1453 the fall of Constantinople under the Turks which closed the former trade routes to the East;

thus European navigators began to blaze new routes across the seas Portugal and Spain outstripped other European nations in geographical discoveries Portugal under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, they discovered new lands Spain also won maritime laurels October 12,1492 Columbus discovered America for Spain which gave her a new height of glory

Between 1499 and 1503- Amerigo Vespucci after whom America was named explored the New World for Spain September 25, 1513- Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean, calling it the South Sea

Magellan was born in the town of Ponte de Barca, Province of Minho, Portugal,1480. He is the youngest of 3 children of Ruy Magellan and Alda de Mosquita. His family belonged to Portuguese nobility. He was educated at kings court at Lisbon, where he served as page to Queen Leonora. In 1505 at the age of 23, he joined the Portuguese expedition to the East led by Francisco de Almeida, first Portuguese viceroy of India.

He bravely fought many battles for Portugal It was in the battle of Malacca (1511) that he saved the life of his cousin and close friend Francisco Serrano. In 1513-with his Malay slave whom he acquired from Malacca, he returned to Lisbon. Afterwards he took part in the Portuguese campaign against the Moors of Africa, here his left knee was pierced by the lance of an enemy which caused him to limp for the rest of his life

At the close of African war, Magellan again returned to Lisbon where he pored over old map and crystallized his belief in a westward route to the East. Unfortunately, King Manuel did not only ignore such plan but also refused to increase his pension

Because of Kings ingratitude, Magellan renounced his Portuguese citizenship and went to SPAIN. In Seville, Spain he met Diego Barbosa, a Portuguese and old friend of his father He befriended Barbosas son Duarte, an experienced navigator and also married Barbosas pretty daughter Beatriz Through Barbosas effort, he was able to appear at the royal court of King Charles I concurrently Emperor Charles V of Germany and presented his plan to Moluccas- the spice island and it was APPROVED

Magellan completed the preparation of his expedition which consisted of five(5) ships and 265 men With him were his Malay slave Enrique (interpreter of the expedition), Alvaro de Mezquita (his nephew), Fr. Pedro de Valderrama(chaplain), Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of the expedition, and Duarte Barbosa( his brother-in-law)

VICTORIA

SAN ANTONIO

TRINIDAD CONCEPCION SANTIAGO

August 10, 1519- after hearing the Mass,

Magellan and his men sailed from Seville to the port of San Lucar de Barrameda September 20- voyage began September 26-reached Canaries where a fast sailing ship overtook him with a message from his father-in-law warning him of treachery among his captains November 29-crossing the Atlantic, he landed on South American coast now Pernambuco, Brazil

December 13- reached Rio de Janiero and

named it Santa Lucia because he landed there on Santa Lucias Day March 31, 1520- anchored at the port of San Julian and made it a winter base April 1- Palm Sunday, a mutiny broke out While Magellan left San Julian sailing southward, Santiago was shipwrecked by a violent squall. He sailed on with 4 remaining ships. October 21- he discovered the strait which he now bears his name. He called it Strait of All saints" While sailing the strait, San Antonio deserted on the night of November 20 and returned to Spain

November 28- with only 3 ships remaining, he

began his trans-Pacific voyage which lasted 3 months and 20 days. Death, sickness, and hunger rode his fleet. Provisions ran low, men devoured worms, rats, sawdust, and watersoaked leather. Nine men died and 30 became too ill to work. He found in the mid-ocean 2 barren and uninhabited islets which he called Unfortunate Islands March 6, 1521- he reached Guam. The nativesChamores supplied his famished men with food and water. At first he called it Island of Sails because of numerous sailboats but later changed it to Ladrones Island because the natives stole a boat from his flagship

March 16, 1521- at dawn of Saturday, he saw the

towering heights of Samar. The following day he landed in the island of Homonhon, at the mouth of Leyte gulf March 25- afternoon of Monday, he left Homonhon. Due to a storm, he was forced to sail south, along the northeast tip of Mindanao towards Butuan bay to shelter from typhoon. March 28- he landed Masao, Butuan a heavily forested and mountainous kingdom ruled by Raha Kolambu. March 29- Good Friday, he and Kolambu made a blood compact March 31, 1521- the first Mass was held in Masao Magellan planted a wooden cross on the summit of a hill in the name of Spain. He named the country Archipelago of St. Lazarus

April 7, 1521- Magellan arrived at Cebu with

Kolambu. He made a blood compact with Raha Humabon April 14- Mass was held in Cebu. After it, he planted a wooden cross. He also gave a gift of the image of Santo Nino to Queen Juana, wife of Humabon April 27- he was killed by Lapu-Lapu in the battle

Papatayin kita Magellan kasi mayabang ka!!

Patyon taka!!!
Ayaw oy... Naunsa man ka?

Huwag.... Maawa ka!

