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Lateral Earth Pressure - Curved Surface
Lateral Earth Pressure - Curved Surface
Lateral Earth Pressure - Curved Surface
13.1
420
421
,^, \.T -:
i
H
ffi
Hl* l ffi
ffi
i*l
l s it l
( a ) A c t i v cc . r s e + 3 ) (
I
H Soil fiiction = angle Q'
*Hril
(b)
( c ) A e t i r c e i r s c1 - $ 1 '
.,\o' 1
'T tr I ffirl
(el
H l ; l
..r
't
( d ) P a s s i v e a s c( + 6 ) c
i $ ffil l
/
. 1 4\ r
.i-
T I
H Soil fiiction a n g l e= Q '
I I
I
i
(f) Passive case(-6) Figure 13.1 Effect of wall friction on failure surface
422
Chapter 13 Lateral Earth Pressure-Curved Failure Surface The result is an upward motion relative to the wall. The upzone will be compressed. ward motion of the soil will causean upward shearon the retainingwall (Figure 13.1e). This is referred to as positive wall .friction in the passive case.The resultant passive force, P,,,will be inclined at an angle 5 to the normal drawn to the back face of the wall. The failure surfacein the soil has a curved lower portion BC and a straight upstate existsin the zone ACD. per portion CD. Rankineispassive If the wall shown in Figure 13.ld is forced upward relative to the backlill by a force, then the direction of the passivcforce P,,will changeas shown in Figure 13.lf. This is negativewall .f'rictbn in the passivecase(-5). Figure 13.1falso showsthe nature of the failure surfacein the backfill under such a condition. in For practical considerations, the caseof loose granular backfill, the angleof '. wall fricticln 5 is taken to be equal to the angle of friction of soil, <f For densegranular backfills,6 is smaller than ry''erndis in thc range of r['12 < 6 < (213)$'. good rcsultswhile calThe assumptionof plane failure surfaccgivesreasonzrbly culating active earth pressure.Howcvcr, the assumptionthat thc failure surfaceis a resistance walls,parof thc passive planc in Coulombk theory grosslyoverestimates t i c u l a r l yf o r 5 > < b ' 1 2 .
13.2
r :
r,reot^'*
(13.1)
radius of the spiral starting radius at 0 : 0 angle of friction of soil r,, angle between r anTd
The basic parametersof a logarithmic spiral are shown in Figure 13.2,in which O is the center of the spiral. The area of the sector OAB is given by
A:
f' 1 | -, r Q d a ) '0
(r3.2)
423
/'
S u b s t i t u t i n g h e v a l u c so f r l r o m E q . ( 1 3 . ) i n t o E q . ( 1 3 . 2 ) w c g e r t I ,
f'
J0
A :
=11-r?,
4 tan $'
( 1,r.3)
The location of thc centroid can bc defined by the distancesm zrnd (Figure 13.2), n measured from O,4 and OIl, respcctively, and can be given by the following equations(Hijab, 1956):
--L
tan S'
tan $'
t (;)'
cos0) + 1 (13.4)
I
\,
I
\r" (;)'-
n = :r
( 13.s)
Another important property of the logarithmic spiral defined by Eq. (13.1) is that any radial line makes an angle@'with the normal to the curve drawn at the point
Chapter 13 Lateral Earth Pressure-Curved Failure Surface where the radial line and the spiral intersect.This basicproperty is particularly useful in solving problems related to lateral earth pressure.
