Bangladesh (Listeni/bld/ or Listeni/bld/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: Gnoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign

gn state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country". The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971.[1] With the intervention of the Indian Army alongside the fierce native resistance, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course. Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy, with an elected parliament called the Jatiyo Sangshad. It is the ninth-most populous country and among the most densely populated countries in the world. Just like in the rest of South Asia the poverty rate prevails, although the United Nations has acclaimed Bangladesh for achieving tremendous progress in human development.[7][8] Geographically, the country straddles the fertile Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta and is subject to annual monsoon floods and cyclones. The country is listed among the Next Eleven economies. It is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, BCIM, the D-8 and BIMSTEC, and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Non-Aligned Movement. However, Bangladesh continues to face a number of major challenges, including widespread political and bureaucratic corruption, widespread poverty, and an increasing danger of hydrologic shocks brought on by ecological vulnerability to climate change. Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years,[11] when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word "Bangla" or "Bengal" is not known, though it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.[12] The kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the 7th century BCE, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha[disambiguation needed], Nanda, Mauryan and Sunga Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta Empire and Harsha Empire from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE. Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka founded an impressive short-lived kingdom. After a period of anarchy, the Bengali Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Medieval European geographers located paradise at the mouth of the Ganges and although this was overhopeful, Bengal was probably the wealthiest part of the subcontinent until the 16th century. The area's early history featured a succession of Hindu empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. Islam was introduced to the Bengal region in the 12th century by Arab Muslim merchants; Sufi missionaries, and subsequent Muslim rule helped spread Islam throughout the region.[13] Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkish general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal in the year 1204. The region was ruled by several sultans, Hindu states and land-lordsBaro-Bhuiyans for the next few hundred years. By the 16th century, the Mughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial centre of Mughal administration. From 1517 onwards, Portuguese traders from Goa were traversing the sea-route to Bengal. Only in 1537, were they allowed to settle and open customs houses at Chittagong. In 1577, Mughal emperor Akbar permitted the Portuguese to build permanent settlements and churches in Bengal.[14] The

influence of European traders grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[15] The bloody rebellion of 1857known as the Sepoy Mutinyresulted in transfer of authority to the crown with a British viceroy running the administration.[16] During colonial rule, famine racked South Asia many times, including the warinduced Great Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.[17] Lalbagh Fort, constructed in the mid-17th century in Dhaka during the reign of Aurangzeb. The Maratha Empire, a Hindu empire which overran the Mughals in the 18th century, also devastated the territories controlled by the Nawab of Bengal between 1742 and 1751. In a series of raids on Bengal and Bihar, then ruled by the Nawab, Maratha demolished much of the Bengali economy, which was unable to withstand the continuous onslaught of Maratha for long. Nawab Ali Vardi Khan made peace with Maratha by ceding the whole of Orissa and parts of Western Bengal to the empire. In addition, this a tax the Chauth, amounting to a quarter of total revenue was imposed on other parts of Bengal and Bihar. This tax amounted to twenty lakhs (of rupees?) for Bengal and 12 lakhs for Bihar per year.[18][19] After Maratha's defeat in Panipat by a coalition of Muslim forces, the empire returned under the Maratha general Madhoji Sindhia and raided Bengal again. The British Empire stopped payment of the Chauth, invading the territory of Bengal in 1760s. The raids continued until Maratha was finally defeated by the British over the course of three AngloMaratha Wars, lasting from 1777 to 1818. Sixty Dome Mosque in Mosque city of Bagerhat was built in the 15th century and is the largest historical mosque in Bangladesh, as well as a UN World Heritage site. Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone.[20] When the exit of the British Empire in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines, with the western part going to newly created India and the eastern part (Muslim majority) joining Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.[21] In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari system.[22] Despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, however, Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.[23] Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for autonomy in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), was jailed; he was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising. In 1970, a massive cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan, killing up to half a million people,[24] and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections,[25] was blocked from taking office. After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan and military officials launched Operation Searchlight,[26] a sustained military assault on East Pakistan and arrested him in the early hours of 26 March 1971. Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths.[27] Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about one million refugees fled to neighbouring India.[28] Estimates of those massacred throughout the war range from thirty thousand to 3,000,000.[29] Mujibur Rahman was ultimately released on 8 January 1972, due to direct US intervention.[30] Awami League leaders set up a government-in-exile in Calcutta, India. The exile government formally took oath at Meherpur, in Kustia district of East Pakistan on 17 April 1971, with Tajuddin Ahmad as the first Prime Minister and Syed Nazrul Islam as the Acting President. The Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for nine months. The Bangladesh Forces formed within 11 sectors led by General M.A.G. Osmani consisting of Bengali Regular forces conducted a massive guerilla war against the Pakistan Forces with support from the Mukti Bahinis consisting of Kaderia Bahni, Hemayet Bahini, and others financed and equipped by Indian Armed Forces Maj. Gen. Sujat

