Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An Assignment of Bangladesh Studies (In History Year by Year)
An Assignment of Bangladesh Studies (In History Year by Year)
Contents
Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 Part name Part 01 Part 02 Part 03 Part 04 Part 05 Part 06 Part 07 Part 08 Part 09 Description of the content page 1947in history 1952in history 1954in history 1962in history 1966in history 03 - 05 05 - 06 07 - 08 08 - 09 Page No. 02
06 07 08 09 10
1969in history 1970in history 1971in history 1990in history Reference of data collection
10 11 - 13 14 - 18 19 -20 20
1947 in History
In August 1947, the Partition of British India gave birth to two new states; a secular state named India and an Islamic state named Pakistan. But Pakistan comprised two geographically and culturally separate areas to the east and the west of India. The western zone was popularly (and for a period of time, also officially) termed West Pakistan and the eastern zone (modern-day Bangladesh) was initially termed East Bengal and later, East Pakistan. Although the population of the two zones was close to equal, political power was concentrated in West Pakistan and it was widely perceived that East Pakistan was being exploited economically, leading to many grievances. Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation state in 1971. Although a new state, Bangladesh is an old country with a long recorded history of several thousand years. In its recent past it was part of Pakistan (1947-1971) and was known as East Pakistan. Prior to this, different parts of present Bangladesh were under British India (1765-1947), the Mughals and other Muslim rulers, and before them under Buddhist and Hindu rule. 1947 14 August: British rule ends and British India is partitioned. India became a new state in the world. Then another new state born name as Pakistan. The Bengal delta becomes part of the new state of Pakistan under the name East Bengal. Dhaka is the provincial capital.
19478
About 800,000 migrants arrive in East Pakistan from India; about 1,000,000 Migrants leave East Pakistan for India. Cross-border migration will continue for years.
1952 in History
The Bengali Language Movement, also known as the Language Movement (Bengali: Bhasha Andolon), was a political effort in Bangladesh, advocating the recognition of the Bengali language as an official language of Pakistan. Such recognition would allow Bengali to be used in government affairs. When the state of Pakistan was formed in 1947, its two regions, East Pakistan and West Pakistan, were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. In 1948, the Government of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organized a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest led by the Awami Muslim League, later renamed the Awami League. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956. On November17 in 1919, UNESCO declared 21 February International Mother Language Day for the whole world to celebrate, in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno-linguistic rights of people around the world.
Events of 1952
The Urdu-Bengali controversy was reignited when Jinnah's successor, governorgeneral Khawaja Nazimuddin, staunchly defended the "Urdu-only" policy in a speech on 27 January 1952. On 31 January, the Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod (All-Party Central Language Action Committee) was formed in a meeting at the Bar Library Hall of the University of Dhaka, chaired by Maulana Bhashani. The central government's proposal of writing the Bengali language in Arabic script was vehemently opposed at the meeting. The action committee called for an all-out protest on 21 February, including strikes and rallies. Students of the University of Dhaka and other institutions gathered on the university premises on 4 February and warned the government to withdraw its proposal to write Bengali in Arabic script, and insisted on the recognition of Bengali. As the preparation for demonstrations was going on, the government imposed Section 144 in the city of Dhaka, thereby banning any gatherings of more than four people.
Zahirul Islam, 07882517, Dept. of Mgt, BBA, JNU.
22 February
Disorder spread across the province as large processions ignored section 144 and condemned the actions of the police. More than 30,000 people congregated at Curzon Hall in Dhaka. During the continued protests, police actions led to the death of four more people. This prompted officers and clerks from different organizations, including colleges, banks and the radio station, to boycott offices and join the procession. Protesters burned the offices of two leading progovernment news agencies, the Jubilee Press and the Morning News. Police fired on a major janaza, or mourning rally, as it was passing through Nawabpur Road. The shooting killed several people including activist Sofiur Rahman and a nineyear old boy named Ohiullah.
Zahirul Islam, 07882517, Dept. of Mgt, BBA, JNU.
1954 in History
Constitution reform
On 7 May 1954, the constituent assembly resolved, with the Muslim League's support, to grant official status to Bengali. Bengali was recognized as the second official language of Pakistan on 29 February 1956, and article 214(1) of the constitution of Pakistan was reworded to "The state language of Pakistan shall be Urdu and Bengali."
1962 in History
1966 in History
Year
% of Total 36.23 63.77 Population 195055 1,129 68.31 524 31.69 195560 1,655 75.95 524 24.05 196065 3,355 70.5 1,404 29.5 196570 5,195 70.82 2,141 29.18 Total 11,334 71.16 4,593 28.84 Source: Reports of the Advisory Panels for the Fourth Five Year Plan 1970-75, Vol. I, published by the planning commission of Pakistan (Quick reference: crore = 107, or 10 million)
Zahirul Islam, 07882517, Dept. of Mgt, BBA, JNU.
The 6 points
On 5February, 1966 the six points are demand by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at Lahore resolution. These are given below 1. The constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense based on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a Legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise. 2. The federal government should deal with only two subjects: Defense and Foreign Affairs, and all other residual subjects should be vested in the federating states. 3. Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking Reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan. 4. The power of taxation and revenue collection should be vested in the federating units and the federal centre would have no such power. The federation would be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures. 5. There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries. 6. East Pakistan should have a separate militia or paramilitary force.