13.3
(13.6)
The curved lower portirn BC of thc failure wedgc is an arc of a logarithmic spiral defincd by Eq. ( 13.I ). Thc center of the log spiral lies on the linc cA (not necessari l y w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o l p o i n t s C a n d A ) . T h e u p p e r p o r t i o n C D i s a s t r a i g h tl i n e t h a t 'fhc soil rn the zone ACD with thc horizontal. makes an angle of (4-5- (i 12)dcgrees isin Rankine'spassivcstote. Figure 13.3shows the prclcedurefor evaluatingthe passiveresistanceby trial wedges(Tcrzaghi and Pcck, 1967).The retaining wall is first drawn to scaleas shown . i n F i g u r e 1 3 . 3 aT h e l i n e C l , A i s d r a w n i n s u c ha w a y t h a t i t m a k c s a n a n g l eo f ( 4 5 (>'12)degrces with the surfaceol'the backlill. IlctDt is a trial wcdge in which BC1is : O1 thc arc of a logarithmiclpiral. According to thc cquation ,"1 r,,ettti""t', is the center r o f t h e s p i r a. l( l ' , l o t c : O r E :r , , a n d O 1 C 1 - , a n d L B O C T : 0 r , r e f e r t o F i g u r e 1 3 ' 2 . ) F N o w l e t u s c o n s i d e rt h c s t a b i l i t yo f t h c s o i l m a s sA B C , C i ! ( F i g u r e 1 3 . 3 b ) . o r equilibrium. the following forcesper unit length of the wall are to bc considered: l . W e i g h to f t h e s o i l i n z o n e A B C T C ' 1 : W r : ( y ) ( A r e a o f A B C t C i ) ( 1 ) . passive statc; hence,the 2. Thc vertical facc, C1C!. is in the zone of Rankine'.s is force actins on this fercc
' , , , , ,-
r'rnt(-.. )r('1,):
'', )
(13.7)
v m o a y w h e r e ( l t : C ( : t . P , 1 , la c t sh o r i z c l n t a l l y t a d i s t a n c e f d 1 1 3 e a s u r e d e r t i cally upward from C1. 3. F1 is the resultant of the shear and normal forces that act along the surfaceof sliding, BCt. At any point on the curve, accordingto the property of the loga' rithmic spiral, a radial line makes an anglc tf with the normal. Becausethe re' with the normzrlto the spiral at its point of apsultant, F,, makes an anglc f plication. its line of application will coincide with a radial line and will pass through the point O'. force per unit length of the wall. lt acts at a distanceof H13 4. P1 is the passive measuredvertically from the bottom of the wall. The direction of the force P1 is inclined at an angle 5 with the normal drawn to the back face of the wall. Now taking the moments of W1, Patrt,F, , and P' about the point Ot, for equilibrium. we have
(13.8)
(c)
Figure 13.3 Passiveearth pressure against retaining wall with curved failure surface
,,:
*J*,/"(,)
* Pu,tt,l
(13.e)
where l*0. lr. and /",,; are moment arms for the forces W r, P dtrl, and P,, respectively. The preceding procedure for finding the trial passiveforce per unit length of the wall is repeatedfor scveraltrial wcdgessuch as those shown in Figure 13.3c.Let P , , P r , P 3 , . . . , P , ,b . t h e f o r c e st h a t c o r r c s p o n dt o t r i a l w e d g e s1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , n , r e s p e c tively. The forces are plotted to some scalc as shown in the upper part of the flgure. A s m o o t h c u r v e i s p l o t t e d t h r o u g h t h e p o i n t s 1 , 2 , 3 . . . . , n . T h e l o w e s tp o i n t o f t h e smooth curve delines the actual passive forcc, P,,.pcr unit length of the wall.
