CHO MNG NGY THNH LP TRNG (01/04/1956-01/04/2010)

PHNG PHP NH GI VNG I CA NHIN LIU SINH HC FULL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BIOFUEL
NCS. NGC TON Khoa My tu bin, Trng HHH Tm tt Nhin liu sinh hc v ang c s dng l nhin liu thay th cho nhin liu truyn thng. Bi bo a ra phng php nh gi nh hng ln mi trng ca nhin liu hiu qu nht l s dng cch phn tch nh gi vng i (LCA) ca nhin liu t khi sinh ra n khi mt i. Abstract Biofuel has been using as alternative fuel. The paper presents that to evaluate, to describe and present efficiently the environmental impacts of fuels, the essential and vital tool is used. It is Full life cycle assessment on a cradle-to-grave basis. 1. t vn nhim mi trng v khng hong v nhin liu gc du m ang l vn nng. Vic tm loi nhin liu thay th gim s ph thuc vo nhin liu gc du m cng nh gim nhim mi trng ang l vn quan tm ca cc nc trn th gii. Nhin liu sinh hc l mt trong nhng la chn ti u. Nhin liu sinh hc l loi nhin liu c sn xut t cc nguyn liu c ngun gc t thc vt. Hiu qu kinh t v gim nhim mi trng khi s dng nhin liu sinh hc v cc hn hp ca n c kim nghim qua tnh ton l thuyt v qua cc kt qu thc t. nh gi nh hng ln mi trng ca nhin liu sinh hc l vn cc k quan trong. Bi bo gii thiu mt phng php nh gi hu hiu nh hng ca nhin liu sinh hc ln mi trng, l phng php nh gi vng i. 2. Phng php nh gi vng i Vng i ca mt sn phm hoc ca mt h thng dch v no l cc giai on ni tip v lin quan nhau t khi sinh ra n khi mt i (kt thc). Phn tch nh gi ton b vng i (LCA) l qu trnh nh gi cc nh hng cng nh hu qu ca mt sn phm tc ng ln mi trng trong ton b vng i ca n (Hnh 1). Ni cch khc, LCA l khung sn v phng php lun cho nh gi nh hng ln mi trng ca sn phm no t khi sinh ra n khi mt i. nh gi mt sn phm, mt h thng di vic phn tch nh gi vng i (LCA) bao gm vic khai thc nguyn vt liu v cc ngun nng lng t mi trng, bin nhng ngun ny thnh sn phm mong mun, s dng sn phm ny bi ngi tiu th v cui cng vt b, ti s dng hoc ti sinh sn phm sau khi s dng.

Hnh 1. Cc vn c nh gi bi LCA.

LCA bao gm vic xc nh mc tiu v phm vi, thng k thu thp thng tin s liu, nh gi nh hng ln mi trng v phn tch nh gi kt qu (Hnh 2). 1. Vic xc nh mc tiu v phm vi ca nghin cu LCA c xc nh r rng v ph hp vi vic ng dng c d tnh. 2. Phn tch thng k lin quan n thu thp v xc nh s lng cc thng s u vo, u ra cho sn phm hoc h thng sn phm a ra trong ton b vng i ca n. Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 22 04/2010 65

CHO MNG NGY THNH LP TRNG (01/04/1956-01/04/2010) 3. nh gi nh hng vi mc ch hiu v nh gi mc nh hng n mi trng ca sn phm hoc h thng sn phm. 4. Phn tch kt qu a ra cc kt lun.

