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Science Form 3: Growth
Science Form 3: Growth
Chapter 5 Growth
Increase in the number of cells Pertambahan dalam bilangan sel Increase in size Pertambahan saiz Change in shape and function Perubahan bentuk dan fungsi
Growth curve Lengkung Pertumbuhan Infancy Peringkat bayi Childhood Peringkat kanakkanak
Adolescence Peringkat remaja Adulthood Peringkat dewasa Old age Peringkat tua
5.1
A. Growth
body size , number of cells , weight , body shape , function of an organism .
Changes in appearance . Changes in physical characteristics. Develop the complexity and function of the organism.
5.1
5.1
Height and weight are common characteristics used to measure growth rate.
5.1
adolescence
childhood
infancy
5.1
Weight (kg)
childhood
negative growth
infancy
12
18
Figure 5.1
65
5.1
fastest , during:
the development of foetus in the uterus . the first six months after birth .
8. An infant grows very quickly in the first three years of infancy. 9. Childhood is a period of slow growth .
11. Adulthood covers the early 20s until about 65. It is a period of minimal growth . 12. Old age is the period of negative growth .
a. b. Negative growth means loss in weight . Tissues in the body break downs more quickly than they can be repaired .
Growth pattern 0 to 3 years Rapid growth until three years of age Weight doubles after six months Weight triples after one year 3 to 12 year of age Slow growth until adolescent stage 12 to 20 years of age Teen years Growth rate increase Sexual maturity or puberty achieved during this stage Starts from about 20 years of age Growth rate slows down Maximum growth achieved and growth stops Growth rate becomes negative Height and weight decrease slightly Death at old age
Childhood Adolescence
Adulthood
Old age
5.1
height (cm)
170 150 130 infancy adulthood 70 adolescence Boys Girls
50
childhood
age (years) 0 4 12 18 20
Figure 5.2 (a) Growth curves of boys and girls based on height
Girls 52
4 0 4 10 12 18
age (years)
Figure 5.2 (b) Growth curves of boys and girls based on weight
Comparison Growth rates for baby boys and girls are generally the same. From four years old a boys growth rates is faster than a girl, especially in terms of weight.
Adolescence Girls reach puberty at the age of 12, one or two years earlier than boys. Girls are usually taller and grow faster during early adolescence.
Adulthood Growth rate for girls slows down at about the age of 17 and stops altogether at the age of 21. Growth rate for boys slows down at about the age of 18 and stops altogether at the age of 24. After the respective points, there is no further increase in height in both boys and girls. A persons weight may increase or decrease according to his lifestyle, genes, metabolic rate and health condition. Female will become shorter if osteoporosis sets in. Both males and females may lose weight and decrease slightly in height. The efficiency of nervous system, metabolic rate and sensory organs will deteriorate.
Old age
Table 5.2
Comparison between the growth rates of boys and girls at different stages.
5.1
2. A balanced diet is important to ensure healthy physical growth and mental development of an individual at all stages of growth. 3. All the different classes of food are required in the appropriate quantities and proportions .
a. b. c. d. Carbohydrates are the source of energy . Proteins are body-building foods crucial for _______ growth and repair damaged tissues. Vitamins are important to ensure good health . Minerals are required for strong bones and _____. teeth
4. An excessive intake of carbohydrates and fat will lead to obesity . 5. Keeping a healthy lifestyle with balanced diet will maintain healthy growth in all stages.
Both sexes are of a comparable shape and size during infancy and childhood. (add)
There are four characteristic stages of growth from birth to adult: Rapid growth in infancy and early childhood Slow, steady growth in middle childhood Rapid growth during puberty Gradual slowing down of growth in adolescence until adult height is reached
Changes in the size and shape of the body are caused by different segments growing at different times.
Baby
adulthood
Nutrition (add)
A growing child who does not have sufficient protein may develop a dieses called kwashiorkor. Those suffering from kwashiorkor would be physically weak and show growth retardation.