13.4
r,,:f,tulx,,
( I .r. t0)
whcrc Kr, : passivepressurecoel'licient. F o r t h c d c l i n i t i o n o l ' H , , s e e F i g u r e 1 3 . 4 . h e v a r i a t i o n o f K , , d c t c r m i n e db y T C a q u o t a n d K e r i s c l ( l 9 4 t t ) i s a l s os h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 3 . 4 . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t c t h a t t h c K , , v a l u e ss h o w ni n F i g u r e 1 3 . 4a r e t o r 6 l < f ': 1 . l f 6 l ( b ' I l . t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c c d u r cm u s t b e u s e c t o d e t e r m i n eK , , : l l . A s s u m e6 a n d d ' . 2. Calculate6/rf'. 6lrf' (step 2), determine the reduction factor, R, from 3. Using thc ratio o1' T a b l c1 3 . 1 . 4. Determine K,, from Figurc 13.4for 6lO' - 1. 5. Calculate K,,, the rcquircd 6l$' as for
K,,: (R)[Kr1u,4,,-,;l
(13.11)
Shields and Tolunay (1973) improved the trial wedge solution described in Section 13.3by using Ihe method o.fslic'es considerthe stability of the trial soil wedge to such as ABCTC't in Figure 13.3a. The details of the analysisare beyond the scopeof this text. However. the valuesof K, (passive earth pressurecoefficient)obtained by this method are given in Table 13.2,and they seem to be as good as any other set of valuesavailablecurrently. Note that the valuesof K,, shown in Table 13.1are for retaining walls with a vertical back (that is, g : 0 in Figure 13.3)supporting a granular backlill with a horizontal ground surface.The passivepressure for such a casecan be given as I P , ,- " , , y H 2 , K
l5 t4 l3 l2
l l
l0 9 8
. F
;
{ _
l
7
a o .a )
o r '
E .2
o o I
$
| 0 2 0 3 0 Soillricrion anglc. (deg) 0'
Logarithmic s p ir x l
a',,= Kr'{Ht
Table 13.7 Caquot and Keriscl'.s Reduction Factor, R. lirr Passive PrcssurcClalculation
6/O'
a'
t0 l-5 20 25 30 3.5 40
t<
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.1
Table 13.2 Shieldsand Tolunay'.s Values ol K,, Bascd on the Method of Shces 6 (deg) 4'(deg) 0
10 2.26 2.7'7 3.43 4.29 5.44 7.06 2.43 3.03 3.80 4.84 6.26 8.30 2.55 3.23 4.13 5.34 7.05 9.55 2.70 3.39 4.40 -5.80 7.80 10.80 3.63 4.64 6.21 8.51 12.04
35
40
45
20 25 30 35 40 45
11.03 15.60
18.01
427
E x a m p l e1 3 . 1
Considera 3-m-high(11)retainingwall with a,verticalback (0 = 0") and a horiand S' : 30'. Estimate zontal granularbacklill. Given:y : 15.7kNlm',6 : 15o, force, Pr, by using the passive a. Coulomb's theory (Caquotand Kerisel solution) b. curvedfailure surface assumption c. Shields and Tolunav's solutions Solution a. From Eq. (12.89), pr: lKrtHz Thus, From Table 12.1 ,for Q' : 30"and 6 = 15', the valueof Ko is 4.977. : kN/m P : (i )9.e77)(1s.7X3)2 351.6 b. FromEq. (13.10)" r', : lKnyHl : lxryut g (because : 0", H : Hr)
From Figure J,3.4, d : 0', 6lO' : 1, and rf ' - 30o, valueof K, is for the factor,R, is 6.4.From Table13.1, 616': 15/30: 0.5,the reduction for per Eq. (13.11), Thus, 0.746. : K,,: (0.746)(6.4) 4.77 So : PP: ,(4.77)(15.7x3)'? 337kN/m3
= Pn
lK,,tH'
13.5
429
T I
I
i
H
I
t _ t 1
:,','
Y
J - l l - ) l
I Hl
a n c l 1 3 . 4t h a t l o r s t a t i cc o n d i t i o n sa n d w h c n D > ( t ' 1 2 ,t h e p a s s i v eo r c e c a l c u l a t e d y f b a s s u r r r i n g p l a n e f a i l u r c s u r f a c c i n t h e b a c k f i l l b e c o n t e su n s a f e .F o r t h a t r c a s o n . a M o r r i s o n a n d E , b e l i n g 1 9 9 - 5a s s u m e ctlh a t t h e I ' a i l u r cs u r l a c cw a s a n a r c o f a l o g a ( ) r i t h n l i c s p i r a l a s d e l i n c c lh y E q . ( l 3 . l ) . a n d t h e y c a l c u l a t c d h c m a g n i t u < 1o l ' p a s s i v c t c f o r c e b y i n c l u d i n gc a r t h q u a k cf o r c c s ( F i u u r c 1 3 . - 5 ) . F i e u r c 1 3 . - 5 h c b a c k f a c c e f ' In t, t h e r e t a i n i n gw a l l i s v a r t i c u a n d t h c b a c k f i l li s l u t r i ? . o r t t uA I s o . l L 1 1 : h c i g h to f ' r c t a i n i n g a l l w W : wcightol'1'ailurc cclgc w l',,,,- l'assivc lirrcc pcr unit lcrrgthol'thc warll d - a n g l co l ' w a l l l ' r i c t i o n horiz<lntalcomponcntol'carthquakcaccclcration . .orouity;--'--': k"-,*.";,.,du,r.lr"ru k'' v c r t i c a lc o r n p r t n c no l ' c a r t h q u a k ea c c e l c r e r t" o n t i -o....r"r.,t,.ru*n...g.*itr*tt.=--
