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Autocad Basics Ntua
Autocad Basics Ntua
2.2.2
AUTOCAD
:
A.
. 407/80
.
2008
1
(CAD)
AutoCAD Autodesk
,
....
,
,
CAD.
AutoCAD Autodesk.
Microsoft Windows.
,
(printer), plotter. ,
CAD,
, .
3
.
:
1. ( ,
, layers/levels
).
2. ( , ,
, ,
, ( )).
3. ( blocks/cells, OLE)
4. .
5. / .
2.2.2
1.
1.1
....................................................................................................... 6
1.2
.................................................................... 9
1.3
1.2.1
............................................................................................ 9
1.2.2
........................................................ 10
1.2.3
............................................................................................ 11
1.2.4
......................................................................................... 11
1.2.5
........................................................................................... 12
1.2.6
................................................... 13
1.2.7
................................................................ 13
............................................................... 15
2. AutoCAD
2.1
....................................................................................................... 16
2.2
.......................................................................... 16
2.3
........................................................................................... 17
2.4
........................................................................................ 18
2.5
............................................................................................ 20
2.6
....................................................................................... 20
3.
3.1
....................................................................................................... 21
3.2
............................................................................... 22
3.3
............................................................................................ 22
3.4
..................................................................................... 23
4.
4.1
....................................................................................................... 24
4.2
Line................................................................................................................ 25
4.3
Xline............................................................................................................... 26
4.4
Multiline......................................................................................................... 27
4.5
Polygon.......................................................................................................... 27
4.6
Rectangle...................................................................................................... 28
4.7
Circle............................................................................................................. 28
4.8
Arc................................................................................................................. 29
4.9
Spline............................................................................................................. 31
4.10
Ellipse............................................................................................................ 31
4.11
Point.............................................................................................................. 32
4.12
Hatch............................................................................................................. 32
5.
5.1
....................................................................................................... 34
5.2
......................................................................................................... 35
6.
6.1
....................................................................................................... 36
6.2
Erase............................................................................................................. 37
6.3
Copy.............................................................................................................. 37
6.4
Mirror............................................................................................................. 37
6.5
Array.............................................................................................................. 37
6.6
Move.............................................................................................................. 40
6.7
Rotate............................................................................................................ 40
6.8
Trim............................................................................................................... 40
6.9
Extend........................................................................................................... 41
6.10
Break............................................................................................................. 41
6.11
Chamfer......................................................................................................... 42
6.12
Fillet............................................................................................................... 42
6.13
Explode.......................................................................................................... 43
7.
7.1
....................................................................................................... 44
7.2
.......................................................................................... 44
8.
8.1
....................................................................................................... 46
8.2
Text / Dtext.................................................................................................... 46
8.3
Mtext.............................................................................................................. 46
9.
10.
11. -
12.
12.1
....................................................................................................... 54
12.2
13. -
13.1
....................................................................................................... 57
13.2
................... 58
13.3
2D ............. 61
13.4
2D ..................................... 66
13.5
76
...........................................................................................................
13.6
............................... 84
13.7
...................................... 90
2.2.2 - . .
1.
1.1
, ,
.
,
.
, , ,
.
, /,
.
,
.
.
. , ,
, 30 60. .
6
2.2.2 - . .
.
, , , .
.
. ,
, .
CAD, Computer Aided Design,
.
CAD
.
.
.
,
. .
.
.
.
CAD
CAD.
/ , ,
, .
CAD
. CAD
.
, , .
, ,
,
7
2.2.2 - . .
.
. ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
, .
CAD. .
/ .
.
,
.
CAD ,
, ,
, ,
CAD .
CAD
.
CAD 3
, .
,
.
.
.
, ,
.
8
2.2.2 - . .
CAD
.
, .
CAD
,
. 3
. .
.
CAD,
AutoCad. AutoCad ,
,
, , , ,
. ,
, ,
, CAD
.
CAD,
,
.
1.2
-
AutoCad CAD
.
1.2.1
AutoCad
/ .
(.. m cm
) .
9
2.2.2 - . .
R=10, 10
(.. 10 m 10 cm 10 light years).
,
. 1
,
mm.
1.2.2
AutoCad
World Coordinate System WCS. X WCS
Y .
Z X ,
, .
(, ...)
(WCS). AutoCad
WCS.
.
,
, .
, .
AutoCad
WCS.
AutoCad,
,
, WCS .
. ,
.
10
2.2.2 - . .
1.2.3
AutoCad ,
.
