Purpose: Additiity of reaction heats (Hesss Law) has been proven through several experiments and calculations.

Materials: -graduated cynlinder -plastic foam cup -tongs -balance -thermometer -250ml beaker -goggles -NaOH pallets -tap water -1.0M HCl -1.0M NaOH Procedure: Part 1: Heat of Solution of Sodium Hydroxide: 1. 200ml of water was measured by graduated cylinder and poured into styrofoam cup. 2. 4.03g of NaOH pallets was obtained from instructor 3. Temperature of water in calorimeter was measured to be 21.5C 4. Pallets added to water. Stirring rod was used to dissolve the pallets completely. 5. Highest temperature of system was recorded to be 27C Part 2: Heat of Reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Solution: 1. 100ml of 1.0M hydrochloric acid solution was measured by gratuated cylinder and poured into styrofoam cup. 2. 100ml of 1.0M sodium hydroxide solution was measured by gratuated cynlinder and poured into beaker. 3. Temperature was measured for both solutions. Both solutionss temperature was determined to be 21.0C. 4. Sodium hydroxide solution was poured into hydrochloric acid solution. Highest temperature recorded to be 21.5C.

Part 3: Heat of Reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Solid Soudium Hydroxide: 1. 200ml of 0.5M hydrochloric acid was measured by gratuated cylinder and poured into styrofoam cup. 2. NaOH pallets obtained, mass measured to be 3.97g 3. Temperature of hydrochloric acid measured to be 20.0C 4. NaOH pallets added to hydrochloric acid. Stirring rod use to completely dissolve the pallets. 5. Highest temperature reached by system recorded to be 27.0C. Data: Part 1: Original Temperature of Water Final Temperature of Water Temperature Change Mass of 200ml of Water Heat Evolved by Reaction Mass of NaOH Moles of NaOH Energy per mole of NaOH
H1(kJ/mol) NaOH

21.5C 27.0C 5.5C 200g 4598J 4.03g 0.1M 45980J -46.0kJ/mol

Part 2: Original temperature of HCl(aq) Original temperature of NaOH(aq) Average original temperature Final temperature of solution Temperature change Total mass of solution Heat evolved by reaction Molarity of NaOH solution Volume of NaOH solution Moles of NaOH Energy per mole of NaOH
H2(kJ/mol) NaOH

21.0C 21.0C 21.0C 21.5C 0.5C 200g 418J 1.0M/L 0.1L 0.1M 4200J -4.2kJ/mol

Part 3:

Original temperature of HCl(aq) Final Temperature of solution Temperature Change Mass of HCl Heat evolved by reaction Mass of NaOH(s) Moles of NaOH Energy per mole of NaOH
H3(kJ/mol) NaOH

20.0 27.0 7.0C 200g 5085J 3.97g 0.1 50850J -50.85kJ/M

Calculations: Part 1:
T1 = 21.5C T2 = 27.0C T = 27.0 21.5 = 5.5C

m = 200g mass of NaOh = 4.03

H = mTc = (200g) (5.5C) (4.18J/(g*C)

= 4598J n = m/M = 4.03g/40g = 0.1mol Energy per mole of NaOH = H/n

= 4598J/ 0.1mol = 45980J = 46kJ H1(kJ/mol) NaOH = -46kJ/mol

Part 2 T1(HCl)= 21.0C

T1(NaOH) = 21.0C Average T1 = 21.0C T2 = 21.5C T = 21.5 21.0 = 0.5C m = 200g Molarity of NaOH = 1mol/L Volume of NaOH = 100ml = 0.1L
H = mTc = (200g) (0.5C) (4.18J/(g*C)

= 420J n = cv = (1mol/L)(0.1L) = 0.1mol Energy per mole of NaOH = H/n

= (420J)/(0.1mol) = 4200J H2(kJ/mol) NaOH = -4.2 kJ Part 3 T1 = 20C

T2 = 27
T = 27 - 20 = 7C

m = 200g mass of NaOH = 3.97g

H = mTc = (200g) (7.0C) (4.18J/(g*C)

= 5085J n = m/M = 4.03g/40g = 0.1mol Energy per mole of NaOH = H/n

= 5085/ 0.1mol = 50850J H3(kJ/mol) NaOH = -50.85kJ/mol

Questions: 1. When the ethalpy change for all three reactions are compared, one can see all reactions are exothermic. They all release a certain amount of energy throughout the reaction.

2. (2) OH-(aq) + Cl- (aq) -> H2O(l)

(3) NaOH(s) + H- (aq) -> H2O(l) + Na+(aq)

3. The value of H3 is close to the sum of H2 and H1. This is due to the fact
that the chemical reaction of part 3 is the sum of the first two reactions.

4. Percent Deviation = [ (H2 + H1- H3 ) / (H3) ] *100 = [ (-4.2kJ/mol+(-46.0kJ/mol)-( -50.85kJ/M) ) / -50.85kJ/M ] * 100 = 1.28 % 5. Several reasons for the percent deviation are the inacuracy of the measuring equiptment, assumptions made during calculations such using the specific heat capacity of water for all solutions, the poor insulation of styrofoam cups, and mechanical energy conversion to heat energy when stirring solutions. 6. The energy released in the first reaction would be doubled if the mass of NaOH is doubled hypothetically. This would not effect H1, as the amount of energy is calculated by moles.
Follow Up Question: 1. The reaction between ammonium nitrate and water is extremely endothermic and useful in coldpacks. The coldpack would be install with a containter of ammoium nitrate. Wen the the container is broken, endothermic reaction causes a draws energy from the surrounding enviroment. The loss of heat can then be used to treat athletic injuries to reduce swelling and pain. Conclusion: It has been concluded that the addition of a series of reactions can be used to describe the energy change in an overall reaction. Hr = H1 + H2 +