Heat Exchanger Manual

Heat Exchanger Manual
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Helix Heat Exchanger Tube Bundle in Fabrication
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Re-boilers.
Search Search History: Searching... Result 00 of 00 Fluid Flow Orientation in Helix Exchanger 00 results for result for p. Helix-changer can be attractive for new projects as well as revamps of existing units. New designs will be optimized with respect to possible
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4.0
CORROSION AND EXCHANGERS
DETERIORATION
IN
HEAT
Deterioration may be expected on all the surfaces of heat exchanger in contact with hydrocarbon, chemical, sea water, fresh water, steam and condensate. The form of attack may be electrochemical, mechanical or combination of both. The attack may be further influenced by certain accelerating factors such as temperature, stress, fatigue, high velocity of flow and impingement. 4.1 SHELL AND SHELL COVER
Carbon steel shells are prone to internal corrosion and pitting when hydrocarbon streams contain compounds of sulphur such as 0 hydrogen sulphide or mercaptans. At temperatures above 270 C, Hydrogen sulphide reacts with carbon steel and forms Iron Sulphide scales. This usually results in a fairly uniform loss of metal. This type of corrosion is more predominant in preheat exchangers. Internal corrosion can also occur due to low temperature hydrochloric acid and or hydrogen sulphide corrosion in presence of moisture. Overhead condenser shells in crude distillation, vacuum, visbreaker and FCC units are prone to this type of attack. A combination of wet Search sulphide and hydrochloric acid (that hydrogen Search History: form due to hydrolysis of chlorides in crude during distillation) aggravates the internal corrosion of overhead condenser shells. It Searching... will be most pronounced in 00 of 00 part of the shell and lower Result the bottom nozzles. This type of00 results is fairly uniform or in the forms of a corrosion for result for groove following the line of flow of the condensate. Reboiler shells are prone to internal pitting or grooving due to steam condensate corrosion.
p.
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External corrosion of shells may result due to water seepage in the thermal insulation having high chloride concentration.
4.2
TUBES
Copper zinc alloy tubes like Admiralty Brass or Aluminium Brass tubes are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking due to presence of aquous Ammonia in overhead condensers. Cupro-Nickel alloy tubes in overhead condensers corrode when they are exposed to hydrocarbon vapours containing H 2S. Sulphide scales of nickel and Copper are formed in alkaline medium. Erosion of tube ends are common in exchangers and is more pronounced where hydrocarbon streams contain solid particles such as catalyst. This phenomenon can be seen in exchangers in FCC unit. Grooving around tubes may take place at baffle locations due to vibrations or crevice corrosion. Erosion corrosion occurs when the erosion effects of the coolant removes the protective film, thus exposing a fresh surface to corrosion. This type of attack occurs mainly at the tube ends. High velocity, abrupt change in flow direction, entrapped air and solid particles will promote erosion corrosion of tubes in coolers and condensers. Tubes in coolers and condensers are prone to localized pitting, dezincification or denickelification.
Search Tubes in exchangers and coolers are susceptible to bulging or Search History: warping due to exposure to high temperatures above design range and may finally resultSearching... in cracking.
Sustained vibrations00 resultsdue result forvelocity or pulsating caused for to high vapours striking the tubes may lead to fatigue cracks or corrosion fatigue in the form of circumferential fracture of the tubes.
Result 00 of 00 p.
When steam is used as a heating medium in tube side of
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4.3
(c)High water outlet temperature resulting in the hard deposition of CaCO 3. TUBE SHEETS
Non-ferrous tube sheets like Naval Brass or Cupro Nickel are susceptible to Dezincification or denickelification in cooling water service. Where tubes are prone to erosion corrosion, tube sheets also get damaged at the tube ligament areas by formation of rat holes. Solid particles or marine growth that settle down on the tube-sheets due to inadequate screening of cooling water will cause localized attack on tube sheets. Galvanic corrosion of tube sheets may take place at pass partition grooves when partition plates of channel or floating head cover made or noble metal like Monel of stainless steel come in contact with tube sheets of active metallurgy.
4.4
FLOATING HEAD COVER
Floating head covers which are generally made of carbon steel or lined with monel or lead get corroded in water service at bolt holes and the holes get enlarged. Carbon steel pass partition plates, which are in contact with nonferrous tube sheets, undergo galvanic corrosion. Floating head back up rings corrode due to retention of acidic condensate in overhead condensers. Failure of gaskets sometime causes crevice corrosion on gasket face of floating head cover flange. Low alloy strength steel stud bolts, for example ASTM-A-193 Gr. B7, crack due to sulphide stress cracking phenomenon in overhead condensers handling sour gases in presence of moisture.
4.5
Search History: CHANNEL AND CHANNEL COVER
Search
Channel and channel covers are prone to water side corrosion in Result 00 of 00 coolers and condensers.results for result for 00 Carbon steel pass partition plates corrode by galvanic action if they p. come in contact with noble metallurgy of tube sheets.
Searching...
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