Singh Uban. The Indian Army, assisted by Bangladeshi forces, negotiated a cease-fire and surrounded the Dhaka Area. The Indian Army remained in Bangladesh until 19 March 1972. After its independence, Bangladesh was governed by a Awami League government, with Mujib as the Prime Minister, without holding any elections. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami League gained an absolute majority. A nationwide famine occurred during 1973 and 1974,[17] and in early 1975, Mujib initiated a one-party socialist rule with his newly formed BAKSAL. On 15 August 1975, Mujib and most of his family members were assassinated by mid-level military officers.[31] Vice President Khandaker Mushtaq Ahmed was sworn in as President with most of Mujib's cabinet intact. Two Army uprisings on 3 November and the other on 7 November 1975 led to the reorganised structure of power. Emergency was declared to restore order and calm, Mushtaq resigned and the country was placed under temporary martial law, with three service chiefs serving as deputies to the new president Justice Abu Satem, who also became the Chief Martial Law Administrator. Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman, took over the presidency in 1977 as Justice Sayem resigned. President Zia reinstated multi-party politics, introduced free markets, and founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Zia's rule ended when he was assassinated by elements of the military in 1981.[31] Bangladesh's next major ruler was Lieutenant General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, who gained power in a coup on 24 March 1982, and ruled until 6 December 1990, when he was forced to resign after a revolt of all major political parties and the public, along with pressure from western donors (which was a major shift in international policy after the fall of the Soviet Union). Since then, Bangladesh has reverted to a parliamentary democracy. Zia's widow, Khaleda Zia, led the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary victory at the general election in 1991, and became the first female Prime Minister in Bangladeshi history. However, the Awami League, headed by Sheikh Hasina, one of Mujib's surviving daughters, won the next election in 1996. It lost again to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 2001. On 11 January 2007, following widespread political unrest spearheaded by the Awami League, the Bangladesh civil and military establishment supported the establishment of a neutral caretaker government. The caretaker government was appointed to administer the next general election. The country had suffered from extensive corruption,[32] disorder and political violence. The caretaker government made it a priority to root out corruption from all levels of government. To this end, many notable politicians and officials, along with large numbers of lesser officials and party members, were arrested on corruption charges. The caretaker government held what it itself described as a largely free and fair election on 29 December 2008.[33] The Awami League's Sheikh Hasina won with a landslide in the elections and took the oath of Prime Minister on 6 January 2009.[34] [edit] Notable people Listed below are notable people who are either citizens of Bangladesh, born in the region of what is now Bangladesh, or of Bangladeshi origin living abroad (such as British Bangladeshis or Bangladeshi Americans). Fazlur Rahman Khan Hason Raja Muhammad Yunus * Fazlur Rahman Khan was a structural engineer and architect, who initiated structural systems that form the basis of tall building construction today.[35][36][37] Considered the Father of tubular designs for high-rises,[38] Khan became an icon in both architecture and structural engineering.[39] Khan's structural innovations revolutionized tall building design.[40][41] Most buildings over 40storeys constructed since the 1960s now use a tube design derived from Khans structural engineering principles. He is the designer of Willis Tower the tallest building in the United States (and tallest in the world for many years), John Hancock Centre, Hajj Terminal and etc. Khan's innovations not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient, they significantly reduce the usage of materials while simultaneously allow buildings to reach even greater heights. The reduction of material makes the buildings economically much more efficient and reduces

environmental issues as it results in the least carbon emission impact on the environment. Tubular systems allow greater interior space and further enable buildings to take on various shapes, offering unprecedented freedom to architects.[42][43] He also invented the sky lobby for high rises and helped in initiating the widespread usage of computers for structural engineering. Khan, more than any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the twentieth century[44] and made it possible for people to live and work in "cities in the sky".[45] Khan in his short life created a legacy of innovations that is without peer and left an unprecedented and lasting influence on the profession, both nationally and internationally.[46][47] He has been called the "Einstein of structural engineering" and the Greatest Structural Engineer of the 20th Century for his innovative use of structural systems that remain fundamental to modern skyscraper construction.[48] CTBUH named an award after him called Fazlur Khan Lifetime Achievement Medal. Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as starting point when considering design options for tall buildings.[49] * Jagadish Chandra Bose was a Bengali polymath; physicist, botanist and archeologist. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science. IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio science. He also invented Crescograph, a device for measuring plant growth. He was the first from the Indian subcontinent to hold a US patent and was also a science fiction writer. He was born in Bangladesh. * Mohammad Ataul Karim an elected fellow of six scientific organizations who is known for his contributions to the fields of electro-optical devices and systems, optical computing and processing, and pattern recognition; he is ranked amongst the top 50 researchers who contributed most to Applied Optics in its 50-year history.[50] He is the vice president for research of Old Dominion University (ODU) in Norfolk,Virginia and he holds many patents. He chairs the International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, now in its 14th year,[51][52] and is the driver behind the production of 18 international journal special issues featuring scientific works of Bangladesh-based researchers in the fields of communications,[53] computing,[54] multimedia,[55] networks,[56] and software.[57] His edited book on "Technical Challenges and Design Issues in Bangla Language Processing"[58] provides the most comprehensive scientific platform for Bangla based computing work that is of significance to nearly 300 million Bangla-speaking people who live in Bangladesh and India. * Abdus Suttar Khan was a distinguished aerospace researcher. He holds many US patents.[59] Khan invented more than 40 different alloys for commercial application in space shuttles, advanced commercial jet engines, and U.S. air force jet engines. These alloys made engines lighter, which enabled the aircraft to fly faster. * Maqsudul Alam is a scientist who achieved Three milestones in genomics sequencing the genomes of Papaya, Rubber plants and Jute. He is a professor in university of Hawaii. * Abul Hussam is the inventor of Sono arsenic filter. * Jawed Karim, co-creator of YouTube and designed anti fraud system of paypal. * Saleemul Huq, awarded the Burtoni Award for contribution to climate change adaptation. * SM Faruque, internationally renowned microbiologist and scientist who is one of the pioneer researcher on Vibrio cholerae which causes cholera. * Jamal Nazrul Islam, physicist and cosmologist. He published a lot of books many of which were translated into several different languages. * Khondkar Siddique-e-Rabbani, a biomedical physicist and innovator who has been a pioneering figure in developing the Focused Impedance Measurement method. * Mir M. Ali, a civil engineer. He is a head lecturer at University of Illinois. He has published many books and papers; books about structural engineering, Seismic engineering, concrete changes and architecture. And also books about engineering legends such as Fazlur Khan and Lynn S. Beedle. He has performed extensive research in civil engineering such as structural History of Skyscrapers, structural Design for Natural Disasters, sustainable design, low-cost housing and etc. He came up with innovative Solutions to Major Structural Problems in Engineering Practice. He has taken part in Eight projects in Illinois and Indiana, Eleven projects in Ontario, Canada, and Five international projects (Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Mexico, and Pakistan). For his works he

