Chapter 5 Chemical equilibrium

5.1 The general equilibrium expression

For any chemical reaction, the general reaction

equation can be written as
B
B
0 B

Recall the criterion of Gibbs function, at constant T, p

and W=0
m
spontaneity
0
equilibrium
r
G
<
_

,
m r
A G
Define: is called the chemical affinity

if an infinitesimal amount of reaction takes place at constant T
and p, the change in the Gibbs function is given by
B B
B
dG dn

B B
B
dG d

,
B B r m
B
T p
G
G

,

is the change of Gibbs function per mole of reaction.
r m
G

At constant temperature and pressure,
0
r m
G <
0
r m
G >
0
r m
G

We now consider a reaction of ideal gases
A B C D a b c d + +
ln
B
B B
p
RT
p
+
$
$
ln
B
r m B B B B B
B B B
p
G RT
p
+

$
$
r m B B
B
G

$ $
ln
B
B
r m r m
B
p
G G RT
p

_
+

,

$
$
B
B
p
B
p
J
p

$
ln
r m r m p
G G RT J +
$
The quantity J
p
is called the pressure quotient.

5.2 Chemical reactions of ideal gases
5.2 Chemical reactions of ideal gases
5.2.1 Standard equilibrium constant
When a chemical reaction attains equilibrium at constant
temperature and pressure
eq
ln 0
r m r m p
G G RT J +
$
We call the standard equilibrium constant and denote
it by K

. It is only a function of T.
eq
p
J
eq
B
B
(ideal gases)
B
p
K
p

$
$

2 2 3
N (g) + 3H (g) = 2NH (g)
2
3
1
3
2 2
(NH )
(N ) (H )
eq
eq eq
p
p
K
p p
p p
_

,

_ _

, ,
$
$
$ $
3 1
2 2 3 2 2
N (g)+ H (g)=NH (g)
3 1
2 2
3
2
2 2
(NH )
(N ) (H )
eq
eq eq
p
p
K
p p
p p
_

,

_ _

, ,
$
$
$ $
2
1 2
( ) K K
$ $
,1 ,2
2
r m r m
G G
$ $
r m
ln / K G RT
$ $

r m
, then 0, 0
p
J K G A < < >
$
r m
, then 0, 0
p
J K G A > > <
$
r m
, then 0, 0
p
J K G A
$
the forward reaction is
spontaneous
the reverse reaction is
spontaneous.
the reaction is at
equilibrium.

5.2.2 Reactions involving pure condensed phases
5.2.2 Reactions involving pure condensed phases
and gases
and gases
If the pressure of a system does not differ very much from
p

, the chemical potentials of pure condensed phases

approximate the standard state chemical potentials, i.e.
B(condensed) B(condensed)

$
B(condensed) B(condensed)

$
The activity of a pure liquid or solid is
1 (pure condensed phases near )
B
a p
$
Therefore, the condensed substances can be omitted
from the expression of equilibrium constant .
B(g)
eq
B(g)
B(g)
p
K
p

$
$

For example, for the reaction,
1
2
C(s) + O2(g) = CO(g)
eq
1/ 2
eq
2
(CO,g) /
(O ,g) /
p p
K
p p

1
]
$
$
$

5.2.3 Relationship between equilibrium constants of related 5.2.3 Relationship between equilibrium constants of related
reactions reactions
When the equilibrium constant for a particular reaction is
not available, it can be found by combining the
constants for an appropriate set of reactions. For
example
2 2 r m,1 1
(1) C(s) + O (g) = CO (g) ln G RT K
$ $
1
2 2 r m,2 2 2
(2) CO(g) + O (g) = CO (g) ln G RT K
$ $
2 r m,3 3
(3) CO (g) + C(s) = 2CO(g) ln G RT K
$ $
Because (3)=(1)-2(2), we have
r m,3 r m,1 r m,2
2 G G G
$ $ $ 2
3 1 2
/ ( ) K K K
$ $ $

5.2.4 Measurement of equilibrium
5.2.4 Measurement of equilibrium
constants
constants
Physical method
Chemical method
5.2.5 Calculation of chemical equilibrium composition
Example: The standard Gibbs function of reaction for
the decomposition
is 11808kJ mol
-1
at 2300K. What is the degree of
dissociation of H
2
O at 2300K and 100kPa?
1
2 2 2 2
H O(g) H (g)+ O (g)

Solution The equilibrium constant is
3
3
r m
118.08 10
exp( / ) exp 2.08 10
8.3145 2300
K G RT

_

,
$ $

2 2
2
1/ 2
1
2
1/ 2
1 1
H O
2 2
H O
1
2
( / )( / )
1+ 1+
1-
( / )
1+
p p p p
K
p p

,

$ $
$
$
Since <<1, we can make an approximation and obtain
1/ 2
3/ 2
1
2
K
_

,
$
1/ 2 2/3
(2 ) 0.0205 K
y

5.2.6 Equilibrium constants in other form
5.2.6 Equilibrium constants in other form
For example
eq
B
B
( )
B
p
K p

1
2 2 2 2
H O(g) H (g)+ O (g)
2 2
2
1/ 2
H O
1/2
H O
Pa
p
p p
K
p

/ ( )
B
p
K K p

$ $

( )
B B B B
B
B B
B y
p py p p
K y K
p p p p

_ _ _ _


, , , ,
y y
y
y y
B
B B B B
B
B
B B B
c
n
RT
p c RT c c c RT c RT
V
K K
c p c p p p p

_


_ _ _ _
_


,
, , , ,

,
y y y
y y y
y y
y y y y
( )
B
B B
B
B
B
B
B
B n
B B
n
p
n
p p p
K n K
p n p n p p

_


_ _
_






,
, ,

,

y y
y
y y

5.3 Temperature dependence of the
5.3 Temperature dependence of the
equilibrium constant
equilibrium constant
2
( / )
p
G T H
T T

,
r m r m
2
( / ) d G T H
dT T


$ $
r m
ln G RT K
$ $
r m
2
ln H d K
dT RT

$ $
This is called the vant Hoff equation.

