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40222
. 4 2
1. 3 /
2.
3.
2
.
77110
. 0-3251-5457-8
Surapong@dlf.ac.th
Nui_Surapong@yahoo.com
www.kkws.ac.th/surapong
www.nuisurapong.blogspot.com
www.chon2.com/kkws/moodle
e-learning
www.kkws.ac.th/moodle
www.chon2.com/kkws/moodle
513
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 513
9/15/09 12:55:01 PM
40222
1. 1
STP
2.
(Kb)
(Kf)
3.
4.
5.
_____________________________
514
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 514
9/15/09 12:55:02 PM
40222
4
60
()
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.6
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.2.1 -
4.7.2.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.7.6
30
515
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 515
9/15/09 12:55:02 PM
()
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.1.1
5.6.1.2
5.6.1.3
5.6.1.4
5.6.2
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2 CO2
5.7.3
30
516
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 516
9/15/09 12:55:03 PM
40222 4
2 2552
//
..
(/)
4 .. 52
2/120
Engagements/
13.30 - 15.30 .
/
3.1 - 2
5 .. 52
1/60
-
14.30 - 15.30 .
- 4.1
3.1 - 2
2, 1
1
11 .. 52
2/120
/ 4.2
13.30 - 15.30 .
- / 4.3
3.1 - 2
3, 2
2
12 .. 52
1/60
-
14.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
4 - 5
3
18 .. 52
2/120
4.4/
13.30 - 15.30 .
-
3.1 - 2
6
4
19 .. 52
1/60
-
14.30 - 15.30 .
- 4.5
3.1 - 2
25 .. 52
2/120
- /
13.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
7, 3
26 .. 52
1/60
-
14.30 - 15.30 .
- 4.6
3.1 - 2
8, 3
5
2 .. 52
2/120
- / 4.1
13.30 - 15.30 .
/ 4.7
3.1 - 2
3.1 - 2
10
4
6
3 .. 52
10
1/60
-
14.30 - 15.30 .
4.2
11
9 .. 52
1/60
- 4.3
13.30 - 15.30 .
11
4
6
10 2552
517
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 517
9/15/09 12:55:04 PM
40222 4
2 2552
//
..
(/)
12
16 .. 52
1/60
-
13.30 - 15.30 .
13
1/60
- /
17 .. 52
14.30 - 15.30 .
- 4.9
3.1 - 2
3.1 - 2
12,
5
7
14
23 .. 52
2/120
13.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
13
8
15
24 .. 52
1/60
14.30 - 15.30 .
- 4.10
3.1 - 2
6
9
16
30 .. 52
1/60
- / 4.4
13.30 - 14.30 .
(II)
14
9
31 2552
17
6 .. 53
2/120
- /
13.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
15
9
18
7 .. 53
1/60
/
14.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
19
13 .. 53
2/120
/
13.30 - 15.30 .
4.5
3.1 - 2
16
10
20
14 .. 53
1/60
- - /
14.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
21
20 .. 53
2/120
-
13.30 - 15.30 .
- 4.13
3.1 - 2
11
22
21 .. 53
1/60
- / 4.14
14.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
16
518
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 518
9/15/09 12:55:05 PM
40222 4
2 2552
//
..
(/)
3.1 - 2
23
27 .. 53
2/120
-
13.30 - 15.30 .
/ 4.15
24
28 .. 53
1/60
-
14.30 - 15.30 .
-
25
3 .. 53
2/120
Engagements
13.30 - 15.30 .
- /
3.1 - 2
26
4 .. 53
1/60
- 5.1
14.30 - 15.30 .
/
27
10 .. 53
2/120
-
13.30 - 15.30 .
-
28
17
18, 7
12
3.1 - 2
11 .. 53
1/60
-
14.30 - 15.30 .
5.2
/ 5.2
3.1 - 2
19
13
29
17 .. 53
2/120
-
13.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
20, 8
14 - 15
30
18 .. 53
1/60
/ / /
14.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
9
16
31
24 .. 52
2/120
- / 5.4
13.30 - 15.30 .
()
3.1 - 2
21,
10
17
32
25 .. 53
1/60
-
14.30 - 15.30 .
3.1 - 2
22, 10
17
/
5.1
/ /
/
5.3
519
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 519
9/15/09 12:55:06 PM
40222 4
2 2552
//
33
4 .. 53
2/120
-
13.30 - 15.30 .
-
34
5 .. 53
1/60
14.30 - 15.30 .
..
(/)
/
CO2 /
3.1 - 2
18
3.1 - 2
53 /
520
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 520
9/15/09 12:55:06 PM
40222 . 4 2 2552
521
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 521
9/15/09 12:55:07 PM
40222 . 4 2 2552
4 30
1.
1.
( 3.1-2)
2.
( 3.1-2)
3.
( 3.2)
2.
1.
2.
3.
3.1 (Knowledge)
- 1
-
- STP
-
-
- (Kb) (Kf)
-
522
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 522
9/15/09 12:55:08 PM
-
-
3.2 (Process)
-
-
3.3 (Attitude)
-
-
- ( )
-
4.
Inquiry Circle (5E) (4 MAT)
(Brain storming) (Mind
mapping) (Concept mapping) (Fish bone mapping)
4.1 (engagement)
-
(Science Show)
- 1 (engagement)
- 2 (engagement)
- 3 (engagement)
(engagement)
4.2 (exploration)
- (brain stroming) (mind mapping)
(concept mapping)
523
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 523
9/15/09 12:55:08 PM
- (exploration)
internet
4.3 (explanation)
- 1 2
4.4 (elaboration)
-
4.5 (evaluation)
-
5.
6.
6.1 (Knowledge)
-
- (/)
- (searching) Internet
-
6.2 (Process)
-
-
6.3 (Attitude)
-
524
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 524
9/15/09 12:55:09 PM
7.
1. Slide Title (Powerpoint presentation)
2. Slide (Powerpoint presentation)
3. Slide (Powerpoint presentation)
4. (movies clip) / e-books
5. (VDO clip)
6. (Graphic animation)
7. (Simulation Media)
8. CAI (Computer Assistant Instruction)
9. (Real materials)
10. (Model Molecule)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. e-learning
16. www.kkws.ac.th/moodle/
17. /
_____________________________
525
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 525
9/15/09 12:55:09 PM
40222 . 4 2 2552
5 30
1.
1.
( 3.2)
2.