received numerous awards and honours. He is a registered structural engineer in Illinois, a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and a Founding Member of the Architectural Engineering Institute (AEI). He is an important member of CTBUH. He was also a Senior Lecturer at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He worked at Lehigh University and SOM. * Muzharul Islam, one of the pioneer architects of South Asia. * Syed Mainul Hossain, award winning architect who designed the national war memorial i.e. Jatiyo Smriti Soudho. * Rafiq Azam, an architect who received international recognition. * Bashirul Haq, an architect who worked at with Fazlur Khan at SOM, the most renowned architectural firm in America, known for his ideological place-responsive architectural style. * Irene Khan, human rights activist. * Muhammad Yunus, a Nobel prize winner. Fortune placed him in top 12 greatest entrepreneurs. * Fazle Hasan Abed, founder of BRAC (NGO), the world's largest non-governmental development organization. * Tareque Masud, an internationally acclaimed film maker. * Surya Sen, a great anti-British freedom fighter. * Kazi Nazrul Islam was a highly influential poet, musician and revolutionary. * Shamsur Rahman was a Bangladeshi poet, columnist and journalist. * Lalon Shah (17741890), mystic poet, philosopher, folk singer. He influenced Rabindranath Tagore, the first non-European to win the Nobel prize. * Hason Raja (18541922) was a notable Bengali poet, mystic philosopher and folk songs writer and composer. * Alaol, medieval poet of Bengal. [edit] Government and politics Main article: Politics of Bangladesh See also: Constitution of Bangladesh Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban houses the Parliament of Bangladesh and is one of the largest legislative complexes in the world. National symbols of Bangladesh Anthem Amar Shonar Bangla Animal Bengal tiger Bird Oriental Magpie Robin Fish Hilsa Flower White Water Lily Fruit Jackfruit Tree Mango tree Sport Hadudu Calendar Bengali calendar Bangladesh is a unitary state and parliamentary democracy.[60] Direct elections in which all citizens, aged 18 or over, can vote are held every five years for the unicameral parliament known as Jatiya Sangsad. The parliamentary building is known as the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban and was designed by architect Louis Kahn. Currently the parliament has 350 members including 50 reserved seats for women, elected from single-member constituencies. The Prime Minister, as the head of government, forms the cabinet and runs the day-to-day affairs of state. While the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the President, he or she must be an Member of Parliament who commands the confidence of the majority of parliament. The President is the head of state but mainly a ceremonial post elected by the parliament.[61] However the President's powers are substantially expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government, which is responsible for the conduct of elections and transfer of power. The officers of the caretaker government must be non-partisan and are given three months to complete their task. This transitional arrangement is an innovation that was pioneered by Bangladesh in its 1991 election and then institutionalised in 1996 through its 13th constitutional amendment.[62] The Constitution of Bangladesh was drafted in 1972 and has undergone 15 amendments.[62] The

highest judicial body is the Supreme Court. Justices are appointed by the President. The judicial and law enforcement institutions are weak.[63] Separation of powers, judicial from executive was finally implemented on 1 November 2007. It is expected that this separation will make the judiciary stronger and impartial. Laws are loosely based on English common law, but family laws such as marriage and inheritance are based on religious scripts, and therefore differ between religious communities. Major parties in Bangladesh are the Bangladesh Awami League, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (BJI). BNP is led by Khaleda Zia and has politically been allied with Islamist parties like Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami but practice secular politics. Sheikh Hasina's Awami League aligns with more leftist parties. Hasina and Zia are bitter rivals who have dominated politics for over 15 years; each is related to one of the leaders of the independence movement. Another important player is the Jatiya Party, headed by former military dictator Ershad. The Awami League-BNP rivalry has been bitter and punctuated by protests, violence and murder. Student politics is particularly strong in Bangladesh, a legacy from the liberation movement era. Almost all parties have highly active student wings, and student leaders have been elected to the Parliament. Two radical terrorist organisations, Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB) and Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), were banned in February 2005. Several small-scale bomb attacks taking place since 1999 have been blamed on those groups, and dozens of suspected members have been detained in security operations, including the heads of those two parties in 2006. The masterminds were tried and executed. The Bangladesh government won praise from world leaders, including Western leaders, for its strong anti-terrorist stance. On 11 January 2007, following widespread political unrest, a caretaker government was appointed to administer the next general election. The 22 January 2007 election was postponed indefinitely and emergency law declared on 11 January 2007 as the Army backed caretaker government of Fakhruddin Ahmed aimed to prepare a new voter list and crack down on corruption. They also assisted the interim Government of Bangladesh in a drive against corruption, which resulted in Bangladesh's position in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index changed from the very bottom, where they had been for 3 years in a row, to 147th in just 1 year.[64] A large alliance led by the Bangladesh Awami League won 29 December 2008 poll, in a landslide victory. They got 230 seats among 300 seats in the parliament.[65] [edit] Foreign relations and military Main articles: Foreign relations of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Armed Forces BNS Bangabandhu, a Bangladeshi Navy frigate Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron in London, United Kingdom in 2011. Bangladesh pursues a moderate foreign policy that places heavy reliance on multinational diplomacy, especially at the United Nations. In 1974 Bangladesh joined both the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations, and has since been elected to serve two terms on the Security Council in 19781979 and 20002001. In the 1980s, Bangladesh played a lead role in founding the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in order to expand relations with other South Asian states. Since the founding of SAARC 1985, a Bangladeshi has held the post of Secretary General on two occasions. Bangladesh's most important and complex foreign relationship is with India. This relationship is formed by historical and cultural ties and is strengthened because of India's involvement in liberating the people of Bangladesh from Pakistan. This forms an important part of the domestic political discourse. Bangladesh's relationship with India began on a positive note because of India's assistance in the independence war and subsequent reconstruction. Throughout the years, the relationship between the two countries has fluctuated for a number of reasons. A major source of tension between Bangladesh and India is the Farakka Dam.[66] In 1975, India