Hnh 2. Khung ca LCA. Tt c cc loi nhin liu (cc loi nhin liu ha thch, nhin liu sinh hc, nhin liu tng hp) l mt trong cc sn phm ca ngnh cng nghip nng lng. Ton b vng i ca chng bao gm cc giai on: Khai thc nhin liu - khai thc cc ngun nhin liu; sn xut v ch bin x l nhin liu; phn phi vn chuyn ti ni tiu th v tch tr; s dng nhin liu. Mi giai on ny u c nh hng ln mi trng. Giai on khai thc nhin liu: Mtan, CO2 v cc cht c hi c sinh ra. iu ny nh hng n mi trng. Cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh, cc cht kh c hi c thi ra trong qu trnh sn xut ch bin nhin liu. Vic vn chuyn, phn phi v tch tr nhin liu c nguy c tim tng nh hng n mi trng v sc khe cng ng. Cc bi bin v mi trng bin b nh hng nu xy ra trn du ca cc phng tin vn chuyn. nhim ngun nc sinh hot, nhim t ai c th xy ra khi vn chuyn bng ng b do nhin liu r r, bay hi vo mi trng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Giai on cui cng tt c cc nhin liu u c t trong cc ng c t trong, ni hi, Tua bin kh Vic thi ra mi trng cc sn phm chy c hi l khng th trnh khi. nh gi, m t v a ra mt cch c hiu qu cc nh hng n mi trng th cn s dng mt phng php thit yu. l LCA v n c th a ra cc bc tranh mun mu v nh hng ca cc loi nhin liu khc nhau ln mi trng. Lin quan n cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh v cc cht kh thi c hi m nh hng n cc nn kinh t th gii v mi trng sng ca con ngi, tt c chng ta trn tri t ny phi nhn thc c rng vic gim mc thi cc cht kh c hi (CO2, CO, NOx, PM) do chy nhin liu s gip gim v hn ch nhim mi trng cng nh s nng ln ca tri t. S dng nhin liu sinh hc v cc hn hp ca chng cho cc ng c t trong, ni hi gip gim c nhim mi trng (Chng hn s dng cn sinh hc gim thiu c s thi CO2 vo mi trng. Khi t chy cn sinh hc, lng CO2 thi ra gim ng k m cn sinh hc c sn xut t cc ngun sinh khi thc vt m khi nui trng ngun thc vt ny chng s li hp

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CHO MNG NGY THNH LP TRNG (01/04/1956-01/04/2010) th CO2 trong qu trnh quang hp v thi ra xy vo khng kh. Vng tun hon ny duy tr s cn bng CO2 trong khng kh). Cn sinh hc ngy nay c sn xut bi rt nhiu nc trn th gii. C nhiu chu trnh sn xut cn sinh hc: Sn xut cn t ng, t ma, t cc sn phm g, t cc cy c Mt v d v cc giai on ca ton b vng i ca cn sinh hc c a ra trn hnh 3. Ton b vng i ca cn sinh hc trn hnh bao gm cc giai on: Nui trng thc vt (v d: Ng); Sn xut, vn chuyn, phn phi v tch tr cn; t chy cn v cc hn hp ca n trong cc thit b s dng (ng c t trong).

Energy Chemicals Production Emission Fertilizer Pesticides

Energy Corn/Biomass Farming Herbicides Emission

Energy Ethanol Production Ethanol Ethanol Combustion

Energy

Emission Co-products (corn) Electricity (cellulosic)

Non-CO2 Emissions
Hnh 3. Cc giai on trong ton b vng i ca cn sinh hc.

Nng lng s dng cng nh cc cht thi trong ton b vng i ca nhin liu sinh hc c tnh ton trong cc m hnh cng nh trong cc nghin cu cng b ca nhiu nhm cc nh nghin cu. Trn bng 1, 2 a ra kt qu tnh ton v nng lng v cc cht s dng trong giai on nui trng thc vt cng nh nng lng s dng trong giai on sn xut cn sinh hc. Bng 1. Nng lng v ha cht s dng cho nui trng sinh khi. Parameter Energy use (in MJ/dry ton) Fuel splits (%) Diesel Electricity Chemical use (in g/dry ton) Nitrogen fertilizer P2O5 fertilizer K2O fertilizer Herbicides Insecticides 709 189 331 24 2 10,633 142 226 28 0 94.3 5.7 92.8 7.2 Woody Biomass (hybrid poplars) 247.5 Herbaceous Biomass (switchgrass) 229.0

Bng 2 a ra nng lng s dng v sn lng cn trong qu trnh sn xut cn sinh hc t sinh khi.

