1

Cch o kim tra mt mainboard xc nh h hng

(Dnh cho vc s)
I. Cm ngun vo main v o (cha kch ngun u nh): 1. Dy tm phi 5V: thiu th phi kim tra b ngun ri coi OK cha, nu ngun ri OK m cm vo main b st p th coi chng chm ti u : thng l Chip NAM, LAN, Sound, SIO... 2. Dy xanh l phi c 5V (hoc 2v5 n ~5v) : chn no khng quan trng nhng nu cm ngun v m khng c 5V th cng mt. V n = 0V th ngun phi chy, m cha kch cng tc m ngun chy <-- Li t kch ngun. 3. Chn A14 khe PCI phi c 3V3

y l chn ngun cp trc 3v3 cho chipset Nam, mt 3v3 ny th chip Nam khng hot ng v chc chng s khng kch c ngun. Mt 3V3 ny thng do cht IC 1117 hoc chm, cht chip Nam. 4. Chn kch ngun ps_on phi c 5V:

Khi c 3v3, thch anh 32Mhz OK th chip Nam s cp trc tip (hoc thng qua SIO) 5V kch cho 1 chn ca nt cng tt (cu ra mt thng CPU) PS_ON. Mt 5V kch ny thng do li SIO hoc chip Nam. II. Kch ngun: <-- Kch khng c ngun th kim k li cc bi trn v t kt lun main h g nh. III. Kch ngun, qut quay, my khng boot, khng ln hnh, o tip: 2

1. o Ngun RAM: DDR1: Chn s 7 hoc chn 143 nh hnh phi c 2V5:

DDR2: Phi c 1V8

DDR3: Chn 51 phi c 1V5

Nu mt ngun RAM thng do cht FET hoc cht IC giao ng ngun RAM. 2. o ngun BUS RAM (VTT) phi c 1V25 cho DDR1

Mt ngun Bus Ram dn n: khng cm RAM th ku tit tit, cm RAM vo im re nhng cng khng chy (nh dng li chip Bc). Thng chy IC RT9173, W83310... 3

3. Ngun chipset (c khi chung ngun AGP/PCIx): o chn S cc mosfet cng sut khu vc gia 2 chipset phi c 1V5.

Nu mt ngun ny khi kch ngun chipset lp tc nng rang (thm ch nng n cht ti lun). 4. Ngun Vcore cp cho CPU: o ti chn cc cun dy ging nhau xung socket gn CPU: phi c t 1v1 ~ 1v8

Mt ngun ny CPU s lnh tanh v chc chn mainboard khng chy. Nu ch dng VOM th n y l kt thc. Chc cc vc s thnh cng chun on bnh mainboard vi VOM.

Th t kim tra v lit k khi hi v sa mainboard:

Main hiu g (hng, model) CPU g (trnh trng hp main khng support CPU). ngun g (phi chc l ngun OK) RAM cng phi chc l OK. 1. Kch ngun khng c: - Mch kch ngun loi no? C mosfet o ? PSON i vo SIO hay chip NAM? 2. Kch ngun c: - Cc mc ngun: Vcore, RAM, Vtt (ngun bus ram), Chipset, AGP... - Xung clock, xung RESET... - nu c n xung reset OK th nu tn bios, code tun t ca card test mainboard, card test main loi g ( loi tr card test khng support i main cao)

3. Chp chn lc chy lc khng:

- V sinh tht k, quan st k cc du hiu cn trng xm nhp, ri, rt va p... cc t lc ngun c ph hay khng... - X b cc t lc ti chn cc thch anh chip Nam, thch anh IC CLock... - Hn li chn cc IC nhiu chn nh IO, Clock, giao ng cc ngun... - Hp li cc chipset Nam, Bc, socket CPU...