If is temperature independent, carrying out the
integration
r m
H
$
If an indefinite integral is taken, the result is
2 2
1 1
r m
2
dln d
K T
K T
H
K T
RT

$
$
$
$
2 r m
1 2 1
1 1
ln ( )
K H
K R T T

$ $
$

A plot of versus 1/T should yield a straight line
with slope and intercept C.
r m
ln
H
K C
RT

+
$
y
ln K
y
ln K
y
r m
H
R

$

5.4 Effects on the equilibrium

5.4.1 Le Chatelier's principle

equilibrium systems tend to compensate for the effects

of perturbing influences.
If the concentration of a reactant is increased, the
equilibrium position shifts to use up the added reactants.
If the pressure on an equilibrium system is increased, then
the equilibrium position shifts to reduce the pressure.
If the volume of a gaseous equilibrium system is reduced
then the equilibrium position shifts to increase the volume.
If the temperature of an endothermic equilibrium system is
increased, the equilibrium position shifts to use up the heat by
producing more products.

5.4.2 The effect of pressure on the equilibrium
B
B B B
B
B
B B
B
B B B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B
B
since ( ) ( ) ( )
if 0, then
if 0, then
if 0, no effect
p y p p
K y
p p p
p y
p y

<
>

$
$ $ $
For example
CaCO
3
(s) = CaO(s) + CO
2
(g) p go backward
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) = 2NH
3
(g) p go forward

5.4.3 The effect of inert components on the
equilibrium
B
B
B 0 B
B
B
B 0 B
B
B
if 0, then
if 0, then
n n
n n

<
>

B
B
B
0 B
( )
n p
n n p
K

$
$
Suppose n
B
is component n
0
is inert component
B
B
B
B
0 B
B
/
( )
p p
n
n n

$
Therefore, for reactions of , the addition of inert gases, such as
water vapor or nitrogen, will make the reaction produce more products.
B
B
0 >

5.4.4 The effect of concentration ratio on the
5.4.4 The effect of concentration ratio on the
equilibrium
equilibrium
For gas reaction
A B Y Z a b y z + +
suppose there is no product in the beginning, and let
the mole ratio of reactants B to A be
B
A
n
r
n

When, that is, the molar ratio of two reactants is

equal to the ratio of their stoichiometric coefficients, the
content of products Y and Z have the maximum values of
mole fraction.
b
r
a

5.5 Reactions involving real gases
B B
ln
B
f
RT
p
+
$
$ Real gas
B
eq
B
r m
ln ( ) ln
f
G RT RT K
p

$ $
$
B B B
eq eq
eq
B B
B
B B B
( ) ( )
f p
K
p p



$
$ $

B B B
f p
K
y
K
y

5.6 Chemical equilibriums in liquid mixture
and solution
B B B
ln RT a +
$
5.6.1 Chemical equilibriums in a liquid mixture
under ordinary pressure
B
eq
r m B
B
ln ( ) ln G RT a RT K

$ $
B
eq
B
B
( ) K a

$
B B B
a f x
For ideal liquid mixtures
B
B B
B
1 , 1 f f

B
eq
B
B
( ) K x

$

5.6.2 Chemical equilibriums in a solution under
ordinary pressure
A A A
ln RT a +
$
A B
eq eq
r m A B
B
ln( ) ( ) ln G RT a a RT K

$ $
A B
eq eq
A B
B
( ) ( ) K a a

$
solute
For ideal dilute solutions
B
eq
B
B
( )
b
K
b

$
$
solvent
B B B
ln RT a +
$
equilibrium
A A A
a f x
B B B
/ a b b
$
eq
B
B
b

if is mall

JACOBUS HENRICUS VANT HOFF
JACOBUS HENRICUS VANT HOFF (1852-1911)
Dutch physical chemist, received the first
Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1901 for the discovery of
the laws of chemical dynamics and of osmotic pressure.
Vant Hoff was one of the early developers of the laws of
chemical kinetics, developing methods for
determining the order of a reaction; he deduced the
relation between temperature and the equilibrium
constant of a chemical reaction.

JACOBUS HENRICUS VANT HOFF
In 1874, vant Hoff (and also J.A. Le Bel, independently)
proposed what must be considered one of the most
important ideas in the history of chemistry, namely the
tetrahedral carbon bond. Vant Hoff carried Pasteurs
ideas on asymmetry to the molecular level , and
asymmetry required bonds tetrahedrally distributed about
a central carbon atom. Structural organic chemistry was
born.

VANT HOFF (1852-1911) Dutch physical chemist

Home work
Home work
5.1 (calculation of equilibrium constant)
5.3 (equilibrium and components)
5.10 (calculation of enthalpy, vant Hoff equation)
5.13 (thermodynamics)