( 3.2)
2.
1.
(
)
2.
3.
3.
3.1 (Knowledge)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
526
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 526
9/15/09 12:55:10 PM
3.2 (Process)
-
3.3 (Attitude)
-
-
- ( )
-
4.
Inquiry Circle (5E) (4 MAT)
(Brain storming) (Mind
mapping) (Concept mapping) (Fish bone mapping)
4.1 (engagement)
-
(Science Show)
- 1 (engagement)
- 2 (engagement)
- 3 (engagement)
(engagement)
4.2 (exploration)
- (brain stroming) (mind mapping)
(concept mapping)
- (exploration)
internet
4.3 (explanation)
- 1 2
527
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 527
9/15/09 12:55:10 PM
4.4 (elaboration)
-
4.5 (evaluation)
-
5.
6.
6.1 (Knowledge)
-
- (/)
- (searching) Internet
-
6.2 (Process)
-
-
6.3 (Attitude)
-
7.
1. Slide Title (Powerpoint presentation)
2. Slide (Powerpoint presentation)
3. Slide (Powerpoint presentation)
4. (movies clip)
5. (VDO clip)
6. (Graphic animation)
7. (Simulation Media)
8. CAI (Computer Assistant Instruction)
528
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 528
9/15/09 12:55:11 PM
9. (Real materials)
10. (Model Molecule)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Internet/ www.dltv.biz/surapong/
16. Intranet/
17. /
18. e-book
_____________________________
529
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 529
9/15/09 12:55:11 PM
. . , 2539.
. 2544. :
(...), 2544.
. . : , 2539.
. (). 2543.
. (). :
, 2545.
. . :
, 2542.
. 1. , 2531.
. 2. , 2531.
. 30 . : , 2543.
. .. : , 2533.
. . : . (1989), 2545.
. . 6 : , 2546.
, . (GCSE) . : , 2543.
. . : , 2545.
. 431 1 ( .). : . .
. . : ,
2537.
. 2 1 431 - 6 035. :
, 2542.
. 3 1 432 - 6 038. :
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. 2 1 431 - 6 035.
: , 2542.
. 3 1 432 - 6 038. :
, 2542.
. .
: 2546.
. 1
. : , 2546.
530
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 530
9/15/09 12:55:12 PM
. 1 -
2 . : , 2546.
.
. : , 2528.
( - ). . : . -
, 2530.
. ?.
: , 2543.
. CHILD CENTER : STORYLINE METHOD :
1 - 2. : . , 2544
531
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 531
9/15/09 12:55:12 PM
1
40222
Engage
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2. 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
532
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 532
9/15/09 12:55:12 PM
1. 1
2.
3. 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. 50 cm3
2. 50 cm3
3.
4.
1
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
533
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 533
9/15/09 12:55:13 PM
2
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
3
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
534
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 534
9/15/09 12:55:14 PM
1
40222
1
4.0 x 10-22
(Relative mass Relative weight)
H
H 1
1 amu
=
=
1 amu
1.66 x 10-24
1
H 1
1
16 1
1
=
1
O 1
16
126 C
1
=
1
C-12 1
12
Na 23
1
Na
=
1
C-12 1
12
1
Na 1 =
Na x
C 12
12
Na 1 =
23 x 1.66 x 10-24
Na 1 = 23 x 1.66 x 10-24
Na 1 23 H 1
Na 1 23 amu
535
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 535
9/15/09 12:55:15 PM
1 39.1 x 1.66 x 10-24
K 1
K
=
1
C-12 1
12
39.1 x 1.66 x 10-24
K =
= 39.1
1.66 x 10-24
X 55.8 X 1 amu
X 1
X =
1
C-12 1
12
X 1
55.8
=
1.66 x 10-24
X 1 =
55.8 x 1.66 x 10-24
1.66 x 10-24 =
X 55.8 x 1.66 x 10-24 =
1 amu
1 x 55.8 x 1.66 x 10-24
=
1.66 x 10-24
55.8
-
1
__
C-12 1 1 amu 1.66 x 10-24 g
12
1.66 x 10-24 g
-
-
(Mass
Spectrometer)
536
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 536
9/15/09 12:55:16 PM
(bombad)
(narrow beam) (electromagnetic)
(mass
spectrum) (m/e)
(Ne) 3 Ne-20, Ne-21, Ne-22
537
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 537
9/15/09 12:55:18 PM
1 H
1
2 H
1
3 He
2
4 He
2
6 Li
3
7 Li
3
9 Be
4
10 B
5
11 B
5
12 C
6
13 C
6
14 N
7
15 N
7
16 O
8
17 O
8
18 O
8
19 F
9
1.00783
99.985
2.01410
0.015
3.0103
0.00013
4.00260
99.99987
6.01512
7.42
7.01600
92.58
9.01219
100
10.01294
19.77
11.00931
80.23
12.00000
98.892
13.00336
1.108
14.00307
99.635
15.00011
0.365
15.99491
99.579
16.99913
0.037
17.99916
0.204
18.99840
100
23 Na
11
24 Mg
12
25 Mg
12
26
12 Mg
27
13 Al
28
14 Si
29
14 Si
30 Si
14
31 P
15
32 S
16
33
16 S
34
16 S
36
16 S
35
17 Cl
37 Cl
17
36 Ar
18
38
18 Ar
22.98977
100
23.98504
78.7
24.98584
10.2
25.98636
11.1
26.98153
100
27.97693
92.18
28.97650
4.71
29.97377
3.11
30.97377
100
31.97207
95.02
32.97207
0.76
33.96786
4.22
35.96710
0.014
34.96885
75.76
36.96590
24.24
35.96754
0.337
37.9673
0.063
538
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 538
9/15/09 12:55:19 PM
2
40222
1
=
H 1 (1.66 x 10-24 g)
(C)
1
=
1
C 1 (1.66 x 10-24 g)
12
1
4
16 O
1 H
2 He
8
1
1
1x1.66x10-24 g
1
1 g
4x1.66x10-24 g
4
4 g
16x1.66x10-24 g
16
16 g
1.
2. 1 g
12C,
13 14
C, C (
)
( 1 x %) + ( 2 x %) + ...
=
100
28 29 30
Si 3 Si, Si, Si 92.21%, 4.70%, 3.06%
27.977, 28.967 29.974 amu Si
539
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 539
9/15/09 12:55:20 PM
(92.21 x 27.977) + (4.70 x 28.967) + (3.06 x 29.974)
Si
=
100
= 28.086 amu
Si = 28.086
1. 1 ..................................................................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................................
