Drilling Hydraulics

Pp = Ps + Pidp + Pic + Pbit + Pac + Padp

Design Criteria Must annular velocity high enough to pick up cuttings Need laminar flow To high will also cause hole erosion Pressure drop across the bit for maximum efficiency Hydraulic Power Hydraulic Impact Force

Fluids Both Newtonian and Nonnewtonian fluids are used in drilling systems. Flow regimes Laminar in the annulus Turbulent in the drill string

Assumptions for flow in pipe and annulus Isothermal flow Incompressible flow Concentric circular annulus Nonrotating drill string Layers adjacent to walls are stationary Shear rate is a function of shear stress at that point Steady state flow NRp < 2100 the flow is Laminar For Newtonian fluids
v d ip =

N Rp

In Field units
N Rp =

928 vd ip

in #/gal v in ft/sec dip in inches For laminar flow in pipe

Pfp =

v p
2 1500d ip

fluid viscosity cp vp ave velocity in the pipe ft/sec dip Pipe ID inches Pfp friction gradient in the pipe psi/ft For laminar flow in the annulus
N Re = 757 v(d 2 d1 )
_

d1 outside diameter of the pipe d2 diameter of the hole, inches

Pfa =

v
1000(d 2 d1 ) 2

Pfa friction pressure gradient in the annulus psi/ft

Example Data TD 10,000 Hole size 8.875 DP 5 OD 4 ID Collars 7 OD 4ID Mud 40 cp 8.5#/gal Minimum annular velocity 100 ft/min Find flow rate Q
Q = va min Aa max = v
Q = 100 Q = 100

(.74 4

2 hd

.417 2 ) = 29.3 ft 3 / min pod

2 hd

(d 4

2 hd

2 d pod )

(8.875 4

52 ).052 219 gpm pod

Since diddp is equal to didc

Pdpc =

v p
2 1500d id

Q .488 ft 3 / sec vp = = = 5.6 ft / sec Aid 8.73E 2 ft 2 Pdpc = 40 5.6 = .009 psi / ft 1500 4 2

Pfp = PdpcTD = .009 10000 = 90 psi Pac =

2 2 1500(d h d cod )

v p

vac =

Q .488 ft 3 / sec = = 3 ft / sec Aac .162 ft 2

40 3 = .0026 psi / ft 1500(8.8752 7 2 )

Pac =

Padp =

2 2 1500(d h d dpod )

v p

Padp =

40 1.67 = 8.27 E 4 psi / ft 1500(8.8752 52 )

P = Pfp + Pac LC + Padp LDP P = 90 + .0026 1000 + 8.27 E 4 9000 = 100 psi HHP = QP 219 100 = = 12.7 1714 1714

Homework Data TD 10,000 Hole size 9 DP 5 OD 4 ID Collars 7 OD 3.5ID 1000 of collars in the drill string Fluid is water Minimum annular velocity 150 ft/min

For Newtonian Turbulent Flow

N re > 2100

In pipe
Pf = fv 2 25.8d

f is the fanning friction factor

1 21.25 = 2.28 4 log + .9 d N Rp f ip

f = .0791 for smooth wall pipe .25 N Re

or

Pf =

.75 v1.75
1800d 1.25

.25

In annulus
Pf = fv 2 2 2 21.1(d h d pod )

or

Pf =

2 2 1398(d h d pod )

.75 v1.75 .25

1.25

Example Data TD 10,000 DP 5 OD 4 ID Mud 40 cp Pump rate of 300 gpm

Hole size 8.875 Collars 7 OD 4ID 8.5#/gal

vp =

Q .668 ft 3 / sec = = 7.65 ft / sec Aid 8.73E 2 ft 2

928vd ip = 928 8.5 7.65 4 = 6035 40

N Rp =

=.

f =

.0791 N Re
.25

.0791 = .008 6035.25

Pf =

fv 2 .008 8.5 7.652 = .043 psi / ft = 25.8d 25.8 4

Pf =

.75 v1.75
1800d 1.25

.25

8.5.757.651.75 40.25 = = .043 psi / ft 1800 41.25

For the annulus Collars

v ac = Q .668 ft 3 / sec = = 4.12 ft / sec Aac .162 ft 2

Pac =

40 4.12 = .0037 psi / ft 1500 8.875 2 7 2

Drill pipe
v adpc = Q .488 ft 3 / sec = = 1.66 ft / sec Aac .293 ft 2
757 v(d 2 d1 )
_

N Re =

757 8.5 1.66(8.875 5) = 1035 40

Laminar Flow