CHAPTER 2

Computer Systems
2.1

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959

2.2

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

2.3

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979

2.4

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980- PRESENT *

2.5

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SUPERCOMPUTER
TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND

HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE * 2.6

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MAINFRAME
MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS *
2.7

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MINICOMPUTER
MIDDLE-RANGE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME *
2.8

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MICROCOMPUTER
DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * 2.9 Prentice Hall 2002

LAPTOPS & SMALLER

LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type package, very portable, can be inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networks HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): Subminiature, wireless computer. Growing in sophistication and connectivity *
2.10

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BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

UNDERLYING STRUCTURE INPUT/OUTPUT BITS & CODING SCHEMES ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT *

2.11

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

(CPU)

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT

ROM

CLOCK

RAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

2.12

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BUSES
CPU
PRIMARY

STORAGE

DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS

INPUT DEVICES
2.13

OUTPUT DEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE
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TYPES OF MEMORY
RAM : Random Access Memory
Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on)

ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)

PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable

*
2.14

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INPUT/OUTPUT
TERMINAL POINT-OF-SALES TERMINALS AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES PUNCHED CARDS MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Used by banks to process checks *

2.15

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INPUT/OUTPUT
OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION: Scanned material translated into computer characters IMAGING: Forms, documents, photos digitized for computer use BAR CODE LABEL: Product label information read into computer. Can be used to track inventory *
2.16

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INPUT/OUTPUT
COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM (COM): Computer rapidly generates microfilm documents for archive copies in small space VOICE RESPONSE UNITS: Computer recognizes, generates verbal messages MULTIMEDIA: Combines text, graphics, sound still images, animations, video *
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HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED IN COMPUTER MEMORY

BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character
EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors *
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EXAMPLES OF BYTES
EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system)

C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number *
2.19

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ALU & CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system *
2.20

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COMPUTER FILES
RECORD: Data about a transaction arranged in a set of FIELDS, each holding a datum FILE: A group of similar records, such as accounts receivable or payroll DATABASE: The files of an organization, an electronic library *
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COMPUTER FILES
SEQUENTIAL ACCESS: A sequence of files arranged in order, say alphabetically. Usually stored on magnetic tape or cartridge DIRECT ACCESS: Records stored on a DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE (DASD). Can move directly to any record * 2.22 Prentice Hall 2002

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC *

2.23

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DISK PACK STORAGE

LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES
READ/WRITE HEADS DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

2.24

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THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT

COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the computer what to do INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in a program MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction understood by particular model of computer 2.25 Prentice Hall 2002 *

CONTROLLER
LINK FOR INPUT/OUTPUT OR FILE DEVICES: To CPU and memory of large computer systems HIGHLY SPECIALIZED PROCESSOR: Manages the operation of attached devices to free the CPU from these tasks *
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DATA CHANNEL
SPECIALIZED INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESSOR (A COMPUTER): Takes over function of device communication from the CPU CORRECTS FOR SPEED MISMATCH BETWEEN SLOW PERIPHERAL DEVICES AND VERY FAST CPU *
2.27

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SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSOR
PROCESSORS (CPUs) ARE IDENTICAL, WITH EACH PROCESSOR OPERATING INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHERS USED IN MOST MAINFRAMES AND SOME MIDRANGE MACHINES *
2.28

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PARALLEL PROCESSOR (PP)

MULTIPLE CPUs INSTALLED AS PART OF A SINGLE COMPUTER SYSTEM: Gives separate piece of program to each of the processors so that work on the program can proceed in parallel on the separate pieces *
2.29

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MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSOR (MPP)

PARALLEL PROCESSING COMPUTER WITH MANY PARALLEL PROCESSORS: 32 OR MORE: Different CPUs capable of performing different instructions at the same time 1000 OR MORE: CPUs must all carry out the same instruction at the same time

*
2.30

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CHAPTER 2

Computer Systems
2.31

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