Aluminum Alloys

(Aluminum Alloy)

(alloy)

(aluminum alloy)


2 (ferrous
metals and alloy) (nonferrous metals and alloy)


3



(steels) (low carbon steel)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

1.

2.

3.

4.


5.

 (Aluminum Alloy)

(face-centered cubic, FCC)

8
(alumina, Al2O3)
(silica, SiO2)
(Kaolinite) (Bauxite)
1
(Nepheline) (Alunite)
1 (G. E. Totten , 2003)

Gibbsite (hydragilite)
Behmite
Diaspore
Hematite
Goethite
Magnetite
Siderite
Ilmentite
Anatase
Rutile
Brookite
Kaolinite
Quartz

-Al2O3.3H2O
-Al2O3.H2O
-Al2O3.H2O
-Fe2O3
-FeOOH
Fe3O4
FeCO3
FeTiO3
TiO2
TiO2
Al2O3.2SiO2.3H2O
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
SiO2

30-50% 3-13% (II) 10-18%

(kaolinite) 30-32%

 (Aluminum Alloy)

(nepheline) 30% 40%

Na2O K2O 20%

(Bayer process)
(Karl Josef Bayer)
( 1)
( 2)

1 (1871-1908)
(G. E. Totten and D. S. Mackenzie, 2003)
170-180 C
5-7 (atm)
(autoclave) (steam jacket) 150 C
(sodium aluminate,
NaAlO2)
(1)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

2 (Ulrich Mller, 2011)

(II)
(red mud red slime)

40 C
(aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3)
(catalyzer) (seeding agent)


(2)
(2)

(calcined) 1,100 C (rotary kiln)
(3)
(3)



(sodium
silicate, Na2SiO3) (4)
(sodium aluminosilicate) (5)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

(4)
(5)



(lime lime stone)
3
(calcium oxide, CaO)
(calcium silicate, Ca2SiO4)

3
(Andrew R. Hind , 1999)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

(fusion process) (dry process)

(sodium carbonate, Na2CO3)
800-1,200 C

(6)

90-95 C

(7)
(carbonization)


(6)
(7)

(affinity)

2,500 C (8) (9)


2,050 C 2,980 C
(8)
(9)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

(Hans Christian Oersted) ( 4) 1825
(aluminium chloride, AlCl3)

1854 Henri Sainte-Claire Deville ( 5)

1

4 (1871-1908)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Christia
n%C3%98rsted_daguerreotype.jpg)

5 Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (1818-1881)

(G. E. Totten and D. S. Mackenzie, 2003)

1886 Paul Hroult ( 6)

Charles Martin Hall ( 7)
(electrolysis)
(Na3AlF6)

(aluminium reduction cell) ( 8)
16,600-18,000 Kwh
1.98 0.1 0.6
1

 (Aluminum Alloy)

6 Paul Hroult (1863-1914)

(G. E.
Totten and D. S. Mackenzie, 2003)

7 Charles Martin Hall (1863-1914)

(G. E.
Totten and D. S. Mackenzie, 2003)

8 (G. E. Totten and D. S. Mackenzie, 2003)

(60% BaCl2, 17%

 (Aluminum Alloy)

10

NaF, 23% AlF3 5% NaCl) 760-800 C

99.99%

()
()
50,000100,000 3
600


3 .. ()

200-600


10

200




2550
443,200

 (Aluminum Alloy)

11

2550
498,920 108,128

103,809 10,430

5


2 (scrap)
(dross)
2

1) (new scrap)

2) (old scrap)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

12

Fluidized-bed Separator



(Magnetic separator)
( 750
C)

(delaquering) 520 C 615 C

2
2

 (Aluminum Alloy)

13

560 C




(Flux)

( )

730 C

30

70
(rotary furnace)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

14

( Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys)
1/3
( High Strength Steels)

62%

2
(wrought)
(heat treatable)

(castable)



(precipitation-strengthening hardening)
3 Solid
solution heat treatment, Precipitation hardening Annealing

 (Aluminum Alloy)

15

1. Solid solution heat treatment

540 C

(strain)

(solid solution hardening)
2 Al-4.5% Cu

Tensile- strength Yield- strength

(ksi)
(ksi)

540 C 1 .

540 C 8 .

540 C 40 .
2
540 C 40 .

Elongation in 2
inches (%)

Hardness
(BHN)

20.1

8.8

7.5

45

32.2

22.6

5.5

76

40.2

22.4

14.6

74

42.3

24

19.0

83

35.8

17.4

20.7

62

2. Precipitation hardening





150-180 C

 (Aluminum Alloy)

16

(aging)


(coherent bond)
(overaging)
3. Annealing
(stress)

(Aluminium Alloys Designation System)

( The Aluminium Association of America )
2
1. (Designation for Wrought Aluminium
Alloys)
4
8
1-9 (0)
2024 (4.5 Cu,1.5 Mg, 0.5 Si, 0.1 Cr ) 2218 ( 4.0 Cu, 2.0 Ni, 1.5 Mg, .0.2
Si ) 2218

 (Aluminum Alloy)

17

1xxx
2 99% 1060 1080
99.60 % 99.80
2. (Designation for Cast Aluminium
Alloys ) (Alcoa : Auluminium Co. of America)

2 3
2
3

214( 3.8 Mg)

(Temper Designation for

Aluminium and Aluminium alloys)
.. 1948

F, O, H, W T
1 2 A 132-T 65

F (Fabricated)

O (Annealed)

H (Work-Hardened)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

18

H1 ( Strain-Hardenend Only )


H12 Quarter hard 20%
H14 Half hard 40 %
H18 Full hard 80%
H19 Extra hard 90%
H2 (Strain Hardened and Partial Annealed)