, .
.
, .
.
:
ByLayer
red, ByLayer.
.
1.2.4 (Layers)
,
. ,
, (,
, ...) ( air conditions,
, ...).
utoCad (layer).
layers .
(Line, circle, point ...) ''''
layer. layer, AutoCad
layer ''0''
AutoCad.
To AutoCad layer ,
layer, (attributes) ,
(/),
11
2.2.2 - . .
Layer.
on/off, frozen/thawed, lock/unlock, plot/no plot
layer .
layers
.
,
. Layers
( directories
), .
layers ,
,
(.. OPSIA ).
( )
( )
layer . ,
( spaghetti programming
).
''ByLayer'' .. ''red''.
1.2.5
AutoCad
.
, .
.
.
. .
,
. .
.
12
2.2.2 - . .
.
, .
AutoCad ( zoom),
AutoCad
( scale).
( ) .
( ) ,
( ).
1.2.6
AutoCad
. :
. LINE
. (POLYLINE):
. .
. - CIRCLE
. - ARC
. TEXT
. HATCH:
.
. (POINT)
. (DIMENSION): .
DIMENSION .
. raster: IMAGE: raster,
, AutoCad.
1.2.7
, AutoCad
.
13
2.2.2 - . .
.
:
. ERASE: .
. MOVE: , ,
.
. ROTATE:
.
. SCALE:
/ .
. BREAK: .
. TRIM:
.
. CHPROP: ,
(layer) . ,
properties.
. COPY: (
).
.
3 :
. Select one: ,
.
. Select window: ( )
.
.
. Select crossing:
.
14
2.2.2 - . .
, ,
. AutoCad
REMOVE , ,
. ADD ,
, .
AutoCad
Quick Select,
( , ,
), layer , .,
.
1.3
AutoCad
, ,
AutoCad (AutoCad clones).
IntelliCad
, AutoCad,
, . (Free
Software) , IntelliCad
AutoCad. CAD
www.sourgeforge.net, 162
. ThanCad
(GUI, CLI).
CAD AutoCad,
CAD , .
MicroStation AllPlan .
15
2.2.2 - . .
2.
AUTOCAD
2.1
AutoCAD,
, ,
,
.
2.2
AutoCad , , ,
, .
,
(abbreviations), .
,
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
16
2.2.2 - . .
AutoCad
.
UNDO.
, REDO,
UNDO.
UNDO . REDO
.
2.3
17
2.2.2 - . .
24
18
2.2.2 - . .
19
2.2.2 - . .
2.5
2.6
20
2.2.2 - . .
3.
3.1
,
AutoCAD, ,
.
21
2.2.2 - . .
3.2
3.3
22
2.2.2 - . .
3.4
23
2.2.2 - . .
4.
4.1
AutoCAD,
, ,
hatch.
:
1. DRAW
2.
3.
24
2.2.2 - . .
4.2
Line
Line
.
:
1. (mouse )
2. (mouse )
.
25
2.2.2 - . .
(
) Enter
.
Close
.
4.3
Xline
Xline
.
:
1. Point: . ()
2. Hor: .
3. Ver: .
4. Ang:
(Reference),
.
5. Bisect: .
(vertex),
.
6. Offset:
(
),
.
26
2.2.2 - . .
4.4
Multiline
Multiline
.
Line
(Justification),
(Scale) (STyle).
AutoCAD
.
FormatMultiline Style
4.5
Polygon
Polygon
.
1. :
27
2.2.2 - . .
(Inscribed)
(Circumscribed).
2. Edge: .
4.6
Rectangle
Rectangle
.
(Elevetion, Thickness) .
.
:
1. Chamfer: .
.
2. Elevation:
3. Fillet: .
.
4. Thickness:
5. Width:
4.7
Circle
Circle
28
2.2.2 - . .
:
1. Center-Radius ():
(
).
( Diameter
).
2. 2Points:
.
3. 3Points: .
4. Ttr (Tangent-Tangent-Radius): (
)
(
)
5. Tangent-Tangent-Tangent: (
) .
.
4.8
Arc
Arc
.
.
29
2.2.2 - . .
30
2.2.2 - . .
4.9
Spline
Spline
.
.
:
Close:
.
Fit tolerance:
.
4.10
Ellipse
Ellipse
.
.
31
2.2.2 - . .
( Arc). ,
.
4.11
Point
Point
. Format>Point
Style.
4.12
Hatch
Hatch
.
:
32
2.2.2 - . .
Advanced :
Normal:
.