constructed a dam on the Ganges River 10.3 mi (16.6 km) from the Bangladeshi border. Bangladesh alleges that the dam diverts much needed water from Bangladesh and adds a manmade disaster to a country already plagued by natural disasters. The dam has had terrible ecological consequences.[66] There are other sources of tension between the nations. India has voiced concerns about anti-Indian separatists and Islamic militants allegedly being harboured across their 2,597 mi (4,179 km) border, as well as the flow of illegal migrants, and is building a fence along most of it.[67] However, at the 2007 SAARC meeting both nations pledged to work cooperatively on security, economic and border issues.[68] The current (As on 2012) strength of the army is around 300,000 including reservists,[69] the air force 22,000,[70] and navy 19,000.[71] In addition to traditional defence roles, the military has been called on to provide support to civil authorities for disaster relief and internal security during periods of political unrest. Bangladesh is not currently active in any ongoing war, but it did contribute 2,300 troops to the coalition that fought in Operation Desert Storm in 1991 and Bangladesh is consistently a top (10,736) contributor to UN peacekeeping forces around the world. As of May 2007, Bangladesh had major deployments in Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Sudan, Timor-Leste and Cte d'Ivoire.[72][73] Bangladesh enjoys relatively warm ties with the People's Republic of China, and particularly in the past decade, there has been increased economic cooperation between them. Between 2006 and 2007, trade between the two nations rose by 28.5% and there have been agreements to grant various Bangladeshi commodities tariff-free access to the Chinese market. Cooperation between the Military of Bangladesh and the People's Liberation Army is also increasing, with joint military agreements signed and Bangladesh procuring Chinese arms which range from small arms to large naval surface combat ships such as the Chinese Type 053H1 Missile Frigate. [edit] Divisions, districts and upazilas Main articles: Divisions of Bangladesh, Districts of Bangladesh, and Upazilas of Bangladesh A clickable map of Bangladesh exhibiting its divisions. About this image Bangladesh is divided into seven administrative divisions,[1][74] each named after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet and Rangpur. Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) or thana. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several unions, with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, which are further divided into mahallas. There are no elected officials at the divisional or district levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. Direct elections are held for each union (or ward), electing a chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of 12) in every union for female candidates.[75] Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Other major cities include Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Barisal, Bogra, Comilla, Mymensingh and Rangpur. These cities have mayoral elections, while other municipalities elect a chairperson. Mayors and chairpersons are elected for a span of five years. City City population (2008 estimate)[76] Metro population (2008 estimate)[76] Dhaka 7,000,940 12,797,394 Chittagong 2,579,107 3,858,093 Khulna 855,650 1,588,425 Rajshahi 472,775 775,496 Sylhet 463,198 Barisal 210,374 Rangpur 241,310 (2001) 251,699 (2001) [edit] Geography and climate Main article: Geography of Bangladesh

See also: Flooding in Bangladesh Satellite image presenting physical features of Bangladesh Boats had long been a major transportation in Bangladesh, a floodplain with more than 700 rivers Panorama of Cox's Bazar, world's longest sea beach, in the early morning: clouds on a blue sky, still water and forest in the distance. Bangladesh lies between latitudes 20 and 27N, and longitudes 88 and 93E. Bangladesh is in the low-lying GangesBrahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name Padma or Pdda), Brahmaputra (Jamuna or Jomuna also known as "Yamuna"), and Meghna rivers and their respective tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. The alluvial soil deposited by these rivers has created some of the most fertile plains in the world. Bangladesh has 57 trans-boundary rivers, making water issues politically complicated to resolve in most cases as the lower riparian state to India.[77] Most parts of Bangladesh are less than 12 m (39.4 ft) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 10% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 m (3.28 ft).[78] In southeast Bangladesh, experiments have been done since the 1960s to 'build with nature'. By implementing cross dams, the natural accretion of silt has created new land. With Dutch funding, the Bangladeshi government began to help develop this new land in the late 1970s. The effort has since become a multiagency operation building roads, culverts, embankments, cyclone shelters, toilets and ponds, as well as distributing land to settlers. By fall 2010, the program will have allotted some 27,000 acres (10,927 ha) to 21,000 families.[79] The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052 m (3,451 ft) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country.[80] Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has a beach that stretches uninterrupted over 120 km (75 mi). Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladeshi climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June. A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur almost every year,[81] combined with the effects of deforestation, soil degradation and erosion. The cyclones of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating. A cyclone that struck Bangladesh in 1991 killed some 140,000 people.[82] In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding in modern world history. As the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and Meghna spilt over and swallowed 300,000 houses, 9,700 km (6,000 mi) of road and 2,700 km (1,700 mi) of embankment 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more were made homeless with 135,000 cattle killed, 50 km2 (19 sq mi) of land destroyed and 11,000 km (6,800 mi) of roads damaged or destroyed. Two-thirds of the country was underwater. There were several reasons for the severity of the flooding. Firstly, there were unusually high monsoon rains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally unusually high amount of melt water that year. Thirdly, trees that usually would have intercepted rain water had been cut down for firewood or to make space for animals.[83] Bangladesh is now widely recognised to be one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Natural hazards that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health and shelter.[84] It is believed that in the coming decades the rising sea level alone will create more than 20 million[85] climate refugees.[86] Bangladeshi water is contaminated with arsenic frequently because of the high arsenic contents in the soil. Up to 77 million people are exposed to toxic arsenic from drinking water.[87][88] Bangladesh is among the countries most prone to natural floods, tornados and cyclones.[89][90] Also, there is evidence that earthquakes pose a threat to the country. Evidence shows that tectonics have caused rivers to shift course suddenly and dramatically. It has been shown that rainy-season flooding in Bangladesh, on the