The first time man circumnavigated the world thereby proving that the world is round Europe became aware that the greatest of all oceans lies between the new world and Asia It enhanced geographical knowledge It paved the way for the Spanish colonization and Christianization of the Philippines

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS IN 1494 WEST: SPAIN EAST: PORTUGAL

POPE ALEXANDER VI

KING JOHN II

KING FERDINAND II QUEEN ISABELLA I

1. LOAISA EXPEDITION (1525) CONTINGENT: 7 SHIPS & 450 MEN RESULTS: FAILURE TO REACH RP
2. CABOT EXPEDITION (1526) CONTINGENT: 4 SHIPS & 250 MEN RESULTS: FAILURE TO REACH RP 3. SAAVEDRA EXPEDITION (1527) CONTINGENT: 3 SHIPS & 110 MEN RESULTS: REACHED MINDANAO BUT FAILED TO COLONIZE 4. VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION CONTINGENT: 6 SHIPS & 200 MEN RESULTS: REACHED MINDANAO BUT FAILED TO COLONIZE RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS NAMED AS ISLAS FILIPINAS IN HONOR OF KING PHILIP II

BORN IN 1502 DIED 1572

HE WAS BORN OF A NOBLE FAMILY IN THE BASQUE PROVINCEOF GUIPOZCOA IN SPAIN
A SPANISH BORN SOLDIER & LAWYER BETWEEN 1526-1527, HE WORKED AS COUNCILOR IN MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF HIS TOWN WORKED AS LEADER OF FINANCIAL DEPT. & CIVIL GOVERNOR OF MEXICO ESTABLISHED FIRST COLONY IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1565

November 21, 1565-

Legazpi left Mexico with 4 ships and 380 men February 13- anchored near the island of Cebu due to Cebuanos hostility February 22- landed in Samar and welcomed by a friendly chief, Urrao, with whom he made a blood compact March 9- landed in Limasawa and welcomed by a young king named Bankaw Later landed at Bohol and befriended 2 native kings Katuna and Gala March 16- he and Katuna made a blood compact at Barrio Baclayon

April 27, 1565- arrived in Cebu. King Tupas

defied the Spaniards. Tupas and his men retreated to the hills FIRST SPANISH SETTLEMENT: was established in Cebu. A church for the Augustinian fathers was erected and in this church was kept the historic image of the Child Jesus. Buildings were constructed for soldiers. Legazpi named it the City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus in honour of the Catholic image Cebu City-oldest Spanish city in the Philippines founded by Legazpi in 1565

Legazpi tried to win the Cebuano king and people by a policy of attraction He invited them to return and rebuild their homes and live in peace with the Spaniards With the help of Hamal, a Muslim Malay, he succeeded in winning the friendship of Raha Tupas and other datus June 4, 1565- Legazpi and Tupas concluded a treaty and the datus recognized Spanish sovereignty and friendship

While Legazpi laid down the foundation of the Spanish rule in Cebu, Augustinian missionaries were busy sowing the seeds of Christianity. Jandulaman- widowed niece of Tupas was the first Filipino convert to Christianity. She was baptized with the name Isabel in honour of Isabel Garces, Legazpis deceased wife. Shortly after her baptism, she was married to Master Andres, a Greek member of Legazpis expedition. It was the first Christian marriage. March 21, 1568- King Tupas accepted baptism at the hands of Father Herrera with Legazpi as godfather. He was named Felipe in honor of Philip II

Pinsucan Tupas son as Cebus crown prince

was also baptized and was named Carlos with Captain Felipe de Salcedo as godfather. THE CONQUEST OF PANAY: (1569) Due to shortage of food in Cebu, Legazpi moved to Panay. On the bank of Panay river, he founded the second Spanish settlement in the Philippines Two chiefs of Panay, Datus Macabaog and Madidong were converted to Christianity by Augustinian Friars and became good friends of Legazpi

May 8, 1570- Spanish expedition to Manila

left Panay under Marshal Martin de Goiti. With fighting force of 120 Spaniards and 600 Visayans Manila at that time was a Muslim kingdom under Raha Sulayman. The datu refused to submit to Spaniards and defended their kingdom May 24, 1570- Goiti and his men captured Manila after a hard fight.

When De Goiti returned to Panay, he told Legazpi of the existence of Muslim kingdom by the shore of Manila Bay which was called Maynilad. It was a rich kingdom for trade. Fascinated by Goiti, Legazpi decided to colonize Maynilad. He gathered a stronger expedition with 27 vessels, 280 Spaniards and 600 Visayans It was a bloodless event because Lakandula, the last king of Tondo and Sulaymans uncle surrendered. May 19, 1571- Legazpi took possession of Manila in the name of his monarch King Philip II

June 24, 1571- Feast Day of St. John the

Baptist, Legazpi proclaimed Manila as capital of the Philippines and established its city government. August 20, 1572- Legazpi, the first Spanish governor of the Philippines, died of heart attack. March 11, 1576- Captain Juan de Salcedo, the last spanish conquistador died of fever in Vigan

END THANK YOU!

