Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.

HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh

Bi ging Mng my tnh

ThS. NGUYN CAO T E-mail:dat@cse.hcmut.edu.vn

Bi ging 4: Tng ng dng (tt)

Tham kho: Chng 2: Computer Networking A top-down approach Kurose & Ross, 5th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010.

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 2

Chng 2: Tng ng dng

2.1 Cc nguyn l ca tng ng dng 2.2 Web v HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 Th in t

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.6 ng dng P2P 2.7 Lp trnh Socket vi TCP 2.8 Lp trnh Socket vi UDP

2.5 DNS

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 3

B nh m (BN) Web (my ch i din proxy server)

Mc ch: p ng yu cu ca ngi dng m khng cn my ch gc

thit lp trnh duyt: truy cp web qua b nh m trnh duyt gi ton bt truy vn HTTP ti my ch i din

my ch gc

khch

My ch i din

i tng c trong bn: bn gi tr i tng ngoi ra, bn s truy vn i tng t my ch gc, sau gi li cho ngi dng, ng thi lu li trong bn

khch

my ch gc
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 4

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

B nh m Web (tt)

bn lm vic va nh khch va nh ch thng th bn thng c ci t bi nccdv (trng i hc, c quan)

Ti sao cn c bn Web? gim thi gian phn hi cho truy vn n/dng gim lu lng trong mt ng kt ni ca cng s. cho php cc nccdv tng thm ni dung cung cp cho ngi dng

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 5

V d hin thc bn
Gi thit

cc my ch gc

kch thc trung bnh ca i tng = 100,000 bit tn s t/bnh ca truy vn t trnh duyt ca c quan ti my ch gc = 15 ln/s tr xoay vng t bt c quan ti bt k my ch gc no = 2 s

Internet

Kt qu
h/sut s dng LAN = 15% h/sut s dng trn ng truy cp = 100% tr tng = tr Internet + tr truy cp + tr LAN = 2 s + vi pht + vi ms

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

1.5 Mbps ng truy cp

mng c quan
10 Mbps LAN

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 6

V d hin thc bn (tt)

nhng gii php kh d

cc my ch gc
Internet

tng bng thng ca ng truy cp ln khong 10 Mbps h/sut s dng LAN = 15% h/sut s dng ng truy cp = 15% tr tng = tr Internet + tr truy cp + tr LAN = 2 s + ms + ms rt tn km khi nng cp

kt qu

ng truy cp 10 Mbps mng c quan

10 Mbps LAN

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 7

V d hin thc bn (tt)

gii php: ci t bn

cc my ch gc

gi s tn s truy cp bn l 0.4
Internet

kt qu:

40% truy vn s c p ng ngay lp tc bi bn 60% truy vn s c p ng bi my ch gc hiu sut s dng ng kt ni gim xung cn 60%, ko theo tr khng ng k (khong 10 msec) tng tr ti a = tr Internet + tr truy cp + tr LAN = .6*(2.01) secs + msec < 1.4 secs

ng kt ni 1.5 Mbps

mng c quan

10 Mbps LAN

bn c quan
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 8

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

GET c iu kin
Mc ch: khng gi i tng nu nh bn c bn cp nht bn mi nht ca n bn: ch r thi gian ca bn lu bn trong truy vn HTTP
If-modified-since: <date>

my ch
HTTP request msg
If-modified-since: <date>

HTTP response
HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified

i tng khng thay i

my ch: phn hi s khng gi li i tng c yu cu nu bn lu l bn cp nht mi nht:

HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified

HTTP request msg

If-modified-since: <date>

HTTP response
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

i tng thay i

<data>

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 9

Chng 2: Tng ng dng

2.1 Cc nguyn l ca tng ng dng 2.2 Web v HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 Th in t

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.6 ng dng P2P 2.7 Lp trnh Socket vi TCP 2.8 Lp trnh Socket vi UDP

2.5 DNS

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 10

FTP: Giao thc truyn ti tp tin

giao din khch ngi FTP dng FTP ngi dng truyn ti tp tin

ch FTP
h thng tp tin xa

h thng tp tin cc b

truyn ti tp tin n/t my xa m hnh khch/ch khch: l pha bt u qu trnh truyn ti ch: my xa ftp: RFC 959 my ch ftp: cng 21
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 11