worlds largest river delta, can push the underlying crust down by as much as 6 centimetres, and possibly perturb faults.[91] [edit] Flora and fauna Royal Bengal Tiger A major part of the coastline comprises a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the Royal Bengal Tiger. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.[92] The Magpie Robin is the National Bird of Bangladesh and it is common and known as the Doyel or Doel (Bengali: ). It is a widely used symbol in Bangladesh, appearing on currency notes and a landmark in the city of Dhaka is named as the Doyel Chatwar (meaning: Doyel Square). The national flower of the country is water lily, which is known as Shapla. The national fruit is jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), which in Bengali is known as Kathal. In late 2010, the Bangladeshi government selected the Mango tree as the national tree.[93] [edit] Economy Main article: Economy of Bangladesh Workers in a paddy field a common scene throughout Bangladesh. Two thirds of the population works in the agricultural sector. Raw jute of Bangladesh At April 2010, USA based ratings agency Standard & Poor's (S&P) awarded Bangladesh a BBfor a long term in credit rating which is below India and well over Pakistan and Sri Lanka in South Asia.[94] And, despite continuous domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation.[95] However, Bangladesh gradually decreased its dependency on foreign grant and loan from 85% (In 1988)[96] to 2% (In 2010)[97] for its annual development budget. Its per capita income in 2010 was US$641 compared to the world average of $8,985.[98] But, if purchasing power parity (PPP) is taken into account, Bangladesh's economy is the 44th largest in the world at US$257 billion according to the IMF. Jute was once the economic engine of the country. Its share of the world export market peaked in the Second World War and the late 1940s at 80%[99] and even in the early 1970s accounted for 70% of its export earnings. However, polypropylene products began to substitute for jute products worldwide and the jute industry started to decline. Bangladesh grows very significant quantities of rice, tea, potato, mango, onion and mustard. According to FAOSTAT, Bangladesh is one of world's largest producers of:[100] rice (4th), potato (11th), mango (9th), pineapple (16th), tropical Fruit (5th), onion (16th), banana (17th), jute (2nd), tea (11th). Graphical depiction of Bangladesh's product exports in 28 color coded categories. Although two-thirds of Bangladeshis are farmers, more than three quarters of Bangladeshs export earnings come from the garment industry,[101] which began attracting foreign investors in the 1980s due to cheap labour and low conversion cost. In 200910 fiscal year the industry exported US$ 12.6 billion[102] worth of products where in 2002 the exported amount was US$ 5 billion. Recently[when?] Bangladesh has been ranked as the 4th[103] largest clothing exporter by the WTO (The World Trade Organization) .[104] whereas, according to The Economist Bangladesh is the worlds third-largest clothes-export industry.[105] The industry now employs more than 3 million workers, 90% of whom are women.[106] A large part of foreign currency earnings also comes from the remittances sent by expatriates living in other countries. Jamuna Bridge: one of the longest bridges in South Asia Worlds biggest ship breaking yard in Chittagong, Bangladesh Obstacles to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, mismanaged port facilities, a growth in the labour force that has outpaced jobs, inefficient use of energy resources (such as natural gas), insufficient power supplies,[107] slow implementation of economic reforms, political infighting and corruption. According to the World Bank, "among Bangladeshs most significant obstacles to growth are poor governance and weak public institutions."[108] Despite these hurdles, the country has achieved an average annual growth rate

