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aMumif;awGU&onf/ odkYaomf if;taqmuftODwkdYwGif rD;zkdrsm;? tdrfomrsm;ESifh r
aumif;aoma&rsm;udk xkwfonfh a&xkwf>yefrsm;? a&ajrmif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfxm;jcif;
r&SdaMumif; awGU&\/ ppfa&;ppf&mwGif uRrf;usifavonf/ jrdKU&kd;rsm;udk tcdkiftrm
jyKvkyfxm;jcif;? jrdKUwHcg;rsm;udk tzGifhtydwfxm;jyD; ol&Jckdrsm;wyfxm;jcif;? jrdKUta&SU
bufwjcrf;udk v,f,mpkdufysKd;&ef xm;&Sdjcif;wkdYrSm &efolrsm;0dkif;&Hxm;ygu jrdKUwGif;
yif pkdufysKd;pm;aomufEkdif&eftwGuf tMuHtpnf MuD;rm;pGSmxm;&SdaMumif; awG&\/
aomufawmfuefrsm; oD;oefYxm;jcif;udk Munfjcif;tm;jzifh if;wdkY,Ofaus;rIrSm t
awmftqifhjrifhaeayjyD/ AdEkd;om;wkdYonf v,f,mpkdufysKd;jcif;? ul;oef;a&mif;
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Ekdif\/ a<uaphrsm;udk awGU&Sd& a&mif;0,f&mwGif tokH;jyKcJhaMumif;ESifhAdEkd;'*Fg;

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

rsm;ukd awGU&Sd&jcif;onf ta&mif;t0,fudpwGif rnfrQyg;eyfuRrf;usifaejyDjzpf

aMumif; odomEkdifavonf/ &kyfvkH;az:&mwGifif;? t&kd;tkd;rsm;wGif xl;jcm;vSypGm
yef;&kdufykHaz:xm;jcif;rSm ,Ofaus;rItqifhtvGefyif jrifhrm;aeayjyD/ eef;awmfukef;
(auau*sD 14)wl;az:pOfu 24vufr_10vufr&Sdaom ewf&kyf\ajczsm;udk oJ
ausmufjzifh xkvkyfxm;aMumif; awGU&\/ tay:ykdif;ykHoPmefudk rod&Sd&aomfvnf;
awGU&Sd&aom ajzzsm;ykHMuD;rm;onfudk Munfh ausmufqpf&kyfonf rnfrQMuD;rm;
aMumif;udk awG;q ausmufqpfynm wwfuRrf;aMumif;udk odomayonf/ Ad
Ekd;om;wkdYonf vlrIqufqHa&;wGif &dkaoav;pm;xkdufoludk &kdaoav;pm;onfh
*g&0w&m; vufudkifxm;Muonfh vl,Ofaus;rsm; jzpfonf[k qkd&ayrnf/
vlwkdYonf urmOD;acwftpuyif tEkynmudk jrwfEkd;Muolrsm;jzpf\/ Ad
Ekd;onf at'D 1-&mpkrS 3-&mpkwGif ay:ayguf aMu;acwf? oHacwfodkYyif a&muf
aejyDjzpf&m AdEkd;\tEkynmvuf&mrsm;rSm tHhbG,f&myifjzpf\/ AdEkd;om;wkdY
onf xkdacwfxdktcguyif yef; 10-rsKd;udk wwfuRrf;aeMujyDjzpfayonf/ txl;o
jzifh AdokumynmESifhtkd;xdef;twwfynmrSm txl;uRrf;usifaMumif;udk az:jyae\/
AdEkd;jrdKUonf awmifajrmufwnfhwnfh aqmufxm;jcif;r&SdbJ taemufajrmufodkY
13Hwdrf;apmif; aqmufxm;onfudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh awmifajrmufwef;aeaom
jrefrmjynfivsifaMumudk 13Hwdrf;apmif;jyD; csKyfudkifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh t
aqmuftODwkdYonf ivsift&Sdefjzifh &kwfw&uf jydKysufroGm;Ekdifay/ odyHynmrwkd;
wufao;aom xkdacwfxdktcguyif t,ltqrsKd;&SdaeykHrSm rnfrQAdokumt
wwfudk uRrf;usifaMumif; az:jy&ma&mufaeayonf/ taqmuftODrsm;rSm av;
a'gifhykHusjcif; (Balance)ykHnDjcif;puf0kdif;ykH 0ef;0dkif;pGm aqmufxm;jcif;wkdYrSm ao
oyfvS\/ odkYaomf (Underground foundation) rod&Sdao;bJ ajray:om wif
tkwfpDaqmufxm;ojzifhif;? tkwfrsm;udk wpyfwnf;pDxm;ojzifhif;? eH&HxlxJpGm
jyKvkyf&jcif;? axmufwkdifrsm; jyKvkyfay;&jcif; ponfhcsKdU,Gif;rIudkawGU&\/ tkwfzkwf
ynmrSmvnf; uRrf;usifaMumif;udk od&Sd&\/ tkwfrsm;rSm 20vufr? 10vufr? 3
vufrtkwfrsm;jzpfojzifh tvG,fwul usufap&ef pyg;cGHxnfhzkwfjcif;wkdYrSm tkwf
zkwfjcif;twwf tuRrf;w0if&Sdonfudk odomayonf? AdEkd;\xl;jcm;aom tEk
ynmvuf&mrSm tkd;xdef;twwfyif jzpfonf/ AdEkd;udk wl;az:pOfu ae&mwkdif;
yif tkd;uGJrsm;udk awGU&Sd&\/ tkdrsm;udk 4-rsKd; 4-pm;awGU&Sd&\/