)tLIlK',,
(13.r2)
Figure 13.6showsvariation of Kj, with /r,,and ry''for thc Mononobe-okabe solution lEq. (12.92)l and for the logarithmic spiral type of fiiilure surfaceanalysis, with 6 : 2(b'13, - 0, r, - 0". and a - 0". As we can see from the figule, for ergiven value of k,, k,,,the magnitude of Kj, is alwayslarger when thc failure surfaceis assumedto be a plane (Mononobe-okabc solution). This is true for all values of ry',.Figure 13.1 showsthe variation of Kj, with k7,and 6 for the Mononobe-okabe solution and the l o g a r i t h m i c s p i rs o l u t i o n , w i t h k , , : 0 , d ' : 3 0 ' , d - 0 ' , a : 0 o , a n d 6 : 0 , 6 , al 12.2613. , and@'.
430
0' = 20'
o
0 ' =2 s "
)*'
0.30 kt,
0.40
0.30
0.60
Figure 13.7 Variation Kj, with ki, and6 (k,,: 0, of ,r' : 30",0 - 0',a : 0') (based on Morrisonand Ebcling,199-5)
431
Sheetpile
*tat!'4?'-'..,-......-..1
(a)
Figure 13.8 Braced cut: (a) crossscction: (b) plan (section trt X-X)
Proper designof theseelementsrcquires a knowledgc of thc lateral earth pressure exerted on the braced wnlls.Thc magnitudeol the latcral carth pressureat various depths of the cut is very much influencedby the deforntation condition of thc sheeting.To understandthe nature ol the clelormationclf the bracedwalls,one needs to follow the sequenceof construction.Construction o1'thc unit beginswith driving t h e s h c c t i n g sT h e t o p r o w o l ' t h c w a l es a n d s t r u t s( m a r k c d , , 1i n F i g u r c 1 3 . 8 a )s c m . i 'l'his placed immcdiately alter a small cut is made. ernplacemcntmust bc done in.rmediately so that the soil massoutside thc cut has no tirne to dcforrl and cerusc the s h e e t i n g so y i e l d . A s t h e s e q u e n c e f d r i v i n g t h c s h e e t i n g sc x c a v a t i n g h c s o i l , a n d t o . t placing rows of walcs and struts (seeB and C in Figure 13.t.i) continucs,thc sheetings move inward at greater depths. This action is causedby greater carth prcssureexerted by the soil outside the cut. The deformation ol the bracedwalls is shown by the broken lines in Figure 13.['ia. Essentially, thc problem models a condition where the wzrllsare rotating about the level of the top row of struts. A photograph of braced cuts made for subwayconstructionin Chicagois shown in Figure 13.9a. Figures 13.9b and 13.9care photographsof two braced cuts - one in Seoul, South Korea, and thc other in Taiwan. 'fhe deformation of a braced wall differs from the deformation condition of a retaining wall in that, in a braced wall, the rotation is about the top. For this rcason, neither Coulomb's nor Rankine's theory will give the actual earth pressurcdistribution. This fact is illustrated in Figure 13.10on page 433, in which AB is a frictionless wall with a granular soil backfill. When the wall deforms to position AB'. failure surface BC develops.Becausethe upper portion of the soil massin the zone,4BC does not undergo sufficientdeformation, it does not passinto Rankine'sactivestate.The sliding surface BC intersects the ground surface almost at 90". The corresponding earth pressurewill be somewhatparabolic,llke acb shown in Figure 13.10b. With this type of pressuredistribution, the point of application of the resultant active thrust P,,,will be at a height of n,,H measured from the bclttom of the wall. with rz,,> ] lfor triangular pressuredistribution n,, : !). Theoretical evaluation and lield measurements have shown lhat n,, could be as high as 0.5-5.