of 5% since 1990, according to the World Bank. Bangladesh has seen expansion of its middle class (world's fifty-fourth largest, just below of Singapore & Vietnam), and its consumer industry has also grown. In December 2005, four years after its report on the emerging "BRIC" economies (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), Goldman Sachs named Bangladesh one of the "Next Eleven".[109] Bangladesh has seen a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment. A number of multinational corporations and local big business houses such as Beximco, Square, Akij, Ispahani, Navana Group, Transcom Group, Habib Group, KDS Group, T.K Group Of Industries, Dragon Group and multinationals such as Unocal Corporation and Chevron, have made major investments, with the natural gas sector being a priority. In December 2005, the Central Bank of Bangladesh projected GDP growth around 6.5%.[110] In order to enhance economic growth, the government set up several export processing zones to attract foreign investment. These are managed by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority. One significant contributor to the development of the economy has been the widespread propagation of microcredit by Muhammad Yunus (awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006) through the Grameen Bank. By the late 1990s, Grameen Bank had 2.3 million members, along with 2.5 million members of other similar organisations.[111] [edit] Tourism Main article: Tourism in Bangladesh Cox's Bazar is the longest natural sea beach in the world. Tourism sector in Bangladesh has experienced massive growth in recent years. Majority of growth is contributed by local tourists. It is believed to be a major tourist destination if properly advertised. Nonetheless, few government and private initiatives have been taken to attract foreign tourists. Though small in area, Bangladesh is quite rich in heritage with numerous historical and archeological sites. It has the longest natural unbroken sea beach and five World Heritage Sites. Among those are famous eighty one domed Shat Gombuj Mosque in Bagerhat, made by great Muslim saint Khan Jahan Ali in the 15th century; world's largest Mangrove forest Sundarbans which is also renowned for its world famous Royal Bengal Tiger. There are several exotic archaeological sites in the northern parts of Bangladesh, including the temple city Puthia in Rajshahi; the largest and most ancient archaeological site, Mahasthangarh in Bogra; Among the best known Buddhist viharas in the Indian Subcontinent and one of the most important archaeological sites in the country, Paharpur in Naogaon, declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985; Kantaji Temple, the most ornamental terracota Hindu temple in Bangladesh and many rajbaris or palaces of old zamindars. There are historic mosques too with vast architectural beauty like Shona Mosque built in 1493, Bagha Mosque, in 1523, Sixty Dome Mosque and etc. Bangladesh has the largest shopping mall in South Asia, which is 13th largest in the world. It is Bashundhara City. [edit] Upcoming projects Bangladesh government is planning for construction of the largest deep sea port in South Asia at Sonadia Island. The 500 billion taka project will be completed in multiple phases and enable Bangladesh to service the whole region as a maritime transport and logistics hub. India, China, Bhutan, Nepal and other neighbouring countries will be able to take full advantage of the strategic location and Bangladeshs LDC status for exporting their goods, which are manufactured in Bangladesh.[112][113] Furthermore, with $7.5 billion a new international airport will be constructed. The airport is being modelled on Thailands Suvarnabhumi Airport in size and capacity.[114]

To ease the chaotic traffic congestion in the capital Dhaka the government plans to construct more expressways, freeways, and flyovers.[115] There is a plan to build a overhead Rapid transit called Dhaka Metro, but the progress is slow and controversial because of contracts and agreements. [116][117][118] Recently the government of Bangladesh signed a deal with a Chinese company to provide highspeed modern DEMU trains and is also going to construct metro rail system and high-speed electric powered inter city rail network. More airports, bridge (such as the multi-billion Padma Bridge project) national highways are also being constructed to facilitate trade and regional development. [119] [edit] Demographics Main article: Demographics of Bangladesh See also: Bengali people Languages of Bangladesh map.svg Population[120] Year Million 1971 71.0 1980 90.4 1990 115.6 2000 140.8 2004 150.7 2009 162.2 Source: OECD/World Bank The population of Bangladesh at 15 March 2011 is 142.3 million (census 2011 results; this is a preliminary figure which has been disputed by the UN and now by Bangladeshis themselves[121]), much less than recent (20072010) estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 158 to 170 million and it is the 8th most populous nation in the world. In 1951, the population was 44 million. [122] It is also the most densely populated large country in the world, and it ranks 11th in population density, when very small countries and city-states are included.[123] A striking contrast is offered by Russia which has a slightly smaller population spread over a land area that is 120 times larger than Bangladesh. Bangladesh's population growth was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the country swelled from 65 to 110 million. With the promotion of birth control in the 1980s, the growth rate had slowed. The population is relatively young, with 60% being 25 or younger and 3% being 63 or older. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 70 years for both males and females in 2012.[124] Motijheel, Dhaka had a population of over 15 million in 2010, making it the largest metropolitan area in Bangladesh. The overwhelming majority of Bangladeshis are ethnic Bengali, constituting 98% of the population. [125] The remainder are mostly Biharis and indigenous tribal groups. There is also a small but growing population of Rohingya refugees from Burma around Cox's Bazaar, which Bangladesh seeks to repatriate to Burma. The tribal peoples are concentrated in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast. There are 45 tribal groups located in this region, the largest being the Chakma. The Hill Tracts region has been a source of unrest and separatism since and before the inception of Bangladesh.[126] Outside the Hill Tracts, the largest tribal groups are the Santhals and Garos (Achiks), while smaller groups include the Kaibartta, Meitei, Mundas, Oraons, and Zomi. Nearly all Bangladeshis speak Bengali as their mother tongue as it is the official language.[127] It is an Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit origin with its own script. English is used as a second language among the middle and upper classes.[128] English is also widely used in higher education and the legal system. Historically, laws were written in English and were not translated into Bengali until 1987 when the procedure was reversed.[129] Some Dhakaiyas (Locales of Dhaka) & the Bihari population speaks Urdu, which was also the language associated with the government prior to separation from Pakistan.

[edit] Largest cities *v *t *e Largest cities or towns of Bangladesh 2009 calculation[130] Rank City name Division Pop. Dhaka Dhaka

Pop.

Rank

City name

Division

Chittagong Chittagong 1 Dhaka Dhaka 10,468,510 11 2 Chittagong Chittagong 3,761,337 3 Narayanganj Dhaka 1,448,975 13 4 Khulna Khulna 1,406,963 5 Rajshahi Rajshahi 791,051 6 Sylhet Sylhet 471,211 7 Mymensingh Dhaka 388,598 8 Comilla Chittagong 337,854 9 Rangpur Rangpur 323,001 10 Barisal Barisal 267,423 [edit] Health Main article: Health in Bangladesh