2
...
Outer:
.
Ignore:
.
33
2.2.2 - . .
5.
5.1
,
, . ,
(layers).
34
2.2.2 - . .
5.2
35
2.2.2 - . .
6.
6.1
:
1. Modify
2.
3.
.
Enter
mouse.
36
2.2.2 - . .
6.2
Erase
Erase
6.3
Copy
Copy (objects)
.
(base point
of displacement)
(
).
(Multiple).
6.4
Mirror
Mirror
.
( )
.
(Yes/No).
6.5
Array
37
2.2.2 - . .
Array
.
(Rectangular) (Polar).
:
1. Enter number of rows:
2. Enter number of columns:
3. Enter distance between rows: ( )
2.2.2 - . .
39
2.2.2 - . .
6.6
Move
Move
.
(base point
of displacement)
(
).
6.7
Rotate
Rotate
.
(base point
of displacement) .
6.8
Trim
Trim
.
. (
Enter).
.
40
2.2.2 - . .
Trim ( Extend )
3D .
6.9
Extend
Extend
.
. (
Enter).
.
6.10
Break
Break
.
:
,
.
.
(
)
41
2.2.2 - . .
6.11
Chamfer
Chamfer
.
.
:
1. Polyline:
2. Distance:
.
3. Angle:
.
4. Trim:
.
5. Method:
(Distance/Angle)
6.12
Fillet
Fillet
.
.
:
1. Polyline:
2. Radius: .
42
2.2.2 - . .
3. Trim:
.
6.13
Explode
Explode
(. 4
).
43
2.2.2 - . .
7.
7.1
AutoCad
7.2
(snap)
,
.
, ,
.
(, , ),
( , , ).
, ,
.
(object snap), . , (snap,
44
2.2.2 - . .
grid) , (tracking)
(polar tracking).
45
2.2.2 - . .
8.
8.1
AutoCAD.
8.2
Text / Dtext
Command: dtext
Current text style: "Standard"
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]:
Specify height <2.5000>:
Specify rotation angle of text <0>:
.
8.3
Mtext
46
2.2.2 - . .
() .
:
(
mm)
47
2.2.2 - . .
Properties:
48
2.2.2 - . .
9.
49
2.2.2 - . .
10.
50
2.2.2 - . .
,
draworder Above
objects/Under objects/Front/Back.
,
, , imageclip.
: Modify -->
Object --> Image.
Adjust .
Quality .
Transparency .
Frame .
Frame OFF,
(, ) .
51
2.2.2 - . .
11.
.
,
AutoCad, CAD ,
.
AutoCad ,
(block),
. block :
. (move, rotate,
scale ).
. , ,
.
. block, block
.
. .
blocks.
. AutoCad
block ,
.
52
2.2.2 - . .
. ,
(attributes).
( ).
. AutoCad
-, ,
(referenced), .
xref.
:
. .
. ,
.
.
, .
. layers layer
, . layer
( ) ,
.
. ,
, (
,
, ).
. xclip.
53
2.2.2 - . .
12.
12.1
, ,
, ,
, .
AutoCad
:
. , Visual Basic, AutoLisp.
, AutoCad
(standard)
.
. (API) :
( C/C++).
AutoCad.
. (DXF): AutoCad
.dwg
.
54
2.2.2 - . .
.dxf, .
.dxf, AutoCad.
, AutoCad
.dxf,
AutoCad (WINDOWS).
AutoCad. ,
,
.
12.2
1. Fortran Powerstation
start->all programs->language->Visual Fortran 6->Developer Studio
2. workspace
File->new
. () Fortran Console Application
. tab location ...
workspace. workspace
.
Project name ... workspace .. stamosthanasis.
,
.
() OK.
. An empty Project
finish OK.
3. Fortran workspace
File->New
Fortran Fixed Format Source File
tab File name .. Circle
check button Add to project .
OK.
55
2.2.2 - . .
4. dxf gen
.
mycourses.ntua.gr,
fwpidxf.lib
fwpigen.lib
/, , .
workspace ..
My Documents/Fortran/stamosthanasis/
. workspace :
Project->Settings
workspace ..
stamosthanasis
tab link
Object/Library modules (
) fwpigen.lib fwpidxf.lib
OK.
5.
File->save All
56
2.2.2 - . .
13.
13.1
57
2.2.2 - . .
13.2
AutoCad
(enter)
5,6
(enter)
(enter)
To AutoCad
.