432
..r
. " ' *
"a{ra;
#s-*
{{ I
'rlt;.r
I II
i ot f.'
p;rx
;
lgrJi\ F,,i
*:
J
{
Figure 13.9 Bracedcuts:(a) Chicagosubway (courtesy Ralph B. Peck); construction of (b) in Seoul,SouthKorea (courtesy E. C. Shin,Universityof Inchon,SouthKorea);(c) in of Taiwan(courtesy RichardTsai,C&M Hi-TechEngineering of Co., Ltd., Taipei,Taiwan)
13.6 BracedCuts-General
433
t.:
l:
H
Figure 13.9 (continued)
T I
H
(a)
434
0.3
0.4
0.2
0..+
0.6 Figure 13.11 Laboratory observationoI thc distribution of horizontal component of latcral earth pressureon retaining wall rotating about thc top.
1.0
Figure 13.I t shows the laboratory observationsof Sherif and Fang (1984) related to the distribution of the horizontal component of the lateral earth pressureon a model retaining wall with a dry granular backfill rotating about the top. This ligure clearly demonstrates the nonhydrostaticdistribution of the lateral earth pressurefor this type of wall movement.
13.7
13.7 Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems of Open Cuts in Granular Soil
I I+
I't
\ J
L- 90"
I
bl
a
' ' , ' l I
I+
D
Fr : the resultant of the shear and normal forces that act along the trial failure surface.The line of action of the force F will passthrough the point Ot. Now, taking the moments of these forces about O1, we have l V , [ / , u . t ]+ f , ( 0 ) - P r [ / / , ( r ) ] : t )
WJ*,,,
' Ip(.r)
(13.13)
are where /1y,1., /"1,., the moment arms for the forces W' and Pt, respectively. and
436
Chapter 13 Lateral Earth Pressure-Curved Failure Surface This procedure of linding the active thrust can now be repeated for several wedges such as ABbz, ABbt,. . ., ABb,, (Figure 13.Izb). Note that the centersof The acrespectively. the logarithmic spiral arcs will lie on lines b2bi, bjb\, . . ., b,b',,, tive thrusts Pr, Pz, P1,. . ., P,,derived from the trial wedgesare plotted to some scale in the upper porlion of Figure 13.12b.The maximum point of the smooth curve drawn through these points will yield the desiredmaximum active thrust, P,,,on the braced wall. Kim and Preber (1969) detcrmined the valuesof P,,l0.5yHrtor braced excava', tions for various valuesof <f 5, and n,,.These valuesarc given in Table 13.3.ln general, the averagemagnitudc of P,, is about 107" greatcr when the wall rotation is activeearth presabout the top as compared with the value obtained by Coulomb'.s sure theclry.
', Table 13.3 P,,l0.5yH'Against <f 6, and n,,(t'' - 0) lbr Braced Cuts'r' P"/0.5yH2
(deg)
o'
l0
6 (deg)
n, = 0.3
na = 0.4
n" = 0.5
+'
n, = O.4 n, = 0.5
na = 0.6
(, 5 t0
0 ,5 l0 l-5 0 l0 l5 20
0.653 0.623 0.6I0 0.542 0.-5Iu 0.-s05 0.499 0.499 0.430 0.4I9 0.43 1 0.41 3 r 0.37 0.3-s6 0.341 0.342 0.341 0.341 0.304 0.293 0.286 0.282 0.281 0.284 0.289