Cc bc kim tra quan trng khi sa mainboard

(Dnh cho th sa mainboard)
1. Kim tra mch kch ngun: - a s main u khng cn CPU (tr mt s main INTEL l bt buc phi c CPU mi kch c ngun). - Nu kch ngun khng c th tho gic 12V (4pin) ra kch th nu c th vn 100% nm mch VRM b chm chp. - Kch p: nu li ch l mosfet o hay g nh, kc p s chy bnh thng. Kch p m cng khng c th chm chp nng ri . - o 5V (hoc 2v5-->5V) ti pin PS-ON. Nu mt: D Pin PS-ON -> Chip NAM hay SIO. Vo thng no p thng . (Nu chip NAM th kim ngun v thay th thch anh ca chip na nh) - D mosfet o (hoc IC o): chn xanh -> (qua) cng o (hay trc tip)-> SIO ; p cng o hoc SIO. H hng chnh: cht mosfet o, li SIO, li chip NAM, ngoi ra cc nguyn nhn khc gy khng kch ngun nh chm, chm cc khu vc khc nh ngun Vcore (cp cho CPU) chp ngun RAM, chp ngun chipset, chp chp sound onboard (c th x b), chp chip LAN onboard (c th x b), hoc chp chip Bc. 2. Xung clock: s chy ngay khi kch c ngun m cha cn cm CPU, Kim tra CLK v sa ngay bc 2 ny. Thng ch kh li, thay thch anh v thay IC clock l ht bi. kim tra CLK dng card test dng cao nh PTi6, PTi8, PTi9 (c 3 u phi dng Phin bn mi nht v PTi6 v PTi8 bn c khng c CLK) 3. Kim tra cc mc ngun: - Vcore; mch VRM <-- Quan trng v di dng nn khng nu thm. - Ngun RAM <-- Quan trng th 2 sau Vcore. - Ngun chipset NAM, BC, AGP <-- Quan trng th 3 nht l pan nng chip do ngun cp cho chip sai. 4. Xung reset: - Thng th xong vic kim tra ngun th phi c reset nu khng ch cn chip NAM. Hp, , lm li chn hoc thay. a s main, nu c xung reset th ht cc mc ngun. Cc l do lm mt xung Reset: mt 1 trong cc mc ngun, jumper clear cmos, mt CLK, li chip Nam... 6

5. C reset ( tt c) m vn khng boot, card test cha nhy code: - Ch cn socket CPU v chip Bc <-- Li ny 10 cao th cht ht 10 - Phi p socket trc (tho np v sinh, hp socket...) - K p chip Bc (Hp, , lm li chn, thay) <-- Cc v kh nht (ch yu do thiu tool). 6. BIOS: - Thc ra pan bios ch nm cui cng thi nhng v bc 5 th qu chua nn mi ngi hay lm bc 6 ny trc "hy vng" chp m c. Kt lun: - Kh nhiu ngi vng bc 5. nh chu ht bi ri th tr thi. Mnh thua em ra thng khc cng

thua thi ng lo tr phi ch no tool v iu kin lm. Ni thit lm ban bc 5 ny chua hn gim. Chng hng th mi chu lm ch khng th .

- Trn y l "bi bn" x l nhng bnh "bnh thng" ca mainboard thi. nhng bnh l dng "khng khng", "chp chn", "kh hiu"... th dnh cho mi ngi t nghin cu (m m). - Trn nguyn tc l cn bit cch no th c th c th. - Nhng "chiu" nh nht nh tho pin, clear cmos (i khi khch lm mt ci jum CLR CMOS cng lm main khng chy). Tho bios ra khi socket co sch chn hay "tm" vi " m", thm ch ch t mch mt cht xu... th nhng ngi th "c kinh nghim" u lm ri nn ti khng nhc lm g.

S KHI THNG GP

(Dng trong my intel thng gp) 8

Mainboard: chip cu Bc cc li thng gp v cch x l

Chip cu Bc - Northbridge: Hay cn gi l Memory Controller Hub (MCH). Cch nhn dng:

Chip ln nht trn Mainboard. Thng c gn thm 1 ming tn nhit. Nm gn CPU v RAM.

Hnh dng thc t: Nhim v:

Lin lc gia cc thit b CPU, RAM, AGP hoc PCI Express, v chip cu nam. Mt vi loi cn cha chng trnh iu khin video tch hp, hay cn gi l Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) hay VGA onboard.

Li thng gp:

Khng nhn dng CPU (CPU khng chy, tng t nh h socket CPU) Khng nhn RAM (Trng hp ngun RAM ): khng gng RAM th loa Beep ko di gng RAM v th khng beep na hoc beep lin tc. Khng nhn VGA (trng hp ngun AGP hoc PIC-E ) (hoc mt VGA onboard) Card Test Main bo code 25 hoc 26 (d nhin l card lai tt nh, card test dm th main mi mi th c bo li 26 bt c l chy hay b li g cng 26).