, @
x, y. :
Line (enter)
1,3
(enter)
@4,3 (enter)
(enter)
,
,
(
).
@10,20.
(15,26) 5+10, 6+20.
58
2.2.2 - . .
AutoCad
.
:
(R=3.16
=71.6,
LINE
enter
3.16<71.6
enter
7.81<50.2
enter
rB=7.81
B=50.2)
enter
< .
.
.
(R'B=5
'B=36.9)
LINE enter
1,3
enter
@5<36.9
enter
enter
H , ,
.
,
.
(100,200) 50 25 :
) M
LINE
enter
100,200
enter
150,200
enter
100,225
enter
100,200
enter
enter
59
2.2.2 - . .
) M
LINE enter
100,200
enter
@50,0enter
@0,25enter
@-50,0
enter
@0,-25
enter
enter
)
LINE enter
100,200
enter
@50<0
enter
@25<90
enter
@50<180
enter
@25<270
enter
enter
H
:
rectangle
enter
100,200
enter
150,225
enter
enter
:
rectangle
enter
100,200
enter
@50,25
enter
60
2.2.2 - . .
13.3
2D
, 6cm. 45 o.
, polyline .
:
61
2.2.2 - . .
pline
0,0
@6<0
@6<45
@6<90
@6<135
@6<180
@6<225
@6<270
close
6cm/6=1cm.
Circle
0,0
1
offset 1cm.
offset,
offset, .
62
2.2.2 - . .
offset
1
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
<enter>
.
Copy
crossing
<
,
<enter>
0,0
3
4
5
6
7
8
<enter>
63
2.2.2 - . .
:
trim
< 1 .>
< >
<enter>
< ,
, 2 . ,
.
<enter>
:
trim
< 3 .>
< >
<enter>
< ,
, 2 . ,
.
<enter>
64
2.2.2 - . .
:
erase
< >
<enter>
trim
< >
<enter>
<
>
<enter>.
3 4
array:
array
rows 3, columns 4,
row offset 26.5, column offset 26.5,
select objects
OK. .
65
2.2.2 - . .
13.4
2D
W.J.Luzadder ,
"Fundamentals
of
J.M.Duff,
Engineering
66
2.2.2 - . .
- LIMITS
.
3 :
lower left corner: 0,0
Layer hidden: ()
Layer thin:
Layer axial:
Layer thickaxial:
Layer crosssection:
- zoom all
limits.
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_A.exe
67
2.2.2 - . .
10 mm.
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_B.exe
68
2.2.2 - . .
.
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_C.exe
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_D.exe
69
2.2.2 - . .
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_E.exe
70
2.2.2 - . .
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_F.exe
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_G.exe
71
2.2.2 - . .
ISO E
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_H.exe
&
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_I.exe
72
2.2.2
. .
2.2.2 - . .
""
:
Autodesk ExpressViewer
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/?page=education
74
2.2.2 - . .
( )
autocad:
AutoCAD 200x (and AutoCAD LT 200y) Bible, Ellen Finkelstein, Hungry Minds,
200x.
x = 0 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9
y = 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9
http://www.ellenfinkelstein.com/autoCAD.html
http://www.ellenfinkelstein.com/estore.html
75
2.2.2 - . .
13.5
, (, , ,
),
AutoCad blocks. /
. h m
b m , s ( 1: s )
.
1
, () ()
16-18cm () 30cm. :
n=
h
0.5
0.165
. :
h i=
h
n
n1
:
L k =n10.30
:
2.20mh6m , 0.70 mb20m , 10s1000
,
, :
h def =3m , bdef =1.10m , s def =50
.
,
76
2.2.2 - . .
data001.dxf.
:
. call plot (x, y, ipen)
x, y.
ipen=2 . ipen=3
.
. call plots (1)
dxf .
.
. call number (x, y, h, dn, theta, ndec)
() dn x,y
h, ndec ,
theta ( ) x.
77
2.2.2 - . .
ndec=-1, , .
x,y
.
. call layer (lname)
, layer lname.
. call plot (0.0d0, 0.0d0, 999)
dxf.
.
DXFLIB Fortran77,
, .
.
2
:
n
0.30 m , :
:
layer SKALA
y=-0.30
i=1 n:
( y=y+0.30
. 0,y b,y)
0,0 0,y
b,0 b,y
78
2.2.2 - . .
. 0.25 cm .