3. amu ...................................................................1 amu =.......................................................................
27 Al
4. 1 126 C, 13
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5. A 5 50 -12 1 A
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6. 100 1/14 N-14 1 B
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
7. Ca = 40 ............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
8. mass spectrograph 2 35Cl
34.969 75.40% 37Cl 36.966 24.00%
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
9. (Ir)
Ir-191
191.0
0.373
Ir-193
193.0
0.627
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
540
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 540
9/15/09 12:55:21 PM
1
40222
(1) (S) 1 32 x 1.66 x 10-24 S
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
1
(2) Na = 23 Na 1
C-12 1
12
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(3) 1 26.56 x 10-24
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(4) 1 Ca = 40.1 Ca 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(5) B 2 5 N 3 N = 9 1 B
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(6) Cl 100 (Cl = 35.5)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
541
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 541
9/15/09 12:55:21 PM
2
40222
1
(Molecular mass; M) 1
12
C-12 1
1
=
1
C-12 1
12
H2O =
18
1
- H2O 1 18
C-12 1
12
-24
- H2O 1 18 x 1.66 x 10 g
1.
2. S8 256 CO2
44
3. 1
1
4. 1
= x
C-12 1
12
= x 1.66 x 10-24 g
5.
= 1
1
1
A 1 40 x 10-22 g
C-12 1 1.66 x 10-24 g
12
A
A 1
A
=
1
C-12 1
12
40 x 10-22
A
=
1.66 x 10-24 g
A
=
250
542
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 542
9/15/09 12:55:22 PM
100 X C-12 10 Y
100 X
X
1
100
C-12
10
Y
Y
C-12
1
10
X
= 100
= 12X
10y
1
x
Y
12
10
H = 1, S = 32, O = 16
. H2SO4
. H2SO4 1
. H2SO4 10
. H2SO4
. H2SO4 1
. H2SO4 10
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(2 x 1) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16)
2 + 32 + 64
98
x 1.66 x 10-24
98 x 1.66 x 10-24
162.68 x 10-24
10 x 98 x 1.66 x 10-24
1626.8 x 10-24
543
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 543
9/15/09 12:55:23 PM
3
40222
1. 1
2. 1
1
1. =
1
C-12 1
12
1
(H2O) = 18 1 18
C- 12
12
-24
1 (1.66 x 10 g)
2. =
(H2O)
= 2H + O
H = 1 O = 16
= 2(1) + 16 = 18
H2O
1. (
)
2. 1 1 g, amu
1. H = 1, S = 32, O = 16
. H2SO4 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
. H2SO4, 1 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
. H2SO4, 10 =
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
544
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 544
9/15/09 12:55:24 PM
2. ()
. S8
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
. CH3CH2CH2NH2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
. Na2CO3.10H2O
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
. Be2AI2Si6O18
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
. MgSO4.7H2O
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
. KMnO4
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
. CH3CH2CH2OH
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
545
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 545
9/15/09 12:55:24 PM
2
40222
(1) A 1 40 x 10-22 1/12 C-12 1 1.66 x 10-24
A
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(2)
() S8
() CH3CH2CH2NH2
() Na2CO3 .10H2O
H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16. Na = 23, S = 32
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
546
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 546
9/15/09 12:55:25 PM
3
40222
/
1. M 70 5.02 g/cm3 1 cm3
. 1.18 x 10-25
. 2.31 x 10-23
. 5.18 x 10-25
. 4.3 x 10-23
2. 60.2 10.0 g/cm3
cm3 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. KMnO4 = 158 Mn (K = 39, O = 16)
. 55
. 45
. 40
. 35
4. M 20.00 54.00
80.00 56.00
. 54.20
. 54.40
. 54.80
. 55.60
5. Q 16
16
17
18
94.82
0.78
4.40
Q
. 32.09
. 33.01
. 32.58
. 33.58
6. 15.9994
. 16O
. 17O
. 18O
.
547
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 547
9/15/09 12:55:26 PM
7.
99
1.0
1
2.0
A3B
. 33.00
. 33.50
30
98
30.0
31
2
31.0
. 33.05
. 35.00
8. 2 12B ( = 11.01)
80% 20% 10.81
. 10.0
. 10.5
. 10.9
. 11.0
9. X 2 14.00 15.00 X
14.10 X 15.00
. 5%
. 10%
. 15%
. 20%
10. Zn, Al O
1 : 2 : 4 3.30 Zn Zn (Zn = 65, Al = 27)
. 0.47
. 0.92
. 1.17
. 1.42
11. 5 dm3 (C2H5)4Pb 4 cm3
100 dm3 (C2H5)4Pb 1.5 /cm3
. 76.9
. 120
. 223
. 323
12. CuSO4.5H2O 80 g CuSO4
71 CuSO4.5H2O
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
548
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 548
9/15/09 12:55:26 PM
4
40222
1.
1. Na = 23 Na 23 Na
Na 23 x 1.66 x 10-24
1
1 x 23
Na 23
=
-24
23
x
1.66
x
10
Na 23 Na
= 1 -24
= 6.02 x 1023
1.66 x 10
2. A1 = 27 A1 27 A1
1
A1 27 x 1.66 x 10-24
1 x 27
A1 27
=
-24
27
x
1.66
x
10
23
1
A1 27 A1
= -24
= 6.02 x 10
1.66 x 10
3. H2SO4 = 98 H2SO4 98 H2SO4
H2SO4 98 x 1.66 x 10-24
1
1 x 98
H2SO4 98
=
-24
98
x
1.66
x
10
H2SO4 98 H2SO4 = 1 -24
= 6.02 x 1023
1.66 x 10
4. C12H22O11 = 342 C12H22O11 342 C12H22O11
-24
C12H22O11 342 x 1.66 x 10
1
C12H22O11 342
= 1 x 342 -24
342 x 1.66 x 10
C12H22O11 342 C12H22O11 = 1 -24
= 6.02 x 1023
1.66 x 10
549
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 549
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1. = ...................................................................................
= 6.02 x 1023
2. = 6.02 x 1023 ...............................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................................
4. ...............................................................
5. .....................................................
6. ........................................................................................................................................
7. HCl 7.3 = ...................................................................................................................
8.