1969 in History
4 January: Shorbodolio Chatro Shongram Porishad (The All Party Student Action Committee) put forth its 11 point agenda. 78 January: Formation of a political coalition named Democratic Action Committee (DAC) to restore democracy. 20 January: Student activist Asaduzzaman dies as the police open fire on demonstrators. 24 January: Matiur, a teenager activist is gunned down by the police. 15 February: Seargent Jahurul Haq, one of the convicts of Agartala Conspiracy Case, is assassinated in the prison of Kurmitola Cantonment. 18 February: Dr. Shamsuzzoha of Rajshahi University is killed as the police opened fire on a silent procession in Rajshahi. 21 February: Withdrawal of Agartala Conspiracy Case. 23 February: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was accorded a grand reception, where he was given the title Banggabandhu (The friend of Bengal). 1013 March: Ayub Khan calls for a round table meeting with the opposition. 24 March: Ayub Khan handed over power to General Yahya Khan, the army Chief of Staff.
The government claimed a high level of public participation and a voter turnout of almost 63%. The total number of registered voters in the country was 56,941,500 out of which 31,211,220 were from the Eastern Wing, while 25,730,280 from the Western Wing.
Results
Party Awami League Pakistan Peoples Party Jamaat-e-Islami PML (Council) PML (Qayyum) Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Markazi Jamiat-Ulema-Pakistan PML (Convention) National Awami Party (Wali) Pakistan Democratic Party Other parties Independents Total Nohlen et al Votes 12,937,162 6,148,923 1,989,461 1,965,689 1,473,749 1,315,071 1,299,858 1,102,815 801,355 737,958 387,919 2,322,341 33,004,065 % 39.2 18.6 6.0 6.0 4.5 4.0 3.9 3.3 2.4 2.2 1.2 7.0 100 Seats 160 81 4 2 9 7 7 7 6 1 0 16 300
The Awami League emerged as the single largest party in the National Assembly by winning a majority with 160 seats, and also won 288 of the 300 East Pakistan Assembly seats in the provincial elections that were held simultaneously there. The Pakistan Peoples Party dominated in West Pakistan, winning 81 of 138 the seats there. The more conservative parties performed poorly, possibly due to the number of conservative candidates competing with each other in most constituencies. In total the PML (Qayyum), PML (Council), PML (Convention), Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, Jamiyat Ulema-e-Pakistan and Jamaat-e-Islami won only 37 National Assembly seats.
1971 In History
The Liberation War of Bangladesh, The began on 26 March 1971 and ended with the liberation of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict pitting West Pakistan against East Pakistan (two halves of one country) and India that resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the independent nation of Bangladesh. The war broke out on 26 March 1971 as army units directed by West Pakistan launched a military operation in East Pakistan against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel who were demanding separation from West Pakistan. Members of the East Bengal Regiment, East Pakistan Rifles, East Pakistan police and other Bengali military and paramilitary forces, and armed civilians revolted to form guerilla groups and forces (generally termed as the Mukti Bahini) to fight against the army of West Pakistan. During the following months, India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini in East Pakistan. On December 3, 1971, (West) Pakistan launched a pre-emptive attack on the western border of India, which marked the commencement of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Finally, on December 16, 1971, the allied forces of the Indian army and the Mukti Bahini (Bangladesh Liberation Army) decisively defeated the (West) Pakistani forces deployed in the East resulting in the largest surrender, in terms of the number of POWs, since World War II. The Pakistan Army was ordered to launch operation on Bengali people at midnight of 25 March. According to the plan for operation Search Light two headquarters were established. Lieutenant General Tikka Khan assumed the overall charge of the operation. The students and the nationalist political activists put up resistance outside the cantonment. Road blocks were raised to obstruct the march of the Pakistani column to the city areas. The wireless set fitted jeeps and trucks loaded with troops groaned on the streets of Dhaka City at midnight of 25 March. The military forces killed everybody in sight on the footpath and destroyed everything on their way. The tanks roared through the streets of Dhaka blasting indiscriminately at the people and official and residential buildings. They gunned down clusters of settlements and set fire on them. Scores of artillery bursts were pounded, while the tanks rumbled into the city roaring the main streets.
Zahirul Islam, 07882517, Dept. of Mgt, BBA, JNU.
1990 In History
1982-1990: Hussain Mohammed Ershad
Army Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Hussain Mohammed Ershad assumed power in the second, but, bloodless coup in March 24th 1982. To strenghthen his hold on government Ershad suspended the constitution andciting pervasive corruption, ineffectual government, and economic mismanagementdeclared martial law. The following year, Ershad assumed the presidency, retaining his positions as army chief and CMLA, first time in Bangladesh. During most of 1984, Ershad sought the opposition parties' participation in local elections under martial law. The opposition's refusal to participate, however, forced Ershad to abandon these plans. Ershad sought public support for his regime in a national referendum on his leadership in March 1985. He won overwhelmingly, although turnout was small. Two months later, Ershad held elections for local council chairmen. Pro-government candidates won a majority of the posts, setting in motion the President's ambitious decentralization program. Political life was further liberalized in early 1986, and additional political rights, including the right to hold large public rallies, were restored. At the same time, the Jatiya (People's) Party, designed as Ershad's political vehicle for the transition from martial law, was established. Despite a boycott by the BNP, led by President Zia's widow, Begum Khaleda Zia, parliamentary elections were held on schedule in May 1986. The Jatiya Party won a modest majority of the 300 elected seats in the national assembly. The participation of the Awami Leagueled by the late Prime Minister Mujib's daughter, Sheikh Hasina Wazed--lent the elections some credibility, despite widespread charges of voting irregularities. In July 1987, however, after the government hastily pushed through a controversial legislative bill to include military representation on local administrative councils, the opposition walked out of Parliament. Passage of the bill helped spark an opposition movement that quickly gathered momentum, uniting Bangladesh's opposition parties for the first time. The government began to arrest scores of opposition activists under the country's Special Powers Act of 1974.
Zahirul Islam, 07882517, Dept. of Mgt, BBA, JNU.