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

FTP: iu khin ring bit, kt ni d liu

Khch FTP kt ni ti my ch FTP ti cng 21, giao thc truyn ti l TCP khch c kim tra danh tnh thng qua kt ni iu khin khch duyt cc th mc trn my t xa bng cch gi cc cu lnh thng qua kt ni iu khin. khi ch nhn c cu lnh truyn ti tp, ch m kt ni TCP th 2 ti khch sau khi truyn ti xong 1 tp, ch ng kt ni d liu.

kt ni TCP iu khin cng 21

khch FTP

kt ni TCP d liu cng 20

ch FTP

ch m mt kt ni TCP d liu khc truyn ti mt tp khc. iu khin kt ni: ngoi tuyn (out of band) my ch FTP lu li trng thi: th mc hin ti, thng tin v danh tnh
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 12

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

Cc cu lnh v phn hi FTP

V d cu lnh:

V d m tr v

gi i di dng vn bn ASCII qua kt ni iu khin USER tn_ngi_dng PASS mt_khu LIST lit k danh sch cc tp trong th mc hin ti
RETR tn_tp ti tp tin v STOR tn_tp ti tp tin ln my t xa

m trng thi v m t (nh trong HTTP) 331 Username OK, password required 125 data connection already open; transfer starting 425 Cant open data connection 452 Error writing file

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 13

Chng 2: Tng ng dng

2.1 Cc nguyn l ca tng ng dng 2.2 Web v HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 Th in t

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.6 ng dng P2P 2.7 Lp trnh Socket vi TCP 2.8 Lp trnh Socket vi UDP

2.5 DNS

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 14

Th in t (e-mail)
Ba thnh phn chnh:

hng i th i hp th n/dng user agent mail server user agent

cng c qun l th ngi dng (user agent - UA) my ch th giao thc truyn ti thu n gin: SMTP

SMTP SMTP SMTP

mail server user agent user agent

mail server

user agent

Cng c qun l th ca ngi dng son tho, sa cha, c th vd: Eudora, Outlook, elm, Mozilla Thunderbird th i v th n c lu trn my ch
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

user agent

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 15

Th in t: my ch th
My ch th

user agent mail server user agent

hp th cha th n ca ngi dng hng i thng ip ca th i giao thc SMTP gia cc my ch trao i th cho nhau khch: l my ch gi th server: l my ch nhn th

SMTP

mail server

SMTP
SMTP
mail server user agent user agent

user agent

user agent

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 16

Th in t: SMTP [RFC 2821]

s dng TCP gi th gia khch v ch, cng 25 vn chuyn trc tip: t my ch gi v my ch nhn qu trnh vn chuyn gm 3 pha: bt tay (cho hi) trao i thng ip kt thc tng tc cu lnh/phn hi cu lnh: vn bn ASCII phn hi: m trng thi v m t thng ip phi c nh dng 7-bit ASCII
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 17

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

Kch bn: Alice gi thng ip Bob

1) Alice s dng UA son th v gi ti bob@someschool.edu 2) UA ca Alice gi thng ip ti my ch th ca c ta; th c t trong hng i 3) pha khch ca SMTP m kt ni TCP ti my ch th ca Bob 4) khch SMTP gi th ca Alice qua kt ni TCP 5) my ch th ca Bob t th vo hp th ca Bob 6) Bob bt UA ca mnh ln c th

1 user agent

mail server 3

mail server 4 6 5

user agent

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 18

V d tng tc SMTP
S: C: S: C: S: C: S: C: S: C: C: C: S: C: S: 220 hamburger.edu HELO crepes.fr 250 Hello crepes.fr, pleased to meet you MAIL FROM: <alice@crepes.fr> 250 alice@crepes.fr... Sender ok RCPT TO: <bob@hamburger.edu> 250 bob@hamburger.edu ... Recipient ok DATA 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself Do you like ketchup? How about pickles? . 250 Message accepted for delivery QUIT 221 hamburger.edu closing connection
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 19

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

Th nghim tng tc SMTP:

telnet tn_my_ch 25 nhn thy phn hi 220 t my ch g vo cc cu lnh HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, QUIT

bng cch ny bn c th gi th m khng cn s dng cng c qun l th (UA)

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 20

SMTP: tng kt

SMTP s dng kt ni n nh SMTP i hi thng ip (mo u v thn) phi dng k t ASCII 7-bit my ch SMTP s dng CRLF.CRLF xc nh im kt thc ca thng ip

So snh vi HTTP:

HTTP: ly v SMTP: y i c hai u c tng tc cu lnh/phn hi di dng ASCII, cc m trng thi HTTP: mi i tng c ng gi trong thng ip phn hi ca ring n SMTP: nhiu i tng c gi chung trong nhiu phn ca mt thng ip
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 21