. 1.0
. 1.0
. 1.0
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
550
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 550
9/15/09 12:55:28 PM
5
40222
1.
2.
1. 1 ()
2. 1 ()
3. Na 23
Na 1 = 23
4. (O2) 16 + 16 = 32
O2 1 = 32
5. (H2O) 2(1) + 16 = 18
H2O 1 = 18
6. (SO2-4 ) 1 () = 32 + 4(16) = 96
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
()
g
1 (n) =
=
M
()
g
2 (n) =
=
M
3 (N) = (n) x 6.02 x 1023
551
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 551
9/15/09 12:55:29 PM
1. A 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. 10
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. 0.3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5.
5.1 18.06 x 1023
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5.2 1.505 x 1023
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5.3 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6.
6.1 (Na+) 0.6
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6.2 (C6H14) 43
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6.3 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
7. Na 1 = 6.02 x 1023
Na 2.5 = .......................................................................................................................
Na 2.5 ...............................................................................................................................................
8. 30.1 x 1022 =.................................................................................................................
552
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 552
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6
40222
1. STP
1.
()
1.43
1.23
1.24
1.97
1 dm3
1 dm3 x 32 g
1.43 g
1.43 g
1 32 g =
= 22.4 dm3 STP
2. 22.4 STP 1
22.4 STP
3
) STP
3. = (dm
3
22.4 dm
553
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 553
9/15/09 12:55:30 PM
1. 32.0, 28.0, 28.0 44.0
STP
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. STP
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. STP
. C10H8 0.7 mol
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
. 340
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. 1.75 g/dm3 STP 2.408 x 1024
.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
554
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 554
9/15/09 12:55:30 PM
4
40222
1. C3H8 2 STP (C=12, H=1)
. 2.42
. 1.96
. 1.02
. 1.87
3
2. 0.2 300 cm STP
. 14.9
. 16
. 18
. 20.5
3. D 1.2 224 cm3 STP D
. 1.2
. 12
. 120
. 1200
4. 9.03 x 1023
STP
. 11.2
. 22.4
. 33.6
. 44.8
5. H 1 N 1 O 3 31.5
23
. 4.05 x 1023
. 3.01 x 10
. 5.12 x 1023
. 7.02 x 1023
6. C16H18O4N2S 100 (C = 12 H = 10 O = 16 N = 14 S = 32)
. 3.01 x 1023
. 6.02 x 1023
. 1.8 x 1023
. 1.204 x 1023
7. 1500 cm3 STP (Ar = 39.95)
. 2.67
. 2.96
. 3.42
. 3.67
3
8. 71.45 g dm STP
. 20
. 34
. 40
. 50
9. (CH3COOH) 24 ............ (C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
. 4.82 x 1023
. 6.02 x 1023
. 1.20 x 1023
. 2.41 x 1023
10. 448 cm3 STP 0.60
. NH3
. CH4
. C2H6
. CO2
555
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 555
9/15/09 12:55:31 PM
11. X2(CO3)3 19.60 X 16.00 CO2
CO2 STP
. 2.24 dm3
. 1.83 dm3
. 3.66 dm3
. 4.48 dm3
12. 25.0
. 1.6 x 1024 8.37 x 1023
. 1.66 x 1023 3.22 x 1023
. 1.20 x 1024 6.02 x 1023
. 2.4 x 1023 4.8 x 1023
13. X 67.2 STP X 1 3
. 1.8 x 1024
. 1.2 x 1024
. 2.4 x 1024
. 5.4 x 1024
14. Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 1.2 x 10-6 Fe
. 5.1 x 1015
. 2.5 x 1015
. 5.1 x 1018
. 2.5 x 1018
15. X X4O6 8.4 X 6.5
X (O = 16)
. 24
. 31
. 50.4
. 70.3
16. ( 39) A 60.0 B AB2 2 A
8 B AB2 B
. 90
. 120
. 160
. 190
17. X = 16 Y Y2X5 Y 6.2
X 8.0 Y
. 19.8
. 31.0
. 51.6
. 80.0
18. (En 41) Z 12.0 ZC4 Z
1
. 3
. 6
. 12
. 24
19. ( 41) A 64 S O A 16
B 19 B (N = 14, O = 16, S = 32, C = 12)
. NO2
. CS2
. CO2
. SO2
20. S8 SO2 6.4
. 2.56
. 25.6
. 256
. 2560
556
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 556
9/15/09 12:55:32 PM
3
40222
(Solution) 2
1.
1.1 100
30% 30 100
= X 100
1.2 100
2% 2 100
= X 100
1.3 100
= X 100
2. (Molarity : Molar : M) (mol/dm3 mol/l)
1 ( 1 ) 0.5 mol/dm3 (0.5 )
0.5 1 ( 1 )
mol/dm3 = 3
(dm )
n = MV
1000
n = M = (mol/dm3)
V = (cm3)
557
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 557
9/15/09 12:55:33 PM
3. (Molality : molal : m : mol/kg)
1 1 ()
1 1000
mol/kg =
kg
4. (Mole fraction : X)
A a mole, B b mole C c mole
a
A
=
a + b + c
= XA
A
=
b
= XB
a + b + c
C
=
c
= XC
a + b + c
5. (ppm)
6. m mol/dm3 n mol
3
n = MV(cm )
1000
7. (M) mol/dm3 n mol
3
n = MV(dm )
1
8. mol/dm3
m = 10 dx
M
8.1 mol/dm3
m = (mol/dm3)
x = (% )
d = (g/cm3)
M =
m = 10 dx
M
8.2 mol/dm3
d = (g/cm3) x = (% )
8.3 mol/dm3
x
m = 10 M
x = (% )
558
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 558
9/15/09 12:55:33 PM
7
40222
1.
8.1 51-56
(Solution) 2
1. 3
- / (% )
- / (% /)
- / (% )
2. (mol/dm3) (Molar) M
3. (mol/kg) (Molal) m
4. (parts per million ppm)
5.
1. 5% / ..........................................................................................................................
2. 2% ........................................................................................................................................
3. 4% ..................................................................................................................................
4. 7 mol/dm3 ...........................................................................................................................................
5. 3 mol/kg .............................................................................................................................................
6. ppm ....................................................................................................................................................
7. x = 0.3 .................................................................................................................