Bogra Rajshahi 254,635 12 Jessore Khulna 255,715 Saidpur Rangpur 251,894

Health and education levels remain relatively low, although they have improved recently as poverty (31% at 2010[131]) levels have decreased. Most Bangladeshis continue to live on subsistence farming in rural villages. For those in rural areas, village doctors with little or no formal training constitute 62% of the healthcare providers practising modern medicine and the formally trained providers are occupying a mere 4% of the total health workforce. A survey conducted by Future Health Systems revealed significant deficiencies in treatment practices of village doctors, with a wide prevalence of harmful and inappropriate drug prescriptions.[132] There are market incentives for accessing health care through informal providers and it is important to understand these markets in order to facilitate collaboration across actors and institutions in order to provide incentives for better performance.[133] A 2007 study of 1000 households in rural Bangladesh found that direct costs (payment to formal and informal health care providers) and indirect costs (loss of earnings associated with workdays lost due to illness) associated with illness were important deterrents to accessing health care from qualified healthcare providers.[132] A community survey with 6183 individuals in rural Bangladesh found a clear gender difference in treatment seeking behaviour, with women less likely to seek treatment compared to men.[134] The use of skilled birth attendants, however, has risen between 2005 and 2007 by women in all wealth quintiles except the highest quintile.[135] A pilot community empowerment tool, called a health watch, was successfully developed and implemented in southeastern Bangladesh in order to improve uptake and monitoring of public health services.[136] The poor health conditions in Bangladesh is attributed by the lack of healthcare and services provision by the government. The total expenditure on healthcare as a percentage of their GDP was only 3.35% in 2009, according to a World Bank report published in 2010.[137] The number of hospital beds per 10 000 population is 4.[138] The General government expenditure on healthcare as a percentage of total government expenditure was only 7.9% as of 2009 and the citizens pay most of their health care bills as the out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of private expenditure on health is 96.5%.[137]

Malnutrition has been a persistent problem for the poverty-stricken country. The World Bank estimates that Bangladesh is ranked 1st in the world of the number of children suffering from malnutrition[139][140] In Bangladesh, 26% of the population are undernourished[141] and 46% of the children suffers from moderate to severe underweight problem.[142] 43% of children under 5 years old are stunted. One in five preschool age children are vitamin A deficient and one in two are anemic.[143] Child malnutrition in Bangladesh is amongst the highest in the world. Two-thirds of the children, under the age of five, are under-nourished and about 60% of them, who are under six, are stunted.[144] More than 45 percent of rural families and 76 percent of urban families were below the acceptable caloric intake level.[145] [edit] Religion Main article: Religion in Bangladesh The main religion in Bangladesh is Islam (89.7%), but a significant percentage of the population adheres to Hinduism (9.2%).[146] The majority of Muslims are Sunni, although a small number are Twelver Shias or Ismaili Shias.[147] Many people in Bangladesh practice Sufism, as historically Islam was brought to the region by Sufi saints. There are also followers of the Deobandi movement, and Ahle Hadith. The largest gathering of Muslims in the country is the Bishwa Ijtema, held annually by the Tablighi Jamaat. There are also a small number of Muslims, numbering some 100,000 belonging to the Ahmadiyya community. Sufi influences in the region go back many centuries.[148] Other religious groups include Buddhists (0.7%, mostly Theravada), Christians (0.3%, mostly of the Roman Catholic denomination), and Animists (0.1%). Bangladesh has the fourth largest Muslim population after Indonesia, Pakistan, and India, with over 135 million. Bangladesh was founded as a secular state, but Islam was made the state religion in the 1980s. However in 2010 the High Court held up the secular principles of the 1972 constitution.[149] The High Court also strengthened its stance against punishments by Islamic edict (fatwa), following complaints of brutal sentences carried out against women by extra-legal village courts.[150] [edit] Architecture Memorial to martyrs Westin Dhaka Main article: Architecture of Bangladesh Bangladesh has appealing architecture from historic treasures to contemporary landmarks. [edit] Culture Main article: Culture of Bangladesh See also: Public holidays in Bangladesh, Music of Bangladesh, and Bangladeshi cuisine Reflecting the long history of the region, Bangladesh has a culture that encompasses elements both old and new. The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage, which Bangladesh shares with the Indian state of West Bengal. The earliest literary text in Bengali is the 8th century Charyapada. Medieval Bengali literature was often either religious (for example, Chandidas), or adapted from other languages (for example, Alaol). Bengali literature reached its full expression in the 19th century, with its greatest icons being poets Rabindranath Tagore, Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Kazi Nazrul Islam. Bangladesh also has a long tradition in folk literature, for example Maimansingha Gitika, Thakurmar Jhuli and stories related to Gopal Bhar, Birbal and Molla Nasiruddin. The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based (Baniprodhan), with minimal instrumental accompaniment. The Baul tradition is a distinctive element of Bengali folk music. Numerous other musical traditions exist including Gombhira, Bhatiali and Bhawaiya, varying from one region to the next. Folk music is often accompanied by the ektara, an instrument with only one string. Other instruments include the dotara, dhol, flute and tabla. Bangladesh also has an active heritage in North Indian classical music. Similarly, Bangladeshi dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance tradition.[151]