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

nh dng thng ip th
SMTP: giao thc trao i th in t RFC 822: chun dng cho nh dng thng ip vn bn: cc dng mo u, vd:

header

dng trng

To: From: Subject:

body

khc nhau ph thuc vo cu lnh SMTP !

thn

ni dung th, ch cha k t ASCII

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 22

Giao thc truy cp th

user agent

SMTP

SMTP

access protocol

user agent

my ch th ngi gi

my ch th ngi nhn

SMTP: giao/nhn th n t my ch khc Giao thc truy cp th: ly th t my ch POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939] kim tra danh tnh (UA<-->my ch) v ti v IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730] nhiu chc nng hn (phc tp hn) qun l th lu trn my ch HTTP: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, v.v..
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 23

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

Giao thc POP3

pha kim tra danh tnh

cu lnh ca khch: user: khai bo tn pass: mt-khu phn hi ca ch +OK -ERR list: retr: dele: quit: lit k s th t th ti th theo stt xa kt thc

S: C: S: C: S: C: S: S: S: C: S: S: C: C: S: S: C: C: S:

+OK POP3 server ready user bob +OK pass hungry +OK ngi dng ng nhp thnh list 1 498 2 912 . retr 1 <message 1 contents> . dele 1 retr 2 <message 1 contents> . dele 2 quit +OK my ch POP3 ng ngt

cn

pha giao dch, khch:

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 24

POP3 (tt) v IMAP

POP3 v d trc s dng c ch ti-v-xa. Bob khng th c li th nu nh anh ta i UA ti-v-gi li: bn sao ca th s c lu trn nhiu UA POP3 l giao thc khng trng thi IMAP Gi tt c th trong mt ni: trn my ch Cho php n/dng t chc th theo th mc IMAP gi li trng thi ngi dng qua cc phin lm vic:

tn ca th mc cng nh nh x gia ID ca thng ip v tn th mc

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 25

Chng 2: Tng ng dng

2.1 Cc nguyn l ca tng ng dng 2.2 Web v HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 Th in t

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.6 ng dng P2P 2.7 Lp trnh Socket vi TCP 2.8 Lp trnh Socket vi UDP

2.5 DNS

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 26

H thng tn min DNS

Con ngi: nhiu k hiu nhn dng:

(Domain Name System)

H thng tn min:

c s d liu phn tn c tn min giao thc tng ng dng

tn, s CMND, MSSV

My tnh v thit b trn Internet:

hin thc trong mt h thng phn cp ca nhiu my ch

a ch IP (32 bit) c s dng lin lc gia my tnh tn, vd: www.yahoo.com c s dng bi con ngi

cho php my tnh, bt v my ch tn min lin lc vi nhau phn gii tn min (a ch/tn)

Hi: nh x gia a ch IP v tn?

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011 MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 27

DNS
Cc dch v DNS phn gii tn min sang a ch IP t tn thay th cho my

tn chnh thc, v tn thay th

t tn thay th cho my ch email phn b ti

Ti sao khng tp trung DNS? DNS hng -> c mng ngng hot ng qu ti lu lng tr cao do ng truyn di kh bo tr

nhng trang web ln thng c nhiu my ch vi a ch IP khc nhau ng sau mt tn min chnh thc

khng m rng c!

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 28

C s d liu phn tn v phn cp

my ch DNS gc

my ch DNS com my ch DNS my ch DNS yahoo.com amazon.com

my ch DNS org my ch DNS pbs.org

my ch DNS edu my ch DNS poly.edu my ch DNS umass.edu

Khch mun c IP ca www.amazon.com: khch truy vn mt my ch DNS gc tm ra my ch DNS .com khch truy vn my ch DNS .com ly a ch ca my ch DNS amazon.com khch truy vn my ch DNS amazon.com ly a ch IP ca www.amazon.com
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011 MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 29

DNS: My ch gc

cc my ch tn min cc b s lin h my ch gc nu chng khng th t phn gii tn min my ch tn min gc: lin h nhng my ch c thm quyn nu khng tm ra nh x ly thng tin nh x tr thng tin nh x v cho cc my ch tn min cc b
a Verisign, Dulles, VA c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also LA) d U Maryland College Park, MD g US DoD Vienna, VA h ARL Aberdeen, MD
j Verisign, ( 21 locations)

k RIPE London (also 16 other locations) i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus 28 other locations) m WIDE Tokyo (also Seoul, Paris, SF)

e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto,

CA (and 36 other locations)