2
1. (% ) =
x 100 = gg x 100
3
x 100
2. (% ) =
x 100 = cm
cm3
559
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 559
9/15/09 12:55:34 PM
g
100
x 100 = x
cm3
mol
1000
4. mol/dm3 =
(mol)
3
= x
(dm )
cm3
(mol)
mol
1000
5. mol/kg =
= x
(kg)
g
6. ppm = gg x 106
3. / =
7. C mol/dm3 V cm3 n
n =
CV (cm3)
1000
8. C mol/dm3 V cm3 n
3
CV
(cm
)
n =
1
2
1. (C6H12O6) 200 300 %
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. HC1 2% 200 cm3 HC1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. (C12H22O11) 171 250 cm3 mol/dm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. KOH 112 0.1 mol/kg
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5. 100 2 x 10-5 ppm
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
560
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 560
9/15/09 12:55:35 PM
6. H2SO4 9.8 H2O 3.6
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3
1. mol/dm3
1.1 mol/dm3
C = 10 dx
M
d = (g/cm3)
C = (mol/dm3)
X = (% )
M =
C = 10 dx
2. mol/dm3
M
D = (g/cm3) X = (% )
x
3. mol/dm3 C = 10 M
X = (% )
3
1. A, B C
A
B
C
NaCl
Na2SO4
NaOH
58.5 g/L
71 g/L
10%
mol/l
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. 1.13 g/cm3 8
mol/dm3 mol/kg
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. (HCOOH) 5 mol/dm3 1.2 g/cm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
561
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 561
9/15/09 12:55:36 PM
5
40222
1. 20 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. (C6H12O6) 200 300 %
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. NaOH 2 mol 3 mol %
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. HCl 2% / 200 cm3 HCl
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5. NaOH 20 30% / cm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6. (C12H22O11) 116 250 cm3 mol/dm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
7. 59.1 100 cm3 mol/dm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
562
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 562
9/15/09 12:55:37 PM
8. NaOH 0.1 mol/dm3 5 NaOH (Na = 23, O = 16,
H = 1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
9. 1 mol/dm3 0.2 dm3 0.3 dm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
10. NaOH 1 mol/dm3 500 cm3 100 cm3 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
11. 100 cm3 3 mol/dm3 2 mol/dm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
12. NaOH 20% / /
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
13. 1.13 g/cm3 8
mol/dm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
14. (HCOOH) 5 mol/dm3 1.2 g/cm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
563
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 563
9/15/09 12:55:37 PM
15. H2SO4 0.1 mol/L 100 cm3 H2SO4
49% 1.25 g/cm3 H2SO4 cm3
100 cm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
16. HNO3 2.0 mol/dm3 210 cm3 HNO3 63%
( 1.4 g/cm3) HNO3 63%
. 20
. 25
. 30
. 35
17. 0.1 mol/dm3 700 cm3 HNO3
63% 1.4 g/cm3 cm3
(H = 1, N = 14, O = 16)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
18. A 5 mol/kg mol/dm3 A
120 A 1.2 cm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
19. (HClO4) 5 mol/dm3 1.54 g/cm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
20. FeCl3 500 cm3 7.1
FeCl3
. 21.3
. 35.5
. 42.6
. 54.1
564
01-Cheme-P513-564.indd 564
9/15/09 12:55:38 PM
8
40222
4.1
1.
2.
4.1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
565
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 565
9/15/09 12:56:42 PM
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
1
1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. 100 cm3 NaCl
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. NaCl 0.5 mol/dm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2
4. 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
566
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 566
9/15/09 12:56:43 PM
9
40222
1.
1.
2.
3.
1.
1
1. KNO3 0.1 mol/l 200 cm3 ( K = 39 N = 14 O = 16)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
-
-
=
C1 mol/dm3 V1 cm3 C2 mol/dm3 V2 cm3
C1V1 = C2V2
567
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 567
9/15/09 12:56:43 PM
2
1. HCl 5 / 0.2 / 250 cm3
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. CH3COOH 0.5 / 500 cm3
. 0.2 /
. 0.8 /
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
C1V1 + C2V2 + ... = CV
C1, C2 C mol/dm3
V1, V2 V cm3 dm3
3
1. HNO3 2 1 0.1 mol/l 2 2 mol/l HNO3
0.5 mol/1 300 cm3 HNO3
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
568
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 568
9/15/09 12:56:44 PM
4
40222
1. (Kb)
(Kf)
2.
2 (non volatile)
(nondissociate) (Boiling point elevation)
(Freezingpoint depression)
-
- ()
-
(mol/kg)
1 mol/kg
100.512 C
1 mol/kg
100.512 C
1 mol/kg
100.512 C
1 mol/kg
-1.86 C
1 mol/kg
-1.86 C
1 mol/kg
-1.86 C
1 mol/kg
Kb = molal Boiling point elevation constant
1 mol/kg 100.512-100 C = 0.512 C Kb = 0.512 C
1 mol/kg
Kf = molal Freezing point depression constant
1 mol/kg 0-(1.86) C = 1.86 C Kf = 1.86 C
569
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 569
9/15/09 12:56:44 PM
molal Boiling point elevation constant = molal Freezing point depression constant
( C)
Kb( C/m)
Kf( C/m)
118.1
80.1
76.8
61.2
78.4
-
100.00
3.07
2.53
5.02
3.63
1.22
-
0.512
16.6
5.5
-22.8
-63.5
-144.6
80.2
0.0
3.90
5.12
29.8
4.68
1.99
6.80
1.86
Tb =
T b
Tf
Tf =
Tb
Tf
Kb
Kf
m
m1
m2
MW1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
mKb
mKf
m1 x 1000
m2 x MW1
x Kb
m1 x 1000
m2 x MW1
x Kf
(-)
(-)
( C/mol/kg)
( C/mol/kg)
(mol/kg)
(g)
(g)
Tb
Kb
=
=
Tf
Kf
570
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 570
9/15/09 12:56:45 PM
1. biphenyl (C12H10) 2.4 g benzene 75.0 g (kf- benzene =5.12 C
benzene = 5.5 C biphenyl (C12H10) = 154
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. 0.3 g carbontetrachloride (CCl4) 30.0 g
CCl4 0.329 C CCl4 (Kb CCl4 = 5.02 C)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
571
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 571
9/15/09 12:56:46 PM
10
40222
4.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.2
-
-
(mol/kg)
( C)
( C)
572
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 572
9/15/09 12:56:46 PM
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4.2
(mol/kg)
( C)
4
2
4
83.0
80.5
82.5
1.