ASSESSMENT 5 Paper 1
1 Growth results in A. death B. maturity and aging C. a decrease in cell mass D. a decrease in cell size Which of the following statements about growth is true? A. Growth is an irreversible process B. Humans grow only once C. Humans grow in stages D. Growth involves a change of sex Human growth can be measured in terms of A. height and weight B. mass and quantity of blood C. quantity of blood and the number of blood cells D. finger length
What is the main factor that influences growth pattern in humans? A. Gender B. Climate C. Environment D. State of health Which of the following graphs shows human growth? A C
S Old age T Infancy U Adulthood V Adolescence The above information is about the stages of human growth. Which of the following explains growth in the right sequence? A. V T S U B. T V U S C. S V U T D. U T S V Figure 5.1 shows the pattern of human growth. Which part A, B, C or D shows the highest rate of growth?
Figure 5.1 8 Puberty is the time when boys and girls start to change into A. Infants B. Toddlers C. Old people D. Adults
Figure 5.2
9.
Figure 5.2 shows the growth rate in both boys and girls. What conclusion can you make from the graph?
A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D. Both sexes have the same growth period. A boy has a longer growth period than a girl. A girl has a longer growth period than a boy. Individuals have different growth rates Puberty Childhood Adolescence Old age
2 12 12
4 16 16
6 18 22
8 30 28
10 32 34
12 39 38
14 50 49
16 52 58
18 53 64
20 53 65
22 53 65
Table 5.1 11. Table 5.1 shows the average body weight of boys and girls of the same age. What conclusion can you make from Table 5.1? A. The growth rate in a girl is always slower than the growth rate in a boy. B. A boy grows the fastest between the ages of 12 and 16. C. The period of growth in a boy is shorter than the period of growth in a girl. D. A girl reaches maturity faster than a boy.
12 39
13 50
14 58
15 67
16 73
17 75
Table 5.2
12. Table 5.2 shows Susan's weight according to her age. Which of the following statements is true about Susan's eating habits? A. She eats too much carbohydrates. B. She eats too much protein. C. She drinks too much water. D. She does not exercise enough
Figure 5.3 13. Figure 5.3 shows the differences in the growth rates of males and females. What can you infer from the growth pattern? A. Males are usually taller than females. B. Males mature faster than females. C. Males usually die before females. D. Males always appear younger than females
14.
James is 8 years old. His daily diet consists of potato chips and instant noodles only. What does his diet lack? A. Proteins B. Fibre C. Carbohydrates D. Oils and fats Which of the following aspects are involved in human growth? I. Physical maturity II. Mental maturity III. Spiritual maturity A. B. C. D. I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III
15.
Alice and Ivy are identical twins. They were separated at birth and brought up by different families. They both display different rates of growth. 16. Based on the above information, which of the following factors caused this difference in growth? I. Genetics II. Food consumption III. Environment A. B. C. D. I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III
17.
Which of the following statements is/are true about human growth? I. A girl reaches puberty earlier than boys. II. A boy stops growing at about 24 years of age. III. A girl has a shorter lifespan than a boy A. B. C. D. I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III
Important for the growth and development of strong bones and teeth. 18. The above information describes the function of Q in human growth. Which of the following are Q? I. Calcium II. Vitamin D III. Iron A. B. C. D. I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III
ASSESSMENT 5 Paper 2
Figure 5.4
1.
The graph in Figure 5.4 compares the growth in terms of mass of a boy and a girl. a) Define growth. Growth is the increase in size and mass during the development of an organism over a period of time. (2 marks) b) The graph has divided the growth rate into four stages. Which stage shows the most rapid growth rate?
Adolescence
(1 mark)
ASSESSMENT 5 Paper 2
c) At what ages is the growth rate of a girl faster than a boy? From 12 to 14 years (1 mark) d) What is the cause of this difference in growth rate in (c)? Girls reach puberty faster than boys (1 mark) e) At what stage does the boy grow faster than the girl? From 14 years onward (1 mark) f) During the later part of adolescence, the boy grows faster than the girl. Why? The growth period of boys is longer than girls (1 mark) g) Which two classes of food are needed during childhood and adolescence to achieve maximum growth? Carbohydrates and protein (2 marks)
THE END