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CHO MNG NGY THNH LP TRNG (01/04/1956-01/04/2010)

Bng 2. Nng lng s dng v in nng sinh ra trong cc nh my sn xut cn t Xenlulo.

Woody Cellulosic Plant Parameter 2003 Ethanol yield (Liter/ton of biomass) Diesel use (MJ/Liter of Ethanol) Electricity credit (kWh/L of Ethanol) 3. Kt lun 288.8 0.75 0.46 2010 372.4 0.75 0.15

Herbaceous Cellulosic Plant 2003 304 0.75 0.23 2010 391.4 0.75 0.07

Vit Nam c cc nh my sn xut cn sinh hc t ma. Nhu cu s dng cn v hn hp ca n chc chn s ngy cng tng. Ngoi vic sn xut cn t ma nh ngy nay, tng lai cn c th c sn xut t cc ngun sinh khi khc. Vit nam ng th ba trn th gii v xut khu go, sau khi thu hoch la go th chng ta thu c rt nhiu rm, r, tru... y l ngun sinh khi di do cho sn xut cn. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu loi sinh khi tim nng khc m chng ta cha quan tm nh cht thi nng nghip sau khi trng ng, lc, sn Vit Nam l t nc nng nghip, chng ta c tim nng v cc ngun sinh khi rt ln v y l ngun chnh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc. Vic s dng nhin liu sinh hc thay th nhin liu truyn thng l hon ton kh thi i vi t nc chng ta. Khi thc hin vic sn xut nhin liu sinh hc v a n vo s dng trong thc t th mt trong nhng phng php hu hiu nht nghin cu v nh gi nhin liu sinh hc l LCA. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Ethanol: The fuel//Ethanol curriculum, Module 5. http://www.nwicc.edu/pages/continuing/business/ethanol/Module5.htm. [2] Herman & associates. 2003 Motorcycle manufacture fuel recommendations, 5 p. http://www.ethanolrfa.org/objects/pdf/2003motorcycles.pdf. [3] Nguoi lao dong. Thang 10 se xuat hien loai xang moi//Tin 247.com, July 28, 2006. http://www.tin247.com/thang_10_se_xuat_hien_loai_xang_moi-3-21337136.html. [4] ISO 14040:1997, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework. - Geneva: ISO, 1997. 12 p. [5] ISO 14041:1998, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Goal and scope definition and life cycle inventory analysis. - Geneva: ISO, 1998. - 22 p. [6] ISO 14042:2000, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle impact assessment. - Geneva: ISO, 2000. - 16 p. [7] ISO 14043:2000, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle interpretation. - Geneva: ISO, 2000. - 18 p. [8] Julie L. Eisenhard. Product Descriptors for early product development: An interface between environmental experts and designers//Bachelor of mechanical engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of science in mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of technology, 6/2000- 87 p. [9] TIAX LLC, Stefan Unnasch and Jenifer Pont, Cupertino, California. Full fuel cycle assessment Well to Tank energy inputs, emissions, and water impacts, 2/2007- 243 p. [10] Wang M.Q. GREET 1.5 - Transportation Fuel-Cycle Model, Volume 1: Methodology, Development, Use and Results. ANL/ESD-39. Argonne: Argonne National Laboratory, 1999. 97 p. [11] Wang M.Q. GREET 1.5 - Transportation Fuel-Cycle Model, Volume 2: Appendices of Data and Results. ANL/ESD-39. Argonne: Argonne National Laboratory, 1999. - 118 p.

Ngi phn bin: PGS.TS. Nguyn i An Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 22 04/2010 68