1.
............................................................................................................................................................................
2.
............................................................................................................................................................................
3.
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
4.
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
573
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 573
9/15/09 12:56:47 PM
11
40222
4.3
1.
2.
4.3
(mol/kg)
-
0.5
( C)
Tm
( C)
574
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 574
9/15/09 12:56:47 PM
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4.3
(mol/kg)
( C)
2.0
0.5
2.0
63.0
75.5
64.0
69.0
79.0
70.0
1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
1.
............................................................................................................................................................................
2.
............................................................................................................................................................................
3.
............................................................................................................................................................................
4.
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
575
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 575
9/15/09 12:56:48 PM
6
40222
1. NaCl
.
.
.
.
2. 1 1 kg 0.5 C
C
. 1 1 kg
. 1 1 kg
. 1 1 kg
. 2 1 kg
. 3 1 kg
. 4 1 kg
3. 20 1200 ..........
( 40 Kf 1.80 C/mol.kg)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. (C6H12O6) 36 250 (
kb = 0.51, kf = 1.86 C/mol.kg)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5. 6 1000
100.05 C ( kb 0.05 C/mol.kg)
. 200
. 120
. 80
. 60
6. A 2.76 g 10 g 82.16 C
A ( 78.52 C (K b)
1.22 C/mol.kg)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
576
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 576
9/15/09 12:56:49 PM
7. X 5 g 20 g 83.3 C X 300
80.1 C Kb 2.53 C/mol.kg x
. 20
. 198
. 316
. 396
8. A 26.66 46.66 6.66
12 500
-0.72 C A ( Kf = 1.8 C/mol.kg)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
9. 240.0 2.0 3.72 C Kf = 1.86 C
. CH3COOH
. C10H8
. C2H2O4
. CH3CH2COOH
10. A 100 g/mol A
-7.44 C A ( Kf 1.86 C.mol-1 kg-1)
. 20
. 40
. 200
. 400
____________________
577
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 577
9/15/09 12:56:49 PM
5
40222
(Chemical formula)
3
1. (Molecualar formula) 1
Cl2
H2O
C6H6
1 Cl 2
1 H 2 O 1
1 C 6 H 6
2. (Simple formula or Empirical formula)
1
H2O
CH
H O H : O = 2 : 1
C H C : H = 1 : 1
C3H6
C6H12O6
H2O
CH2
CH2O
H2O
n =
() n =
578
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 578
9/15/09 12:56:50 PM
3. (Structural formula) 1
(H2O)
(CH4)
H
C
1 H = 2 O = 1
H O
1 C = 1 H = 4
H C
H2
H-H
CO2
O = C = O
H H H
CO2
NH3
NH3
C2H6O
C2H6O
C2H6O
C2H6O
C6H6
CH
H H
H C C O H
H H
H
H C O C H
H
579
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 579
9/15/09 12:56:51 PM
12
40222
1.
1. 1 1
2. 100
x
x 100
1. O H2SO4 ( H = 1, S = 32, O = 16)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Na2CO3.10H2O (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16 H = 1)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
580
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 580
9/15/09 12:56:51 PM
7
40222
1. C CO2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. O CuSO4.5H2O (Cu = 63.5, S = 32)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. A 1 27
80.50 A
. 348.3
. 402.5
. 430.3
. 490.8
5. X2CO3.10H2O 60%
X (C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Fe(SCN)3.xH2O 19
. 11.26
. 22.53
. 33.80
. 45.07
581
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 581
9/15/09 12:56:52 PM
13
40222
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4. 1, 2 3
5.
1 0.1-0.2 0.8-0.9 0.3-0.7
1.
2.
3. 1, 2 n
() n =
n = 1, 2, 3...
n 0.5 1 0.5 3.6
4 2.2 2
1. 2.5 g 2.949 g
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
582
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 582
9/15/09 12:56:52 PM
2. Ca X 160 Ca 25% (Ca = 40, X = 60)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3
1. X 60 cm3 X
30 cm3 90 cm3 X ( H = 1)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
583
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 583
9/15/09 12:56:53 PM
8
40222
()
1. NxOy
N 36.84%
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. C, H O 1.3663 g CO2 3.442 g H2O
0.6049 g
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. (alum) KA1(SO4)2.xH2O
x KA1(SO4)2
4.74 g 2.16 g x
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. (TNT)
CH3
NO2
NO2
NO2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
584
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 584
9/15/09 12:56:54 PM
5. C 85.7%, H 14.3%
1.87 g/1 STP
5.1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5.2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5.3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6. C 37.5% , H 3.15%, F 59.3% 0.298 g
50 C 125 ml 750 mmHg
6.1
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6.2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6.3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
7. 40 cm3 300 cm3
200 cm3 60 cm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
585
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 585
9/15/09 12:56:54 PM
14
40222
4.4 (||)
1. (||)
2.
3. (||)
4.4
586
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 586
9/15/09 12:56:55 PM
1. ...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ...................................................................................................................................................................................
(||) cm3
(cm3)
(cm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
1. KI
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. KI Pb (NO3)2 2 cm3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. KI Pb (NO3)2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
587
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 587
9/15/09 12:56:55 PM
6
40222
(Chemical equation)
3
1. (Reactant)
2. (Product)
3. (Condition)
(Reactant)
(Product)
2KClO3(s) 2 KCl(s) + 3O2 (g)
H+(aq) + OH- (aq) H2O(l)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
1.
2.
3.
(s)
(s : solid )
(l)
(l : liquid )
(g)
(g : gas )
(aq) (aq : aqueous )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
588
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 588
9/15/09 12:56:56 PM
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(s) + H2(g)
(s) 1 (aq) 2
(s) 1 (g) 1
+
MgCl2(s)
Mg(s)
+
2HCl(aq)
1
2
1
1 x 24 ()
2 x 36.5
1 x 95
23
23
1 x 6.02 x 10
2 x 6.02 x 10
2 x 6.02 x 1023
H2(g)
1
1 x 2
2 x 6.02 x 1023
1 x 22.4 dm3 STP
589
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 589
9/15/09 12:56:56 PM
9
40222
1.
1. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O
2. Fe2O3 + C Fe + CO2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
PCl5(l) + H2O(l) H3PO4(aq) + HCl(aq)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
P4O10 + H2O H3PO4
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4.