Chm, cht chip Bc: Rt d kim tra thng qua cc t lc ngun trn lng. Li ny bt buc phi thay. Phi c my hn chip BGA chuyn dng th mi thao tc c. i vi laptop th vic ny "rt bnh thng", nu bn mun sa laptop OK th nn "luyn" lm chip trn mainboard PC cho tht OK th s t tin khi lm vi laptop.

H cc chn bi BGA: rt thng xy ra vi mainboard laptop s dng trn 1 nm. Nh th c th hp li nhng tt nht nn x ra, lm li chn bi BGA v ng li. i vi mainboard laptop, nn "" li phn tn nhit cho chip th s ko di thi gian "ti" bnh hn.

Cch x l:

Khng nhn dng CPU (Card Test hin C0, FF hoc khng hin g): c th do h socket ( mnh th th chy) v sinh socket, hp li socket (nu dng chn gm). Tt c 3 li thng gp nu trn u phi hp li chip Bc hoc tho chip Bc ra lm chn ng v li hoc phi thay chip Bc khc. L Quang Vinh - kythuatphancung.com

10

Mainboard: Chip cu Nam nhng li thng gp v cch x l

Chip cu NAM - South Bridge Chip (I/O Control Hub: ICH) Cch nhn dng: - Ln th nh trn main (ch thua Chip cu Bc) - C 2 chip ln, chp th nht l cu Bc th chip cn li l chip cu NAM.

Dng chip NAM thng dng Nhim v: - Qun l v giao tip vi cc thnh phn nh: cc khe PCI, giao tip USB, chip Sound, chip LAN, BIOS ROM, chip SIO (Ring SIO s qun l: Keyboard, mouse, FDD, COM, LPT) Li thng gp: - Khng kch c ngun (thng gp nht). Kt hp vi chip SIO s iu khin mch ngt, m ngun. - Mt xung reset (rt thng gp) - Chp chn, khng nhn, hoc nhn m khng chy cc thit b nh USB, HDD, CD, khe cm PCI... Cch x l: - Ring li khng kich ngun s c 1 bi ring, tuy nhin sau khi xc nh li l do chip NAM th cch x l s tng t nh chip Bc. l "hp" li chp, "" chip, "lm chn li" hoc thay chip mi. L Quang Vinh KTV Laptop - DrM.vn

11

Mainboard: Bios Rom cc li thng gp v cch x l

BIOS - Basic I/O System - H thng xut nhp c bn Cch nhn bit: - Hnh dng thng thng: - Hnh ch nht c vt 1 gc gm 32 chn, gn trong mt sc kt (nh hnh) hoc hn dnh vo mainboard.

Lai i mi: dng flash; chip dn 8 chn Hoc chip 8 chn ghim bnh thng:

Nhim v: - Giao tip mc c bn nht vi ngi dng t lc bt cng tt cho n lc h iu hnh bt u c load vo b nh m ta gi l BOOT. - Cho php thit lp cc cu hnh nh: chn a khi ng, chnh ngy gi h thng, t mt khu bo v... Cc li thng gp: - Chip BIOS li s gy ra li kich ngun quay, my khng boot c. Li ny ch xc nh khi kim tra cc li v ngun v CPU xong. - Bo li: Bios check sum error, Cch x l: - Nu ln hnh m bo li l do ht pin nui CMOS hoc ci t trnh CMOS setup sai. Li khng boot (ngai li ngun v CPU ra) th cn np li chip BIOS. - Xem thm bi: Cch np li bios rom L Quang Vinh

12

Cc li mainboard v cch x l
1. Kch ngun khng c
Mch kch ngun cho mainboard Cc thnh phn ca mch:

Chn Power On (mu xanh l cy) ca gic cm 20pin / 24pin ca b ngun ATX cm ln mainboard.

Ngun 5V STB (dy tm cp trc). Ngun 3V3 STB c h p t 5V STB (o chn A14 Khe PCI) Cng tc Power On ni vi 2 pin Power ON trn panel pin. Chip SIO. Chip cu NAM, Thch anh 32M cho chip NAM. Mosfet o hoc IC m (nu c).