0.734 0.7(x) 0.68-5 0.602 0.57-5 0.559 0.554 0.495 0.473 0.460 0.454 0.454 0.'105 0.389 0.378 0.373 0.372 0.37.5 0.330 0.318 0.310 0.306 0.30.5 0.307 0.313
0.,s40
0.71)9 0.783 0.619 0.646 0.629 0.623 0.-5-51 0.-s26 0.5I 0.504 0.504 0.441 0.42u 0.416 0.4I0 0.409 0.413 0.361 0.347 0.339 0.334 0.332 0.335 0.341
0.983 0.933 0.9I6 0.778 0.739 0.7I9 0.74 t 0.622 0.-593 0.575 0.56t3 0.569 0.,199 (\.171 0.164 0.457 0.4-56 0.461 0.400 0.384 0.374 0.368 0.367 0.370 0.377
3-5
0 -5 l0
t:)
l-5
20 25 30 3-5 40 o 5 l0 l5 20
l)
0.247 0.239 0.234 0.231 0.231 0.232 0.236 0.213 0.l9u 0.t92 0.I89 8 0.1 7 0.Iu7 0.It3tt 0.192 0.lL)1 0.205 0.1 6 5 0.1 2 5 0.150 0.148 0.l,t9 0.1-50 0.1-53 0.l -s8 0.1 4 6 0.r73
0.267 0.258 ('t.252 (i.249 0.24u 0.2-50 0.254 0.262 0.213 0.206 0.202 0.2(x) 0.2(x) 0.202 0.20-s 0.21I 0.220 0.167 0.1 3 6 0.160
0.290 0.280 0.273 0.210 (\.269 0.271 0.276 0.284 0.230 0.223 0.2t9 0.216 0.216 0.21u 0.222 0.228 0.237 0.r80 0.175 0.172 0.17r 0.17r 0.173 0.t76 0.181 0.188 0.198
0.318 0.3ltt 0.3(X) (\.21)6 0.295 0.297 0.302 0.312 0.252 0.244 0.238 0.236 0.235 (\.237 0.241 0.248 0.2-59 0.196 0.190 0.187 0.185 0.185 0.187 0.t90 0.196 0.204 0.213
20
25
0 5 l0 1-5 20 25 U 5 l0 l5 20 z) 30
30 3-5 40 45
t,
30
5 It) 1.5 20 25 30 35 40
se 0.1
0.1 9 5
0.r60
6 0.1 4 0.168 0.1 5 7 0.1 4 8
13.8 Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems for Cuts in Cohesive Soil
Table 13.4 Values of P"l0.5yH2 for Cuts in 2 6'-@'Soil with the Assumption cn : c'(tan 6/tan @')x
n' = 0'3
5 (degl
s'lyH = 0.1 0.254 0.214 0.1 7 8 0.169 0.191 0.1 0 6 0.140 0.t22 0 . 13 l 0.l3rJ 0 . 16 l 0.099 0.08-5 o.074 0.065 0.093 0.078 0.066 0.0-56 0.047 0.036 0.029
and
$' : 15" 0 -5 10
l-)
,h' : 20"
t, 5 t0
l )
0.285 0.240 0.210 0.r91 0.21 0 0.179 0.1 6 5 0.t27 0.124 0.1-50 0.12r3 0 . 10 l 0.09.s 0.083 0.0'71 0.I03 0.0u6 0.073 0.060 0.0-5 t 0.042 0.033
0.322 0.270 0.238 0.21u 0.236 0.200 0.1 3 7 0.1-54 0.140 0.16'7 0.r41 0.122 0.1 6 0 0.093 0.01t3 0.113 0.094 0.0ti0 0.067 0.056 0.047 0.038
x A f t c r K i m a n d P r c b e r( 1 9 6 9 )
13.8
P":
- n,)Q'677 KN')YHZ 41
(13.14)
l c , \ \rH )
( 13.1s)
(13.16)
K : '(;)
where cu : adhesionalong the face of sheet piles. The valuesof K are
(?)
\ c"/
U 0.5 1.0
13.9
o,,-0.65yHtan2(*t-9)
-?H) ",,=YH(
t 6 , , = o . 2 Y Ho o . 4 Y H
lirrf<4
vH
ru,ffrt
0.25H
t I
I
0.25H
]L
I
+
I I
I o.5H
0.75H
I I +
Sand (a) Soft to medium clay (b)
0.25H
v T
:*,[*h
C D E
TlIl
Figure 13.14 Delermination strutloadsfrom cmpirical of lateralpressure diagrams t h e t o p m o s t a n d b o t t o m m o s to n e s ( F i g u r e 1 3 . 1 4 ) E x a m p l e 1 3 . 2i l l u s t r a t e s h e p r o . t ccdure for the calculationof strut loads.
ry
Example 13.2
A 7-m-deep bracedcut in sandis shownin Figure 13.15. the plan,the strutsare In placedat s : 2 m centerto center.Using Peck's empiricalpressure diagram,calculatethe desisn strut loads.