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) N2(g) + Cr2O3(s) + H2O(g)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5.
Al2O3 + H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + H2O
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
590
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 590
9/15/09 12:56:57 PM
6.
1) (CH4) (O2) (CO2)
(H2O)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2) (P) (Cl2) PCl3
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3) Ca HCl CaCl2 H2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
7.
1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
8.
1) MgCl2 NaOH Mg(OH)2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2) NaCl AgNO3 AgCl
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3) KCl AgNO3 AgCl
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
591
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 591
9/15/09 12:56:58 PM
15
40222
1.
1
(g)
(dm3 STP)
Zn(s)
+
1
65.39
6.02 x 1023
-
2HCl(aq)
2
2 x 36.458
2 x 6.02 x 1023
-
ZnCll2(aq)
1
136.29
6.02 x 1023
-
+ H2(g)
1
2.016
6.02 x 1023
22.4
N2(g)
1
3H2(g)
3
2NH3(g)
2
1.
2.
3.
592
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 592
9/15/09 12:56:58 PM
1. C4H10 1 kg O2
2C4H10(g) + 1302(g) 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(1)
. O2 dm3 C4H10
. C4H10 H2O
. C4H10 CO2 (C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
593
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 593
9/15/09 12:56:59 PM
16
40222
4.5 ()
1.
O2 NO
2. NO O2
3. NO O2
4. NO O2
4.5
()
O2 (cm3)
(cm3)
1
2
3
594
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 594
9/15/09 12:56:59 PM
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
595
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 595
9/15/09 12:57:00 PM
10
40222
1. A2 B2
AB3 B2 10 A2
AB3
. 3.3
. 6.7
. 10
. 13.3
2. A 25 B
75 C 50 A 150
B 300 C
. 100
. 200
. 300
. 400
3
3
3. H2 12 cm O2 20 cm STP
. 12
. 14
. 18
. 26
3
4. H2 O2 2 dm 1 atm 1227 C
1.5 dm3 atm
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5. X2 50 O2 125 G
50 G
. XO
. XO2
. X2O
. X2O5
3
6. STP CxHy 10 cm O2 65 cm3 CO2 40 cm3 a cm3 x, y a
. 1, 4, 20
. 2, 6, 30
. 3, 8, 40
. 4, 10, 50
7. 200 C 1
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
.
.
.
.
596
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 596
9/15/09 12:57:01 PM
11
40222
1. KClO3 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 (K = 39.1, Cl = 35.5, O = 16) KClO3
8.66 O2 STP
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. X Y 2X + 3Y 2A + 3B X 100 cm3
X 0.20 g 100 cm3 Y
0.10 mol/dm3 20 cm3 X
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
2CaCO3(s) + 2SO2(g) 2CaSO4(s) + 2CO2(g) CaCO3 SO2 1120 cm3 STP
. 0.05
. 5
. 50
. 5,000
4. A + 2B(g) 3C(g) 25 C A = 100 B = 40 C
16.8 dm3 STP A B
. A 2.5, B 2.125
. A 2.5, B 2.0
. A 25, B 20
. A 25, B 18.75
5. NO(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) () NO 18.06 x 1023
O2 NO2 STP
. 22, 44.8
. 48, 44.8
. 48, 67.2
. 96, 67.2
6. MCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + M(NO3)2 MCl2 5.00 AgNO3
AgCl 11.00 M
. 24
. 30
. 40
. 60
7. C3H8(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
) CO2 1.204 x 1024 O2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
) C3H8 11.2 STP
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
597
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 597
9/15/09 12:57:02 PM
17
40222
1.
2.
3.
(Theoretical yield)
(Actual yield)
= x 100
0 - 100
1. (C3H7COOH) 10 g (C2H3OH) 3.14 g
(C3H7COOC2H5) 5.3 g
C3H7COOH(1) + C2H5OH(1) C3H7COOC2H5(1) + H2O(1)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
598
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 598
9/15/09 12:57:02 PM
7
40222
96
S8
8 1, 3, 5, 7
2, 4, 6, 8 8
---------->
---------->
---------->
---------->
(S8)
________________
: BRANDS SUMMER CAMP97
599
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 599
9/15/09 12:57:03 PM
18
40222
Engage
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. 1 4
2. 1- 2
3.
4.
5.
2
1. 2
2. 30 .
3. 2
600
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 600
9/15/09 12:57:03 PM
1. -
2.
3.
3 Science Show
1. 30% 40 cm3
2. 3 2
3. 250 cm3
4.
5.
6.
1. 3 2
2. 2
3.
4. 30% 40 cm3
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
601
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 601
9/15/09 12:57:04 PM
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
3 Science Show
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
602
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 602
9/15/09 12:57:05 PM
19
40222
5.1
1.
2.
5.1
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
603
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 603
9/15/09 12:57:06 PM
1.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
604
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 604
9/15/09 12:57:06 PM
12
40222
1.
. ()
.
.
.
2. 2
.
.
.
.
3. S8
.
.
.
.
4.
.
.
.
.
5.
. , , ,
. , , ,
. , , ,
. , , ,
____________________
605
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 605
9/15/09 12:57:07 PM
20
40222
5.2
1.
2.
5.2
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
606
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 606
9/15/09 12:57:07 PM
1. 40 C 3
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
3. 3
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
4-5
(mmHg)
780
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
20
30
40
50 60
70
80
90 100 110 120
( C)
607
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 607
9/15/09 12:57:09 PM
4. 70 C
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
5. 760 mmHg 3
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
6. ................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
7.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
608
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 608
9/15/09 12:57:09 PM
13
40222
1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3-5
( C)
18
46.0
119.5
74.0
100.0
78.5
61.3
34.4
3. 25 C
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
609
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 609
9/15/09 12:57:10 PM
8
40222
(Gas) ( 25 C
1 ) (H2) (N2) (CO2)
(SO2)
(Vapour)
() (
)
(Fluid)
1.
1 ()
2.
0.0006 g/cm3 0.9584 g/cm3 100 C
3. ()
4. 2
5. (O2) (H2)
(CO2) (NO2) (Cl2)
(O3)
6.
1 22.4 dm3 0 C
1 (STP)
610
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 610
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21
40222
5.3
1.
2.
3.
5.3
1
2
611
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.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
1.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
612
02-Cheme-P565-612.indd 612
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14
40222
1. 0.7 atm 500 cm3 0.5 atm
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. 0 ( C) 0.5 atm
684 mmHg
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. 35 C 250 cm3 20 C
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. 30 30 C 10.0
C
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
613
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 613
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5.