Mch c 3 dng chnh:

13

Khi cha kich ngun (cha bm cng tc):

Chn Xanh l phi c t 2.5 -> 5V Ngun 5V STB; dy tm phi c 5V 14

Ngun 3V3 STB (chn A14 khe PCI) phi c 3V3. 2 Pin kt ni vi nt Power On trn thng my phi c mt chn t 2.5V -> 5V. Chip SIO v Chip cu NAM khng nng

Khi kch ngun (bm nt cng tc):

Chn xanh l = 0V. Ngun 5V STB vn 5V Ngun 3V3 vn 3V3 Chip Nam hi m ln t.

Li thng gp: Mainboard Kch ngun khng c. Nguyn nhn v cch x l: Bc 1: o dy tm 5V STB phi c v . Nu st xung ~4.5V hoc thp hn l c vn . Rt dy ngun ra khi main, kch ngun ri o li th nu 5V m cm vo Main m ch cn 4V5 hoc thp hn l c chm mch. Nu chm mch th kim tra mch n p 3V3 STB cp trc (s c bi vit ring), chip SIO, chip Nam, chip LAN, Sound (nu c). Mt trong cc chip va nu m chm th s khng kch c ngun. Nu chip LAN hoc Sound chm (r phng tay) th x b trc (khng nh hng n hot ng ca main). Bc 2: Kim tra ngun 3V3 cp trc ti chn A14 khe cm PCI (hng trn ct th 14 t tri sang - Xem hnh minh ha)

Mch n p 3V3 ny thng dng 1 IC n p 3v3 h 1117 hoc h 1084, 1085, 1086. Thng thy nht vn l 1117. Chn 3 vo 5V STB, chn 2 ra ng 3V3. Cc main i c th khng dng IC m dng mch vi 1 vi mosfet hoc transistor n p.

15

Nu mt 3V3 ti chn 2 th x ra o ni tr IC v mch. Nu ni tr v tr chn 2 ~0 m th 99% chm chip Nam. Bc 3: o ngun kch 5V ps-on (c th thp hn cht xu khng sao) ti chn PS-ON (2 chn cm ni vi cng tc ngun 1 chn l ps-on 1 chn ni mass - xem hnh).

Nu mt 5V ti chn ps-on ny th kim tra xem chn ny i vo chip no? SIO hay chip Nam --> chip h mch hoc li. - D mch (thang o m x1) chn kch PSON v chip SIO. Nu c tr khng ~0 m -> Dng 3: Chn kch PS-ON do SIO qun l - Trng hp cn li l: Chn kch PS-ON do chipset NAM qun l Bc 4: Kim tra xem c mosfet o hay khng? - D mch (thang o m x1) chn Xanh l v cc chn chip SIO. Nu khng c tr khng ~0 m -> c mosfet o hoc ic m - dng ny: Chn xanh l khng vo trc tip chip SIO m phi qua mt mosfet o (hoc IC m). Thng th mosfet ny (hoc IC m) cht dn n khng kch c ngun. Tm ra mosfet o ny thay l OK. Trng hp khc mosfet o b chp D-S th my c lun trong trng thi "chy" bt ngun t chy, hoc shutdown xong tip tc "chy". <-- Trng hp ny cng thng gp. Bc 5: Kim tra xem chip NAM c b nng khng (lc cha kch ngun) 16

Nu cp ngun vo (cha kch ngun) m chip NAM lp tc nng rang th 100% cht chip NAM.

Bc cui cng:

Cn li l h chn chip NAM, li chip NAM hoc li chip SIO. Vi trng hp ring do hng thch anh giao ng ca chip NAM (thay th). Hai t pi ni t 2 chn thch anh b r --> X b th lun nh. Nu chip SIO li: h chn th hn li hoc li th thay lun. Nu chipset Nam li: th Hp li chip, khng c th tho chipset ra lm chn ng v li, vn khng c th thay chipset khc. L Quang Vinh - www.kythuatphancung.com

Socket CPU v cc li thng gp

Socket CPU L dng gng CPU vo mainboard. L thnh phn d nhn bit nht trn mainboard. Hin c 2 dng thng dng i vi CPU INTEL l socket 478 ( ngng sn xut) v socket 775. i vi CPU AMD th socket AMD2. D nhin l cn rt nhiu lai socket khc nhau na nhng ti chi nu 3 ci c trng thi.

