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  • Blackouts and Countermeasures To Reduce Their Occurrence Probability

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    E.Avinash
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    This document discusses major blackouts that occurred in the US, Italy, and Europe and how power system operations have changed in recent years. It identifies four key factors that affect power system security: business structures, regulatory frameworks, physical system characteristics, and environmental disturbances. The document then examines how liberalization of energy markets, economic pressures on utilities, changes to physical infrastructure, regulations following blackouts, and growing energy demand have complicated power system operations and increased risks. It argues new tools are needed for monitoring, control, and protection across wide areas and different timescales to maintain stability.

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    2007 11 04 BP 1 Major Changes Sezi

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    This document discusses major blackouts that occurred in the US, Italy, and Europe and how power system operations have changed in recent years. It identifies four key factors that affect power system security: business structures, regulatory frameworks, physical system characteristics, and environmental disturbances. The document then examines how liberalization of energy markets, economic pressures on utilities, changes to physical infrastructure, regulations following blackouts, and growing energy demand have complicated power system operations and increased risks. It argues new tools are needed for monitoring, control, and protection across wide areas and different timescales to maintain stability.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views11 pages

    Blackouts and Countermeasures To Reduce Their Occurrence Probability

    Uploaded by

    E.Avinash
    This document discusses major blackouts that occurred in the US, Italy, and Europe and how power system operations have changed in recent years. It identifies four key factors that affect power system security: business structures, regulatory frameworks, physical system characteristics, and environmental disturbances. The document then examines how liberalization of energy markets, economic pressures on utilities, changes to physical infrastructure, regulations following blackouts, and growing energy demand have complicated power system operations and increased risks. It argues new tools are needed for monitoring, control, and protection across wide areas and different timescales to maintain stability.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Blackouts and countermeasures to reduce their occurrence probability 1

    Major Changes in Power System Operations

    Blackouts

    USA - August 14, 2003 Italy September 28, 2003 Europe November 4, 2006

    A Blackout starts usually with a normal power system disturbance.. ..and propagates as a result of unexpected and unplanned occurrences to a cascading outage.

    Page 2 of 11

    Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Power System Security

    Security of a Power System is affected by four factors: 1. Business structures of owning and operating entities (Business processes, energy trade practice) 2. The regulatory framework (Derived from political & economical expectations) 3. Characteristics of the Physical System: Primary Equipment: The integrated generation, transmission and distribution system Secondary Equipment: Protection and control systems 4. Environmental disturbances of the Physical System (Earthquake, hurricane, growing vegetation, bush fire, lightning..)

    Page 3 of 11

    Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Power System Security


    Power System Operation

    G
    Protection Control

    Primary Equipment Physical System

    Disturbance Sources

    Energy Trade

    Regulatory Framework

    Page 4 of 11

    Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Changes of Business Structures

    Growing energy trade in a liberalized market does not follow the generation and consumption plans Fast changes in system operations create fully new and unexpected situations Thus, system operators need new tools and can not relay on experience

    Exchange programs (red) and physical flows (blue) on 4 November at 22:09 Source: UCTE FINAL REPORT - SYSTEM DISTURBANCE ON 4 NOVEMBER 2006 Page 5 of 11 Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Changes of operational practices

    Economical pressure on utilities Investment justification and planning Operational and maintenance cost reduction Technical personnel downsizing and Environmental concerns and / or economical limitations No or very few new transmission lines require maximal utilization of the existing power system

    Page 6 of 11

    Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Changes of physical system structure Power


    Bulk Power Generation Transmission Corridor Mega City

    Power Electronics and Phase Shifting Transformers

    Power System Interconnections

    The probability of system instabilities and cascading outages increase with growing system complexity
    Page 7 of 11 Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Changes of regulatory framework

    Cost of blackouts Fear of terrorist attacks Request for fundamental countermeasures Request for precise and quick disturbance analysis Request for quick system restoration

    After these blackouts, governments and related organizations (NERC, UCTE) are requesting the implementation of new tools and processes for power system protection and operation to minimize the risk of blackouts.

    Page 8 of 11

    Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Changes of regulatory framework

    Liberalization of the Power market Separation of Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution Establishment of Independent Power Producers has complicated the power system operation due to the lack of data exchange between different entities

    Page 9 of 11

    Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Growing demand for electrical energy

    Investments into Generation, Transmission & Distribution do not keep up with Energy Demand

    Expected worldwide consumption of electrical energy

    Page 10 of 11

    Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

    Power System Protection & Control

    System Complexity

    Power System Control

    Wide Area Monitoring System Integrity Protection Object Protection

    0,1s

    1s

    10s

    1min

    10min

    Reaction Time

    Page 11 of 11

    Power system Protection & Automation 19. November 2007 New Delhi T. Sezi

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