D. C.

Motor,

moving -coil Loudspeaker

Prepared in Dec 1998 Second editing in March 2000

Learning objectives
1. describe an experiment to show the force on a current-carrying conductor, and a beam of charged particles, in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing (i) the current, (ii) the direction of the field. 2. show understanding of the relative directions of force, field and current (Flemings Left Hand Rule). 3. relate the turning effect to the action of an d.c. motor. 4. describe the action of a loudspeaker (details of the cone will not be required).

At the end of this unit you should be able to :

on a current-carrying conductor
Hand the wire between the poles of a powerful magnet. (see fig.) When you press the switch and allow the current flows through the wire. The wire will then moves horizontally outward. From this observation, what conclusion we can make ?
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Magnetic force

switch

force

on a current-carrying conductor
The wire moves because the magnetic field of the permanent magnet reacts with the magnetic field of the current in the wire. Fig. shows the combined field of the magnet and wire.

Magnetic force

Flemings Left Hand Rule Flemings Left Hand Rule

This rule is useful to illustrate the relationship among the direction of magnetic field, the direction of conventional current flows and the direction of the motion. It is mainly used to illustrate Electric Motors.

Flemings Left-Hand Rule

Hold your left hand in a fist and then spread out the thumb, first finger and second finger so that they are at right angles to each other. Point your first finger in the direction of the magnetic field (from north pole to south pole).

(continue on next slide)

 Rotate your hand about that finger until your second finger points in the direction of the current ( from + to -). Then your thumb points in the direction of the movement of the wire (or direction of the force).

Flemings Left-Hand Rule

d.c. Motors

Simple d.c. Motor

The current from the battery travelling through a brush contact to one half of the commutator. After travelling round the coil, the current passes through the other half of the commutator and back to battery.

(continue on next slide)

Simple d.c. Motor

By Fleming LeftHand rule, the current that near the N-pole of the magnet move upwards. So the coil turns in clockwise direction.

Simple d.c. Motor

(b) (c)

(a)

When the coil turns through 900 (so that the coil is vertical) as shown in fig. (b), the current stop flowing because of the gap in the commutator break the circuit. However, the coil keeps turning because of its own momentum.

Improvement of d.c. Motor

Practically, d.c. motor can be made more powerful, if
A large number of turns are wound on the coil. A soft iron core is used. (Why ?) Use stronger magnet

Loudspeakers

 It consists a movable coil attached to the large cone. The cone fits loosely over the centre of cylindrical permanent magnet so that the coil is in a strong magnetic field. The wire of the coil is at right angles to the field.

Moving-coil Loudspeaker
(continue on next slide)

 If the current flows in the direction shown, the coil will move to the right (use Flemings left-hand rule to check this). If the direction of the current reverses, the coil moves in the opposite way.

Moving-coil Loudspeaker

Moving Coil Loudspeaker