Cc li thng gp: 1. Ch yu do tip xc khng tt: - i vi socket 478 v AMD2 phi cn thn tho ming gt chn mu sng (chim 1/2 bn trn b mt socket) ra v sinh = RP7 v quan st k coi c b ten, r hay khng. Nu c th v sinh v co tht sch CPU v socket tip xc tr li. - i vi socket 775 th quan st k xem c b cong cc chn tip xc. V sinh tht nh trnh cong cc chn tip xc.

17

2. Li h chn socket: - i vi lai socket dng chn gm (khng xuyn qua mainboard) nh kiu chipset. Trng hp ny rt kh chun on. - C th dng thit b "test socket" (xem hnh) kim tra tnh trng tip xc ca Socket CPU.

- Nu c kinh nghim, thng dng tay mnh ln lng CPU nu thy card test mainboard nhy sang s khc hn so vi lc cha tay th 99,99% h socket. - Li ny ch yu do ch bi di bng socket lu ngy b "nht" li dn n ht ch gy tip xc khng tt gia socket v mainboard. - Cch x l tt nht l hp "kh" li socket (khng dng m hay nha thng). Cn phi c my hn chip chuyn dng mi lm c. Ti thiu cng phi dng "bp hp" chuyn dng. Nn nh khng cho m hay nha thng vo socket s lm "cht" socket v m hay nha thng s thm vo cc chn v khng cn tip xc tt na. Nu hp vn khng gii quyt th ch cn cch thay socket m thi. D nhin phi c socket mi v my hn chip mi lm c. L Quang Vinh

Khng nhn USB

Nu tt c cc cng USB u khng nhn (ng ni l li Win nh, web ny support phn cng, win th t x trc khi xem tip bi ny nh) th ng vi tiu bi ny. Cn cng nhn cng ko th do tip xc km thi. Nhim v cc chn ca USB cng tng t nh bn phm v chut.

18

im khc bit "rt quan trng" l bn phm v chut PS/2 l do chip SIO qun l cn cc cng USB l do "chipset Nam" trc tip qun l: S nguyn l:

Theo s ny th ta thy n khng khc g vi keyboard v mouse nn h hng v cch x l th hon ton ging nh keyboard v mouse. 1. Mt ngun 5V (t cu ch hoc t mch) 2. Cc t lc nhiu b r (x b) 3. Cc ng data b gin on. <-- d mch tm thi. 4. H hoc li chipset Nam (Cn thn nh) Ci khc duy nht m quan trng nht l "chipset Nam" qun l nu trn. Ch : Cn thn trng khi "thao tc" vi chipset Nam, v n c th lm cho mainboard thm ch "khng cn kch c ngun" v khng chy lun. "L thuyt" ny ng dng cho c PC v laptop. L Quang Vinh - lqv77

Mainboard: Khng nhn keyboard v mouse

Cn phn bit giao tip keyboard v mouse chun l cng ps/2 nh. Cn cng USB ch l ph hoc cho n khi no cng ps/2 b b i.

19

Trong bi ny ti ch cp bn phm v chut chun PS/2 thi nh. u cm bn phm v chut th nh nhau, u c 6 chu cm (nh hnh) nhng ch dng 4 chu thi cn 2 chu kia (NC2; NC6: chng cho p). S nguyn l:

Theo s trn ta thy: nu t cu ch lm mt 5V th chc chn c chut v bn phm u s t lit. Nu cc ng Data+, Data- m b "gin on" th kt qu cng tng t. Nu c 5V th d thng mch cc c Data vo chip SIO l OK. Nu mch thng tt th li chi cn li l chip SIO. Cc li thng gp: t cu ch --> mt 5V cp cho 2 cng PS/2. - Cc ng data u c cc t bi lc nhiu (xem hnh di) v cc t lc nhiu ny lu ngy s b r <-- x b ht l OK (Rt thng xy ra) - Li chip SIO <-Thng xy ra. Kh li, hoc phi thay lun l OK. L Quang Vinh - http://kythuatphancung.com

20