Sa dami ng mga karumal dumal na krimen na nangyayari na sa ating bansa, hindi bat nararapat ng ipatupad at ibalik ang parusang

kamatayan ditto sa ating bansa. Sobra na ang mga namamatay at patuloy na nagiging biktima ng mga walang takot na masasamang loob sa ating bansa. Kilala nyo bas i Leo Echegaray? Siya ay humarap sa pinakamabigat na parusa, ang Lethal Injection, noong February 5, 1999. Hinatulan siya ng parusang kamatayan matapos mapatunayang nagkasala sa kasong pang-gagahasa sa sarili nitong anak na sampung taong gulang pa lamang. Sa ating kasalukuyang panahon, ilan na ba ang napabalitang nagkaroon ng kasong katulad ng kay Leo Echegaray? Ilang inoseteng mga kababaihan pa kaya ang magagahasa? Ang paglitaw ng ibat-ibang uri ng mga katakot-takot na krimen ang isang patunay na wala nang kinatatakutan ang mga criminal ditto sa ating bansa. Ang pagpataw ng Reclusion Perpetua o panghabang buhay na pagkakakulong ay hindi na sapat s isang bansang gaya ng Pilipinas.

Isa pang patunay ay ang pinakamalagim na krimen na kinasangkutan ng mga mamamahayag natin ay ang nangyari na Masaccre sa Maguinadanao, kung saan higit sa 25 ang walang habas na pinagpapatay. Nangyari ito dahil sa ilang taong ganid sa kapangyarihan. Sa mga ebidensyang nakalap pinapatunayang kasangkot ang ilang miyembro ng mga AMPATUAN sa nangyaring krimen na ito. Ngunit kahit mapatunayang nagkasala sa ilalim ng batas, gamit ang kanilang kapangyarihan sa pulitika, hindi malayong mabigyan yan rin ang ilang kasangkot ng parol. Nasaan ang HUSTISYA sa bansang Pilipinas?

Alam ko at alam nyo na dumarami na ang karahasan at patayan at alam nyo rin na hindi na sapat para sa mga gumawa ng karumal dumal na krimen ang mapatawan lamang ng habang buhay na pagkakabilanggo. Ang buhay na sinira ng isang kriminal ay di na mababawi pa, at naniniwala ako sa pilosopiyang Mata sa Mata at Ngipin sa Ngipin, ang buhay na sinira, buhay din ang dapat magiging kabayaran.

Home Stoichiometry: Mass-Mass and

Mole-Mole Stoichiometry: Volume-Volume and Limiting Reagents Gas Laws: Boyle's Law and Charles' Law Gas Laws: Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Law

Volume-Volume Problems
N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3 What volume of hydrogen is necessary to react w/ five liters of nitrogen to produce ammonia? So you are trying to find the volume of hydrogen. Before you start, know that 1 mole of a gas is equal to 22.4 L, that's the STP (standard temperature and pressure). So start out with the given (5L N2). Then go straight to the STP which gives you one mole of N2. For every one mole of N2, there are 3 moles of H2. 1 mole H3 is equal to 22.4 L. Now multiply it out!

Limiting Reagents
N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3 How many grams of NH3 can be produced from the reaction of 28 g of N2 and 25 g of H2? For this problem, you do 2 seperate dimensional analysis problems: one starting with the 28 g and one starting with the 25 g. You go from 28 grams and do a mass-mass problem to find grams of NH3. After you find that answer, you do the same with the 25 grams. You get two answers, correct? You take the lowest one because you it is the one that will run out the fastest, aka, the limiting reagent.

Practice problems:
Volume-Volume 1. 2H2O ---> 2H2 + O2 If 30 mL of hydrogen are produced in the above reaction, how many liters of Carbon dioxide are produced? 2. 2CO + O2 ---> 2CO2 How many liters of CO2 are produced if 75 liters of carbon monoxide are burned in oxygen? Answers: 1. 60 2. 75 Limiting Reagent 1. Mg + 2HCl ---> MgCl2 + H2 What volume of hydrogen at STP is produced from the raction of 50 g of Mg and the equivalent of 75 g of HCl? 2. 3AgNO3 + Na3PO4 ---> Ag3PO4 + 3NaNO3 Silver nitrate and sodium phosphate are reacted in equal amounts of 200 g each. How many grams of silver phosphate are produced? Answers 1. 23.01 L HCl 2. 56.6 g AgNO3

Mass-Volume Stoichiometry Problems

Example Problem #1: How many liters of O2 gas measured at 782.0 mmHg at 25.0 C are required to completely react with 2.40 mol Al? 4 Al + 3 O2 ---> 2 Al2O3 Solution: 1) Determine the moles of O2 required to react with 2.40 mol of Al: the molar ratio for Al and O2 is 4 to 3, so we set up the following ratio and proportion:

x = 1.80 moles of O2 required 2) Determine volume of O2 at stated P and T: PV = nRT V = nRT / P x = [ (1.80 mol) (0.08206) (298 K) ] / 1.029 atm x = 42.8 L

Comment: I converted 782.0 mmHg to atm. Example Problem #2: What volume of carbon dioxide, at 1.00 atm and 112.0 C, will be produced when 80.0 grams of methane (CH4) is burned? Video: the solution to the above problem If we wished to determine the volume of O2 required, we would use 9.9732 mol. This is because of the 1:2 molar ratio between methane and oxygen. To burn 4.9866 mol of methane requires 9.9732 mol of oxygen. Using PV = nRT, this is 315 L (I doubled the 157.5 figure from the video, not the 158.)

Example Problem #3: Propane, C3H8 reacts completely with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. If 1.50 mole of propane is reacted with an excess of oxygen and the water vapor is collected and measured at 546 K and 1.00 atm, what volume of water vapor will be collected? Solution: 1) Write a balanced chemical equation: C3H8 + 5 O2 ---> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O 2) Determine moles of water vapor produced: the molar ratio between propane used and water vapor produced is 1 to 4 therefore, water vapor will be produced in the following ratio and proportion: 1 is to 4 as 1.50 is to x x = 6.00 moles of water vapor produced 3) Determine the volume of water vapor at the given temperature and pressure: PV = nRT V = nRT / P x = [ (6.00 mol) (0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1) (546 K) ] / 1.00 atm x = 269 L (to 3 sig. fig.)

Example Problem #4: Oxygen gas is sometimes prepared in labs by the thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO3). The balanced chemical equation is as

follows: 2 KClO3(s) ---> 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g) If 5.150 grams decompose, what volume of O2 would be obtained at STP? Solution: 1) Determine moles of KClO3: 5.150 g / 122.6 g mol-1 = 0.042006525 mol (I kept some guard digits.) 2) Determine moles of O2 produced: the molar ratio of KClO3 used to O2 produced is 2 to 3 therefore, oxygen will be produced in the following ratio and proportion: 2 is to 3 as 0.042006525 is to x x = 0.063009788 moles of O2 produced 3) Determine the volume of O2 produced at STP: PV = nRT V = nRT / P x = [ (0.063009788 mol) (0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1) (273 K) ] / 1.000 atm x = 1.412 L (to 4 sig. fig.)

Manunggul Jar