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

1/ tpm;taomufESifhywfoufonfh tkd;trsKd;tpm;
2/ odkavSmifonfhtkd;trsKd;tpm;rsm; (qD? a&? t&kd;)
3/ tarT;tMudKif a&pifzsef;tkd;rsm;
4/ rD;xGef;&ef qDrD;cGuftkd;rsm; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
tkd;rsm;udk jyKvkyf&mwGif vufjzifh acG&pfjyKvkyfjcif;? vufjzifh ykH&kdufjcif;? tkd;
xdef;pufjzifh jyKvkyfjcif; ponfhenf;wkdYjzifh jyKvkyfEkdifay&m AdEkd;wGif awGU&Sd&aom
tkd;rsm;rSm 90&mckdifEIef;onf tkd;xdef;pufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;onfukd awGU&Sd&avonf/
tdk;rsm;\txl? tyg;? tacsm? tuspfESifhtkd;zkwfjcif;wkdYrSmvnf; rsm;pGm tHhMobG,f
&mawGU&\/ odkavSmiftkd;jzpfaom t&dk;tkd;rsm;udk vSyqef;Mu,faom ykHqef;rsm;jzifh
jyKvkyfxm;\/ tm;vkH;awGU&Sd&aom tkd;rsm;wGif txl;jcm;qkH;ESifhtvStyqkH;jzpf\/
(auau*sD 12wGif t&kd;tkd;aygif; 120ausmfudk awGU&\/)aooludk cspfcifav;pm;
tkd;ykHvSyqef;Mu,fpGmjyKvkyfjyD; t&kd;jymudk odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ a&tkd;?
qDtkd;wkdYrSm ykHrqef;aomfvnf; odyfonf;rI Tacher aumif;rGef\/ ,ckwkdif tvG,f
wulcGJruGJjcif;? yg;vSyfpGm jyKvkyfxm;jcif;? rD;nDpGm zkwfxm;jcif;wkdYrSm twk,l
bG,fjzpf\/ rD;zkdokH;jzpfaom xrif;tkd; [if;tkd;wkdYrSmvnf; pdwful;aumif;pGmjzifh jyK
vkyfxm;\/ tkd;\tv,fwGif tay:odkYrD;r[yfEkdif&efESifhvufudkif&ef tem;az:
xm;onfukd awGU&Sd&\/
tarT;txkHxnfhtkd;rsm;jzpfaom uefawmhuav;rsm;? u,m;uav;rsm;ukd
vnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;awGU&\/ qDrD;cGufykHqef;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&Sd&\/ tkd;uGJrsm;
udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh udk;uG,frIqkdif&m oD&d0pet&kyfuav;rsm;? uvomudwdrkc
tpm;MuL;onfhbDvl;&kyfrsm;? a,musfm;rdef;r&kyfwdkY twlaexkdifykHudk ykHaz:xm;onfh
twkdif; awGU&Sd&\/ txl;jcm;qkH;rSm (Rouletted) ac:'vdrfhwkH;jzifh ykHaz:onfh
(System) yifjzpfonf/ if;twwfynmrSm 1-&mpkwGif a&mr pwiftokH;jyKaom
twwfynmjzpf&m if;udk tD*spfrSwqifh tdEd,EkdifiH *sdz&eft&yfrSwqifh AdEkd;
odkYa&muf&SdvmykH&onf/ yef;xdrftwwfynmudkvnf; awGU&\/ '*Fg;oGef;vkyfjcif;
ESifh '*Fg;ay:odkY ykHaz:jcif;twwf? vufpGyfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;ponfh yef;xdrftwwfrsm;
udk wwfajrmufaMumif; awGU&\/ (auau*sD 14udk)wl;az:pOfu ewf&kyf\ 24
vufr_10vufr&Sd ewf&kyf\ajczsm;udk oJausmufwGif xGif;xkxm;onfudk Munfh
if;ewf&kyf\tjrifhESifhykHoPmefudk cefYrSef;EkdifjyD; ausmufqpfynmukd wwfajrmuf