0.25cm 1:s m
s
0.25
100
:
layer SKALA_FORA
hs=0.25*s/100
y=(n-1)*0.30
b/2, 0 b/2, y
b/2, y b/2-hs/2, y-hs
b/2, y b/2+hs/2, y-hs
y
x. k
x a , y a (
)
hs ,
) x a
khs
hs
, ya
2
2
:
hs=0.18*s/100
dy=-0.30
i=1 n-1:
( y=y+dy
i < 10 -> k=1 k=2
xa=b/2+hs, ya=y+0.30/2-hs/2
i xa,ya hs, =0
(
),
,
.
79
2.2.2 - . .
:
dmin, dmax , ddef
:
dline
dline = -> ddef
dline ->
d dline
dmin <= d <= dmax -> d
( )
3
program skala
include 'skala.inc'
call rdDed
call sxSkal
call sxFora
call sxArit
stop
end
c
subroutine sxSkal
" ."
include 'skala.inc'
integer i
double precision y
nyps = horof / HRIXTI + 0.5d0
call plots (1)
call layer ('SKALA')
y = -BPAT
do 100 i=1, nyps
y = y + BPAT
call plot (0.0d0, y, 3)
call plot (bskal, y, 2)
100 continue
call plot (0.0d0, 0.0d0, 3)
call plot (0.0d0, y, 2)
call plot (bskal, 0.0d0, 3)
call plot (bskal, y, 2)
return
80
2.2.2 - . .
end
c
subroutine sxFora
" ."
include 'skala.inc'
double precision y, b2, hs
call layer ('SKALA_FORA')
hs = HARROW * scale / 100.0d0
y = dfloat(nyps-1) * BPAT
b2 = bskal * 0.50d0
call plot (b2,
0.0d0, 3)
call plot (b2,
y+hs*0.5d0, 2)
call plot (b2-hs*0.5d0, y, 2)
call plot (b2+hs*0.5d0, y, 2)
call plot (b2,
y+hs*0.5d0, 2)
return
end
subroutine sxArit
" ."
include 'skala.inc'
integer i
double precision y, hs, ak, xa, ya
subroutine rdDed
" , , ."
include 'skala.inc'
call inpDou(' m
&2.20d0, 6.0d0, 3.0d0, horof)
(enter=3) : ',
(enter=50) : ',
81
2.2.2 - . .
c-----" ."
implicit none
double precision dmin, dmax, ddef, dnum
character*(*) mes
integer ierr
character*20 dline
100 continue
print *, mes
read 10, dline
10
format (a)
dnum = ddef
if (dline .eq. ' ') return
read (dline, 20, iostat=ierr) dnum
20
format (f20.0)
if (ierr .ne. 0) then
print *, ' . .'
go to 100
end if
if (dnum .ge. dmin .and. dnum .le. dmax) return
print *, ' . .'
go to 100
end
'skala.inc' :
implicit none
double precision HRIXTI, BPAT, HARROW, HNUM
parameter (HRIXTI=0.165d0, BPAT=0.30d0,
&HARROW=0.25d0, HNUM=0.18d0)
integer nyps
double precision horof, bskal, scale
common /cskala/ horof, bskal, scale, nyps
( ),
. .
(/):
m
(enter=3) :
2.80
m (enter=1.10) :
1.20
s (1:s)
(enter=50) :
50
82
2.2.2 - . .
( 'data001.dxf')
83
2.2.2 - . .
13.6
.
,
AutoCad,
, .
2d & 3d AutoCAD [1].
84
2.2.2 - . .
85
2.2.2 - . .
86
2.2.2 - . .
87
2.2.2 - . .
88
2.2.2 - . .
89
2.2.2 - . .
13.7
AutoCad , ,
.
10m, 15m
(.. ).
box, slice, osnap, point, ddptype, copy.
1: ( 1)
: Draw/solids/box
:
Specify corner of box or [Enter] <0,0,0>: -5,-5,0
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: L
Specify length: 10
Specify width: 10
Specify height: 15
, :
View/3Dviews/SW isometric
2: ( 1)
: Format/Points style
O ()
: Tools/Drafting Settings/Object Snap
Endpoint Node OK
: Draw/Point/Single Point
:
Specify a point: 0,0,15
90
2.2.2 - . .
1
3: . ( 2)
: Draw/Solids/Slice
:
Select Objects:
. .
( .
) (Enter)
3 :
2
91
2.2.2 - . .
4: .
( 3)
3
0,0,15 .
o .
Tools/Drafting Settings/Object Snap
92
2.2.2 - . .
Endpoint Intersection
.
93
2.2.2 - . .
94