H1
H3 (Strain-Hardened and Then Stabilizing)



W (Solution-Heat Treatment)

(Natural Aging)

(Precipitation Hardening)
2024-W (1/2 hr)

T (Thermally treated)
T 2
10
T2 (Annealed)
T3 (Solution Heat Treated and Then
Cold Worked)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

19

T4 (Solution Treated and Naturally Aged)

T6 (Solution Treated and Aged at Slightly

Temperature)

T7

T8

T9

T10

1. Commercially pose aluminium

99.0% Aluminium foil
EC (Electrical conductivity grade) () bus
bar 1XXX
2. (AluminiumCopper Alloys) ( 2XXX)
2.5 5.5 %
(Age Hardening
or Precipitation Hardening)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

20

( phase)

(Artifieial Aging)
300 F


3 2014, 2017, 2024
(Duralumin, 2017) 4%

2014
( 2017)

2024 4.5% 1.5 %


2% 2218

8%
112 113 212
113
212

 (Aluminum Alloy)

21

-- 85 108 319 380

5% 3-8%

2014 2025 7075

(Alclad)

Alclad
2024 Alclad 2014 Alclad
7075 6053 (0.1 Cu, 0.6 Si, 0.35 Fe, 1.2
Mg, 0.1 Zn, 0.25 Cr)

3. (Aluminium-Manganese Alloys) ( 3XXX)

3xxx
3003

4. (Aluminium-Silicon Alloys) ( 4XXX)

4XXX
1.65% 577



2

 (Aluminum Alloy)

22

4032 12.5%

13 12%


12%

5. (AluminiumMagnesium Alloys) ( 5XXX)

5XXX
14.9% 452 C



5005 (0.8%Mg)
5050 (2.5%Mg)
5052 (2.5% Mg)
5083 (4.5% Mg)
5056 (5.2%Mg)

214
(3.8%Mg) 218 (8%Mg) 220 (10%Mg)

220 10%
(Precipitation
Hardening) 220

 (Aluminum Alloy)

23

A214 (4%Mg, 2.8%Zn) B214 (4%Mg,

1.8%Si)
6. (Aluminium Silicon - Magnesium
Alloys) ( 6XXX)
6XXX
(Mg2Si)
600 C
(Artificial Aging)



6053, 6061, 6.63
6061(0.6 Si, l Mg)

355, 356 360

2
(Al-Si), - (Al-Cu) (Al-Mg)
- (Mg)
(Cu)
Ni, Cr Mn
(hot
strength)
(alloy type) 3
1. (hypo-eutectic alloys) LM4, LM25

 (Aluminum Alloy)

24

2. (near-eutectic alloys) LM, LM2

3. (hyper-eutectic alloys) LM28

1. LM4, LM6, LM25, LM27 (sand casting)

(gravity diecasting) (low pressure diecasting)
2. LM2, LM6, LM20, LM24

(Fe) (Zn)
LM2 (ADC12) LM24 (ADC10Z)
1.
2
/
( LM4, 16, 25, 27)
(precipitation hardening) Al-5%Si
(interdendritic divorced
eutectic Si) (shrinkage pore)
(wide freezing range)
2.

(non-heat-treatable alloys) LM6 LM20
/ LM9
LM13
LM6 LM20
(diecasting alloy) LM2 LM24
LM6 LM20
(water jacket)
(cases)
(eutectic Si)
(modification) (permanent mold)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

25

(Sr)
0.01-0.015% Na 11.7% Si
13% Si (primary Si)
(pressure diecasting)

UTS (MPa)

170 [100]

200 [140]

Elongation (%)

8 [3]

4 [2]

* [ ]
3.
(hyper-eutectic alloys)
(piston)
(internal combustion engine; IC) LM28 LM29
(diecast car engine) (iron cylinder
liners) LM30 (p)
(primary Si)

(hupo-eutectic Al-Si alloy)

/ CuAl2
Mg2Si
(precipitation hardening) (sand mold)
(gravity diecasting) 500-520 C
CuAl2 Mg2Si (water quenching) Cu, Mg Si
(aging) 160200 C
LM4 (as-cast)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

26

(UTS) 140-170 MPa 230-300 MPa

(secondary dendrite arm spacing; das)
/ (
; metal chill)
das
(divorced eutectic constituents)

(interdendritic shrinkage)


(hot tearing)*
(shrinkage porosity) (pressure tightness)
(Ti) (B)
(treatment tablet) (flux)
0.15%
(hypo-eutectic Si)

(ductility)
(Fe) (Mn)
Al-Fe-Si (coarse needles)
(Fe) 0.8% (Mn) 0.5 0.65%
Al-Mn-Fe-Si (Chinesescript)
Al-Mn-Fe-Si Al-Fe-Si
(contamination)
(impurity)

 (Aluminum Alloy)

27

. 2536. . : .
. 12 .
, .
. , . 2548. (Materials Science and
Engineering An Introduction). . :
.
William F. Smith Javad Hashemi. 2551. (Foundations of MATERIALS
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 4/e). . :
.
George E. Totten and D. Scott MacKenzie. 2003. Handbook of Aluminum: Volume 2: Alloy
production and Materials Manufacturing). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Ulrich Mller. 2011. Introduction to Structural Aluminium Design. Florida: CRC Press.
Hind, A. R.; Bhargava, S. K.; Grocott, S. C., The surface chemistry of Bayer process solids: a
review. Colloids Surf., A. 1999, 146, 359-374.
Han, N.M.; Zhang, X.M.; Liu, S.D.; He, D.G.; Zhang, R., Effect of solution treatment on the
strength and fracture toughness of aluminum alloy 7050. J. Alloys Compd. 2011,
509, 4138-4145.