhaust takes place through 180 of crank rotation
iii. Compression and expansion takes place through 180 of crank rotation
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
2
4
THEORETICAL CYCLE
ACTUAL CYCLE
A
A
1
A
2
iv. Compression and expansion are isentropic
v. The combustion takes place instantaneously at constant volume at the
end of
compression
vi. Pressure suddenly falls to atmospheric pressure at the end of expansion
ACTUAL CONDITIONS
i. The suction of mixture is possible only if the pressure inside the cylinder
is
below atmospheric pressure.
ii. Burnt gases can be pushed out only if the pressure of the exhaust gas is
above atmospheric pressure.
iii. The compression and expansion are not isentropic.
iv. Sudden pressure raise is not possible after ignition as combustion takes
some
time for completion.
v. Actual pressure raise is less than the theoretical.
vi. The pressure increase takes place through some crank rotation.
vii. Sudden pressure release after opening of exhaust valve is not possible as
it
takes place through some crank rotation
1.7 THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
51 Suction 12 Compression
23 Constant pressure combustion 34 Expansion
41 Sudden fall in pressure 15 Exhaust
THEORETICAL CONDITIONS
i. Suction and exhaust takes place at atmospheric pressure
ii. Suction and exhaust takes place through 180 of crank rotation
iii. Compression and expansion takes place through 180 of crank rotation
iv. Compression and expansion are isentropic
v. The combustion takes place instantaneously at constant pressure at the end of
compression
vi. Pressure suddenly falls to atmospheric pressure at the end of expansion
ACTUAL CONDITIONS
i. The suction of mixture is possible only if the pressure inside the cylinder is below
atmospheric pressure.
ii. Burnt gases can be pushed out only if the pressure of the exhaust gas is above
atmospheric pressure.
iii. The compression and expansion are not isentropic.
iv. Sudden pressure raise is not possible after injection as combustion takes some
time for completion.
v. Actual pressure raise is less than the theoretical.
vi. Sudden pressure release after opening of exhaust valve is not possible as it takes
place through some crank rotation
1.8 THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES -TWO STROKE PETROL
ENGINE
THEORETICAL CYCLE ACTUAL CYCLE
12 Compression 23 Constant Volume Combustion
34 Expansion 41 Sudden fall in Pressure
16, 61 Exhaust 56,65 Charging and Scavenging
1.8.1 AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY OF TWO STROKE ENGINES
Effective Compression Ratio = r
e
se c
e
c
V V
r
V
2
x
4
se e
D
V L
1
1
= 1
a
e
r
1.9 THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES -TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
12 Compression 23 Constant Pressure Combustion
34 Expansion 41 Sudden fall in Pressure
16, 61 Exhaust 56,65 Charging and Scavenging