13 my ch tn min gc t khp th gii

b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Los Angeles, CA

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 30

TLD v My ch c thm quyn

My ch tn min cp cao (Top-level domain - TLD):

chu trch nhim cho com, org, net, edu, etc, v tt c cc tn min quc gia cp cao vn, au, ca, jp. Network Solutions duy tr my ch com TLD Educause duy tr my ch edu TLD

My ch DNS c thm quyn:

my ch DNS c quan, cung cp nhng nh x tin cy gia tn min v IP cho nhng my ch ca chnh c quan (vd: Web, mail). c th c vn hnh bi c quan hay nh CCDV

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 31

My ch tn min cc b

khng ph thuc mt cch r rng vo h thng phn cp mi ISP (ISP dn s, c quan, trng hc) c mt my ch tn min cc b.

cn c gi l my ch tn min mc nh

khi mt my thc hin mt truy vn DNS, truy vn s c gi cho my ch DNS cc b ca n

hot ng nh l mt my i din(proxy), chuyn tip truy vn ln h phn cp

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 32

V d phn gii tn min DNS

2

my ch DNS gc

My ti cis.poly.edu mun c IP ca gaia.cs.umass.edu truy vn lp:

my ch c lin h tr v tn ca my ch khc lin h tip Ti khng bit tn min ny, nhng hy hi my ch ny xem
dns.poly.edu

3 4 5 my ch DNS cc b 1 8 7

my ch DNS TLD

my yu cu
cis.poly.edu

my ch DNS thm quyn dns.cs.umass.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011 MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 33

V d phn gii tn min DNS

truy vn qui:
2

my ch DNS gc

3 7 6 my ch DNS TLD

giao ton b cng vic cho my ch cp cao hn ti cao?

dns.poly.edu

my ch DNS cc b 5

8
my ch DNS thm quyn dns.cs.umass.edu

my yu cu
cis.poly.edu
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

gaia.cs.umass.edu

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 34

DNS: nh m v cp nht th ghi

mt khi (bt k) my ch tn min nhn c gi tr nh x, n s nh m li thng tin

cc thng tin trong b nh m s ht hn v b xa sau mt thi gian nht nh tn cc my ch TLD thng c nh m trong my ch cc b v vy my ch dns gc thng t khi c truy cp RFC 2136
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsind-charter.html

c ch cp nht/thng bo c thit k bi IETF

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 35

Th ghi DNS
DNS: CSDL phn b cha th ti nguyn (RR) nh dng RR: (tn, Loi A (Type=A)

gi tr, loi, tgs)

tn l tn my gi tr l a ch IP

Type=CNAME

tn l tn thay th cho tn chnh thng www.ibm.com thc cht l

servereast.backup2.ibm.com

Type=NS

gi tr l tn chnh thng tn l tn min (vd: foo.com) gi tr l tn my ca Type=MX my ch DNS c thm gi tr l tn ca my ch th quyn cho min ny lin h ti tn my tn
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 36

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

Giao thc v thng ip DNS

DNS protocol : truy vn (query) v phn hi (reply) c cng

nh dng

Mo u

s hiu nh danh: l mt s 16 bit trong thng ip truy vn, thng ip phn hi s dng chnh s c hiu: truy vn hay phn hi mong mun qui qui c sn phn hi l c thm quyn

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 37

Giao thc v thng ip DNS

Tn, loi ca truy vn

RRs trong phn hi cho truy vn

th ghi dnh cho my ch c thm quyn thng tin b sung

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011

MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 38

Chn th ghi vo DNS

v d: mt cng ty mi thnh lp Network Utopia ng k tn networkuptopia.com ti DNS nh qun l tn min (vd: Network Solutions)

cung cp tn, a ch IP, a ch IP ca my ch dsn c thm quyn (s cp v th cp) nh qun l chn 2 th RR vo my ch TLD com :

(networkutopia.com, dns1.networkutopia.com, NS) (dns1.networkutopia.com, 212.212.212.1, A)

trong my ch tn min cc b to ra th loi A cho www.networkuptopia.com; th loi MX cho networkutopia.com Lm sao mi ngi ly c a ch IP ca trang web ca bn?
MNG MY TNH CN BN Bi ging 2 - Chng 2: Tng ng dng 39

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM Khoa Khoa Hc v K Thut My Tnh 2011