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

aMumif;udkvnf; od&\/ r,feac:oHrIdrsm; tcsdef 80ausmfESifhoH,ufrrsm;? oHjrm;

oGm;rsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; yef;bJtwwfynmudk wwfajrmufaMumif;od&
\/ yef;wOf;twwfrSm eef;awmfukef;wGif tokH;jyKaom uRef;axmufwkdifMuD;rsm; rD;
avmifysufpD;oGm;om if;twwfynmudk cefYrSef;wGufq r&&Sdjcif;jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifhyif a&S;a[mif;&kyf<uif;rsm;onf acwfopf\orkdif;okawoejyK
jcif;wGif rnfrQtokH;0ift&ma&mufaMumif;udk avhvmtuJcyfEkdifojzifh a&S;a[mif;
tokH;taqmif ypnf;rsm;ukd raysmufrysuf rcsKdU,Gif;&atmif xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&Smufxm;oifhayonf/

udk;um;aomusrf;rsm;
(1) AdEkd;jrdKUa[mif;(wuokdvfynmya'ompmapmif twGJ 1? tydkif; 2? *Ref
1966)OD;atmifaomf/
(2) awmifwGif;MuD; &kyfvkH;az:orkdif;(awmifwGif;vSaz)/
(3) AdEkd;jrdKUa[mif;ESifhorkdif;tjrif(wuokdvfynmya'ompmapmif twGJ 1?
tykdif; 3? pufwifbm 1966)AkdvfrSL;b&Sif/
(4) a&S;a[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if(a'gufwmoef;xGef;)/
(5) aemufwkd;ysLrsm;(okawoepmapmif twGJ 1? tydkif; 1)OD;atmifaomf/
(6) pmaywHaqmif(ygarmuOD;csrf;jr)/
(7) Excaration at Beik Thano by U Aung Thaw.
armifvTrf;rkd;

rSwfcsuf/ /1969-70 ckESpfxkwf? rEav; 0dZmodyHwuokdvfESpfvnf pmapmif

r*Zif;? pmrsufESm(79 rS 84xd)vm&Sdaomaqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ
jyefvnf&kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/