D
V
C
B
T (K)
6. 250 cm3 1.2 atm 27 C
327 C ( 2.5 atm)
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
614
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 614
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15
40222
1. 0 C 10 cm3 1
2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
V
PV
PV
1
V
6
1
P
T ( C)
P
8
40 C
30 C
20 C
50 C
1.5 atm
1 atm
T (K)
615
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 615
9/15/09 12:57:46 PM
3. PCl5 65 C 200 mmHg 200 C PCl5
PCl3 Cl2 200 C mmHg
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. 150 cm3 20 C 1.5 atm
250 cm3 0 C
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5. 2.5 500 cm3 0 C 1 atm
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6. A 27 C 1 0.03 g/cm3 A
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
616
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 616
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9
40222
4.2
(NH3) (HCl)
3 U-234 U-235
U-238
(U)
U-234
U-235
U-238
0.0054
0.7710
99.2830
3
- U-235
- U-238 Pu-239
UF6
60 C UF6
UF6
617
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 617
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16
40222
(1) CO2 18.617 mol 10 100 C
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(2) 60 C C
20% 1.5
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(3) 3.2 dm3 298 K 0.5 atm
STP
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(4) A, B, C,
P = 3atm
V = 5dm3
P = 5atm
V = 3dm3
P = 2atm
V = 8dm3
3 B
atm
(5) A 1 B 3 4 atm
A B 3.5 atm A B
A B
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
618
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 618
9/15/09 12:57:48 PM
10
40222
, ,
1. (BOYLES LAW)
(V) (P)
P
V
PV
1 [T, m, n ]
P
k [k = ]
V
P1 V1 = P2 V2 = k
P1, P2 ()
V1, V2 ()
T, n
1. P V T
V P
1
2. P __
V
PV =
3.
2. (CHARLS LAW)
...
619
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 619
9/15/09 12:57:49 PM
T
[P, n ]
V
=
k
VT
V2
T2
V1
=
T1
P, n
...
1 0 C
1 C 273.25
1
2
60
40
0
273
( C)
(K)
20
0
-273
0
-400 - 200 0 200 400
273 473 673
3. (GAY-LUSSACS LAW)
(Amontons Law) ...
P
TP
[V, n ]
620
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 620
9/15/09 12:57:50 PM
P 1
=
T1
P2
T2
4. (COMBINE GAS LAW)
1 [T, n ]
V
P
T [P, n ]
V
T
P
kT
[n ]
PV =
PV
=
T
P 1, P 2
P2V2
V1, V2
P1V1 =
T2
T1
T1, T2
(K)
5. (EQUATION OF STATE)
V n
; PV = kT [n ]
n n PV = nkT k
R
621
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 621
9/15/09 12:57:50 PM
PV
nRT
P, V R T (K)
P
R = PV
nT
* atm
atm
mm Hg (Torr)
dynes/cm2
KPa
Nm-2
dm3 (lit)
cm3
cm3
cm3
dm3 (lit)
m3
* 0.082 lit-atm-K-1-mol-1
82.05 cm3-atm-K-1-mol-1
62360 cm3-mm-Hg-K-1-mol-1
8.314x107 ergs-K-1-mol-1
8.314 KPa-lit-K-1-mol-1
8.314 Nm-K-1-mol-1
8.314 J-K-1-mol-1
1.987 Cal-K-1-mol-1
*
l Cal = 4.184 J
l J
= 107 ergs
R
PV
R
=
nT
R
=
(1 atm) x (22.4 dm3)
(1 mol) x (273 K)
R
=
0.082 lit-atm/mol-K
2.6
PV = nRT P, V, T, g
g
=
(n) =
M
g
PV =
M . RT
g
RT
P
=
V . M
622
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 622
9/15/09 12:57:52 PM
g
=
(d) =
V
P
=
d . RT
M
g
g =
1
PV =
M . RT
M
d
2
P
=
d . RT
M
/ (V)
, , ,
____________________
623
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 623
9/15/09 12:57:52 PM
22
40222
5.4 ()
1.
2.
3.
5.4
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
624
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 624
9/15/09 12:57:53 PM
1.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5.
N2
CH4 Cl2 NO2 C2H4
CO2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
625
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 625
9/15/09 12:57:53 PM
23
40222
1.
2.
(Diffusion)
4.5
(Effusion)
626
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 626
9/15/09 12:57:56 PM
(Grahams Law)
A
=
B
dB
dA
dA dB A B
(d) (M)
A
=
B
MB
MA
MA MB A B
R1
=
R2
d2
=
d 1
M2
M1
R d : M:
1
(N = 14, C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
1. CO2
= 12 + 2(16) = 44
= 14 + 3(1) = 17
NH3
NH3 CO2 ()
2.
RNH
3
=
RCO
2
MCO
2 =
MNH
3
44
17
1.6 CO2
= 1.6
1. 1 4 C2 H2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
627
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 627
9/15/09 12:57:56 PM
2. CH4 SO2 CH4
SO2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. X 0.279 STP
X
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
4. 3
. He
. H2
. CH4
. CO2
628
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 628
9/15/09 12:57:57 PM
17
40222
(1)
. Ne, N2,
NO,
O2,
Ar
...................................................................................................................................................................................
.
19
X, 147 Y,
9
20
Z
10
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(2) CH4 SO2 CH4
SO2
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(3) A CO2 1.6 A
NO2,
SO2,
NH3,
H2S
(4) X 81 30 cm 2 Y 25
cm 4
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(5) X Y 3 Y X
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
629
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 629
9/15/09 12:57:58 PM
12
40222
CO2
()
18
-25 C
(NaOH) CO2 (Al2O3)
(-183 C)
(-196 C )
: BRANDS SUMMER CAMP97
630
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 630
9/15/09 12:57:59 PM
18
40222
1.
1)
2)
3)
. 3, 2 1
. 2, 1 3
. 1, 3, 2 3
. 3, 1, 3 2
2. CO2 C
. -25 C
-18 c
. -59 c
. -79 c
3.
. N2 NaOh
. N2
.
. CO2
4. N2 O2 N2
.
.
.
.
5. ,
.
.
.
.
631
03-Cheme-P613-631.indd 631
9/15/09 12:57:59 PM
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