Irn
Santl
ln)
1
I
T= l6 kN/mr
0'- 30"^
It
2m
f T:
I
B o t t o m0 1 ' c u t
ltT
frompressure envelope ofstrutloads Figure13.16Calculation Solution diagram, For Refer to Figure 13.13a. the lateralearth pressure / d,\ ./ 30\ n2+ o " : 0 . 6 5 y H t a n 2 (5 - : ) : ( 0 . 6 s X 1 6 ) ( 7 ) t a 4 s ( + ) : z + . z t k N / m 2 z / z , /
\ \
is Assumethat the sheeting hingedat strut level B. Now refer to the diagramin at.4, Br, Bz, and C. Takingthe moment We Figure13.16 needto find reactions ,B,.we have about
2 A : (2 4.27X:Xi) ; A = 54.61kN/m
Hence, Bt : (24.27)(3) - 54.61 : 18.2kN/m Again, taking the moment about ,B2,we have
2s : (24.27X4X;)
C : 97.08kN/m So : 82: Q4.27)(4) e7.08 0 The strut loadsare asfollows: At level A: ;
i
2
441
13.10
Dynamic Earth Pressure Distribution Behind a Wall Rotating about the Top
Lateral earth pressureon bracedcutsis essentially problem in which the wall rotates a about the top. On the basisof laboratory model test results,Sherif and Fang (1984) reported the dynamic earth pressurcdistribution bt:hind a rigid retaining wall (H : 1 m ) w i t h d c n s es a n d a s b a c k f i l l m a t e r i a l a n d r o t a t i o n a b o u t i t s t o p . F i g u r e 1 3 . 1 7 showsa plot of oj, ccts versusdepth for various valuesof k7,(for k,, : 0). The mag6 nitudc of activc thrust, P,,,,.can obtained from the equation be
P,,,, Ocos or
r tt
(oi cosD)r/z
l,
( r r j ,c o s 6 ) r 1 z
( r3 . 1 7 )
Frrr a given valuc of k,,, the magnitucleo1'P,,,, 15 Lo 20"h higher than that obtainccl is b y u s i n g E q . ( 1 2 . 7 2 )( i . c . ,t h e c a s eo f w a l l r o t a t i o n a b o u t t h e b o t t o m ) .
o',,cos6 (kN/nrl)
'I \ \^\\ \ \ \-
\ \ - - r
(r,-0)
k t , - t )2 6
\ \
\
A
-/<
"r./
;tr i
.1(X)-
g
o ffx)
rl
( \
f ' '
'{, "'1!?p0,
-\
t.
i!
//) -t"aa -\\
l t l
t
..
r
.. \ ta^ 'ta-
&,,- \:(aA
1i
,/:
\r.
il
Sand
20
taa
-:
trlt, - o
\r.(,,
- o.16
\ \:.ft'"=Q4
\l , i , 0 . 5 2 \\ \\
30
lb/inr Figure 13.17 Dynamic lateral earth presure distribution behind a rigid model retaining wall rotating about the too
442
Chapter 13 Lateral Earth Pressure-Curved Failure Surface with the model test resultsjust described,Sherif and Fang (1984) suggested that the location of the point of application of Pu" with the wall rotating about the top may be assumedto be 0.55H measured from the bottom of the wall.
13.11
Summary
This chapter covers two major topics: (a) estimation of passivepressure using curved failure surfacein soil; and (b) lateral earth pressureon braced cuts using the general weclgetheory and pressureenvelopesfor designof struts,wales,and sheet piles. Passivepressurecalculationsusing curved failure surface is cssentialfor the planc failure surfaceassumptionprovidesresultson the casein which 5 > 4r'12,since unsafeside for desicn. In the .ur" oi braced cuts. although thc general wedge theory provides the force per unit length of the cut, it docs not provide the nature of distribution of earth for pressurewith depth. For that reason,pressureenvelopesare necessary practical design.