For nearly three centuries(1527-1821) there were close relations between Philippines and Mexico. Saavedra (1527), Villalobos(1543), and Legazpi (1565) were financed and manned by Mexicans. What linked these two countries more intimately was the Galleon Trade between Manila and Acapulco

From the days of Legazpi to the year 1821, the Philippines was under the viceroyalty of Mexico. The Mexican viceroy governed our country for the King of Spain The Spanish authorities in Manila submitted reports to him on Philippine conditions and needs In religious and government matters, Philippines was under the jurisdiction of Mexico There were also books printed in Mexico

Mexicans in the Philippines were labelled by both Filipino and Spanish historians as Spaniards They were Spanish subjects but were Mexicans by birth, nationality, and choice. The Filipinos were also Spanish subjects but were never called Spaniards during colonial times. Juan de Salcedo- the fighting grandson of Legazpi was the first Mexican to win fame in Philippines. The first encomendero of Ilocos Saint Felipe de Jesus- the first Mexican to join the Franciscan Order in Manila. He died as a martyr in Nagasaki Japan in 1567.

Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo- a native of Mexico and was acting governor general when English attacked Manila in 1762. Fr. Luis de Salinas- a Mexican secular priest, the first treasurer of the Manila Cathedral Fr. Agustin de Villegas- first Mexican-born missionary to preach Christianity in Cebu(1599)

Annually the Manila galleons carried Asias products to Acapulco On their returned trips, they brought Mexicos exports. San Pedro- the first galleon to make the round trip from Mexico to the Philippines and back to Mexico in 1564-1565, the flagship of Legazpis expedition. THERE WAS FREE TRADE BETWEEN MANILA AND ACAPULCO This trade brought great prosperity to both Philippine and Mexican merchants

It also cut the Spanish commerce with Mexico because the Mexicans patronized the Asian goods brought by the Manila galleons. Other cities of Spain complained to the King that the cheaper goods from Asia were driving away Spanish products from the markets of America. Hence the King restricted the ManilaAcapulco trade beginning the year 1593. It became a government monopoly and regulated by royal decrees.

On their way to Acapulco, they were loaded with Chinese porcelain and silk clothes, Persian rugs, Arabian perfumes, Mollucas spices, Indian fabrics, and Philippine pearls and pottery. From Acapulco, they were transported by trains to Mexico City On their return trips to Manila, they carried the annual subsidy(real situado), the Mexican silver pesos(purchase price of the goods), and mexicos exports like wool and cacao

Subsidy (real situado)- was a sum of money which the viceroy of Mexico sent annually to Manila to cover the deficits of the Philippine government. The amount was not fixed but averaged of P250,000 a year The Philippines was a financial burden to the Spanish Crown

The first Filipinos to live in Mexico were the five political exiles from Manila- Pedro Balinguit, chief of Pandacan; Felipe Salonga,chief of Polo; Pitongatan, chief of Tondo; Calao, chief Tondo; and Agustin Manuguit, chief of Tondo Filipino seamen during the days of galleon trade deserted their ships and stayed permanently in Acapulco. They married Mexican women and reared a new generation of Filipino-Mexican children.

A religious court which tried cases of heresy. It was established in Mexico City in the year 1536 to protect the Church from heretical attacks against Catholic teachings. Msgr. Juan de Zumarraga- the first head of Inquisition called Inquisitor. He was the first Bishop of Mexico. Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi- the first secretary of the Inquisition from 1536-1547 It was extended to the Philippines in 1578 Fr. Miguel de Benavides- represented the Inquisition in the Philippines

Filipinos and Chinese were exempted from the Inquisition. Only white persons were under its jurisdiction. Dona Ines Alvarez de Gibraleon- first person tried by Inquisition in 1580 due to witchery. ABOLITION OF GALLEON TRADE: September 25, 1813- King Ferdinand VII abolished the government monopoly of galleon trade.

The close ties that linked the Philippines and Mexico were officially cut off in 1821 when Mexico won her independence. After that year, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines directly from Madrid.

Plants like achuete, cacao, maize, chico, camachile, maguey, and tobacco. Flowers like Acapulco(casia alata), marigold(amarilla), cadena de amor, calachuchi, and azucena. Animals like cattle, horses, sheep, and fighting roosters Images of saints like Our Lady of Peace and good Voyage of Antipolo, the Black Nazarene of Quiapo, and Our Lady of Guadalupe of Pagsanjan.

Musical instruments like guitar, flute, drum, trumpet, and violin. Folk dances like Jarabe, the Kuratsa, and the Pandango sa Sambalilo. Filipino customs like celebration of colorful fiestas in towns and barrios, holding of ferias, and Lenten custom of flagellation, making of the belen during Christmas season, hanging of colored lanterns. And the town of Mexico in the province of Pampanga.

Oriental articles like Chinese porcelain vases, Chinese camphor chests, Chinese silk shawls, Chinese ivory-inlaid furniture, Persian rugs, Japanese lacquer work, Philippine earthen jars, and Philippine wood carvings The artistic wood carvings ornamenting the altar railings and pulpits of the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe and the Cathedral of Mexico City were made by Filipino and Chinese sculptors in Manila

Philippine plants like coconuts, big sweet mangoes, large and delicious bananas (lakatan), the fragrant flower ylang-ylang. And finally, the Philippines contributed to the success of the Mexican Revolution for independence (1810-1821) by supplying the revolutionaries with the needed funds.