Prohlems
tard", with 0 13.1 Draw a logarithmic spiral accordingto thc equation r - r,,e0 varying lrom 0o to 180".Use y'r'- 40' and r,, : 30 mm. 13.2 Rcfer to Figure l3.lll. If H - 6 m, the density of soil (p) : 1tt50kg/m', and determine thc passivcforce, P,,,per thc anglc oi wall friction (S) - 17.-5', solution. unit length of thc wall. Use Caquot and Kerisel'.s l 1 3 . 3 R e p e a t F r o b l e m 3 . 2 w i t ht h e f o l l o w i n g d a t af:1 : 1 0 f t , y : I l 0 l b / f t r , 6 : 1 4 " . 13.4 A retaining wall has a vertical back face with a horizontal granular backfill. Given that h c i g h t o f r e t a i n i n gw a l l : l 5 f t u n i t w e i g h to f s o i l - 1 0 0 1 b / f t 3 ' soil friction angle,rf : 39" 6 : 2 1 36 ' , t ' - 0 force per foot length of the wall using Table 13.2. calculatethe passive
I I I I
tt
'l+
0= 10" i
Figure 13.18
Problems
443
13.5 Refer to Figure 13.5.Given thal H: 5 m, y :1.6 kN/m3, Q' :30",6 : 15., k,, : 0, and k7,: 0.3, a. Calculate Pn"for the retaining wall using the Mononobe-Okabe solution (Section 12.15); b. Calculate Prn for the retaining wall using the logarithmic spiral solution ( S e c t i o n1 3 . 5 ) . 13.6 Using the theory described in the section on general wedge theory, determine the active thrust, Pu, for the braced wall shown in Figure 13.19. 13.7 The elevation and plan of a bracing system for an open cut in sand are : shown in Figure 13.20. Assumirg 7,nna 105lb/fC and @' : 38", determine the strut loads.
,
I I t I
I I I I
i
I
y - l r r . { ) krN r n
' ,.,_tl
,
a
6'= 10"
Figure 13.19
i I
22 ft
e#
z^rt
-ffii ;- -. . ",r:!t,l, - -.
I d-r-
.5fr
Sand
v a
I -5tr
T I
81r
-5ft
I
r a) Sectior.
/h\
8ft
1
plqn
I
Figure 13.20
444
References
Ceeuor, A., and KEntsEt-. J. (1948). Tables for the Calculation of Passive Pressttre,Active Pressure,and Bearing Capacity o.f Foundations, Gauthier-Villars, Paris. "Active Thrust on Braced Cut in Clay," Journal of the Das, B. M., and SeElev, G. R. (197-5). ConstructionDivision, ASCE, Vol. l0l. No. CO4,945-949. Htrae, W. (1956). "A Note on the Centroid of a Logarithmic Spiral Sector." Geotechnique, Vol.4. No. 2.96-99. Kttra,J. S., and PnEseR, T. (1969)."Earth PressureAgainst Braced Excavations,"Journal of the Soil Mechanicsantl FoundationsDivi.sion,ASCE, Vol. 95. No. SM6, 1581-1584. MoRnrsoN, E. E., Jn..,and Eepr.rNc, R. M. (1995)."Limit Equilibrium Computation of DyEarth Pressure,"CunatlianGeotechnical .lournal,Vol.32, No.3,481-4U7. namic Passive 7th InPEcr, R. B. (1969)."Deep Excavation and Tunneling in Soft Ground," Proceedings, Mexico City, ternational Conferenceon Soil Mochanicsand Foundation E,nginecring. State-of-the-Art Vol.. 225-290. Ssentp. M. A., and FnNt;, Y. S. (1984)."Dynamic E,arthPressureon Walls Rotating About No.4. 109-117. the Top," Soilsurul Foturdutions,Y<tl.24, "PassivePressureCocflicients by Method of SHIt-t.ps,D. H., and Tolt;Nav, A. Z. (19'73). Sliccs," Journal ol tltc Soil Mechuttics and Rtundutions Divisbn, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. sM12.1043-1053. TeRznc;rtt. K. (1941). "General Wedge Theory ol'Earth Pressure," Transactions, ASCE, Vrl. 106.68-9'7. Tenznc;ttt, K., and Pet:r. R. B. (1967). Soil Mechanit'sin EngineeringPructice,2nded., Wiley. New York.