Celebrations of the Pohela Baishakh in Dhaka. Bangladesh produces about 80 films a year.[152] Mainstream Hindi films are also quite popular. [153] Around 200 daily newspapers are published in Bangladesh, along with more than 500 periodicals. However, regular readership is low at just under 15% of the population.[154] Bangladeshis listen to a variety of local and national radio programs like Bangladesh Betar. Four private FM radio stations named (Radio Foorti, ABC Radio, Radio Today, Radio Amar) are popular among urban youths. International Bengali-language broadcasts include BBC Bangla and Voice of America. The dominant television channel is the state-owned Bangladesh Television, but in the last few years, privately owned channels have developed considerably. The culinary tradition of Bangladesh has close relations to nearby Bengali and Indian cuisine as well as having its own unique traits. Rice and fish are traditional favourites. Biryani is a favourite dish of Bangladesh and this includes egg biryani, mutton biryani and beef biryani. Bangladeshis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, some common ones being Rshogolla, Rasmalai, Rshomalai, chmchm and kalojam. The sari (shai) is by far the most widely worn dress by Bangladeshi women. A guild of weavers in Dhaka is renowned for producing saris from exquisite Jamdani muslin. The salwar kameez (shaloar kamiz) is also quite popular, and in urban areas some women wear western attire. Among men, western attire is more widely adopted. Men also wear the kurta-paejama combination, often on special occasions, and the lungi, a kind of long skirt for men. Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, being the most important holidays in the Islamic calendar, are the subject of major festivals. The day before Eid ul-Fitr is called Chd Rat (the night of the moon) and is often celebrated with firecrackers. Eid ul-Adha is celebrated in the memory of great sacrifice of Prophet Abraham. Major Hindu festivals are Durga Puja, Kali Puja and Saraswati Puja. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, and Christmas, called Bodin (Great day), are both national holidays. The most important secular festival is Pohela Baishakh or Bengali New Year, the beginning of the Bengali calendar. Other festivities include Nobanno, Poush parbon (festival of Poush) and observance of national days like Shohid Dibosh (International Mother Language Day) and Victory Day.[1] [edit] Education Main article: Education in Bangladesh The educational system in Bangladesh is three-tiered and highly subsidised. The government of Bangladesh operates many schools in the primary, secondary, and higher secondary levels. It also subsidises parts of the funding for many private schools. In the tertiary education sector, the government also funds more than 15 state universities through the University Grants Commission. Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Junior Secondary (from grades 6 to 8), Secondary (from grades 9 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.[155] The five years of lower secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination but since 2009 it concludes with a Primary Education Closing (PEC) Examination. Also earlier Students who pass this examination proceed to four years Secondary or matriculation training, which culminate in a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination but since 2010 the Primary Education Closing (PEC) passed examinees proceed to three years Junior Secondary, which culminate in a Junior School Certificate (JSC) Examination. Then students who pass this examination proceed to two years Secondary or matriculation training, which culminate in a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Examination.[155] Education is mainly offered in Bengali,

but English is also commonly taught and used. A large number of Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education, which is imparted in Bengali and Arabic in madrasahs.[155] Bangladesh conforms fully to the Education For All (EFA) objectives, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and international declarations. Article 17 of the Bangladesh Constitution provides that all children between the ages of six and ten years receive a basic education free of charge. Universities in Bangladesh are mainly categorised into three different types: public university (government owned and subsidised), private University (private sector owned universities), and international University (operated and funded by international organisations). Bangladesh has some 34 public and 64 private universities. National University has the largest enrolment amongst them and University of Dhaka (established 1921) is the oldest university of the country. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology is oldest and prominent engineering university in Bangladesh and well known in South Asia. Bangladeshi universities are accredited by and affiliated with the University Grants Commission (UGC), a commission created according to the Presidential Order (P.O. No 10 of 1973) of the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.[156] [edit] Sports Main article: Sports in Bangladesh Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium in Dhaka. Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh, followed by football (soccer). The national cricket team participated in their first Cricket World Cup in 1999, and the following year was granted elite Test cricket status. But they have struggled to date, recording only three Test match victories, one against Zimbabwe in 2005 and the other two in a series win of 20 against the West Indies in 2009.[157] In July 2010, they celebrated their first ever win over England in any form of match. Later in 2010, they managed to whitewash New Zealand for the first time in history. In 2011, Bangladesh successfully co-hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 with India and Sri Lanka. Also in 2011, Bangladesh beat England in an ODI. In 2012, the country hosted the Micromax Asia Cup. The team beat India and Sri Lanka but failed to keep the reputation in the final game against Pakistan. However, it was the first time Bangladesh had advanced to the final of any major cricket tournament. The consistency that the Bangladesh team displayed in the tournament was that of any world class team. They participated at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, defeating Afghanistan to claim their Gold Medal in the first ever cricket tournament held in the Asian Games. Hadudu (kabaddi) is the national sport in Bangladesh. Other popular sports include field hockey, tennis, badminton, handball, basketball, volleyball, chess, shooting, angling, and carrom. The Bangladesh Sports Control Board regulates 29 different sporting federations. [edit] Industrial Gallery * Garments Factory in Bangladesh * Different type of Wash done upon Denim garments, Factory Showroom

[edit] Made in Bangladesh * Knit Product made in Bangladesh, Factory Showroom * * * * Product of Earthen work- made in Bangladesh Jute Bag-made in Bangladesh [edit] See also Portal icon Geography portal Portal icon Asia portal Portal icon South Asia portal Portal icon SAARC portal Portal icon Commonwealth realms portal Portal icon Bangladesh portal * Outline of Bangladesh * Index of Bangladesh-related articles * [[ Wikipedia books: Bangladesh ]] * Commonwealth of Nations * Foreign relations of Bangladesh [edit] References 1. ^ a b c d e Central Intelligence Agency. "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html. Retrieved 5 October 2011. 2. ^ Constitution of Bangladesh, Part V, Chapter 1, Article 66; University of Minnesota, retrieved: 28 August 2010 3. ^ Population stands at 152.5 mln. bdnews24.com (2012-07-16). Retrieved on 2012-07-16. 4. ^ a b c d "Bangladesh". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx? sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=513&s=NGDPD %2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=54&pr.y=9. Retrieved 17 April 2012. 5. ^ "Distribution of family income Gini index". The World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html. Retrieved 1 September 2009. 6. ^ "Human Development Report 2010. Human development index trends: Table Blazer-made in Bangladesh Leather product-made in Bangladesh

G". The United Nations. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20101205181756/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_ EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 7. ^ MDG in Bangladesh. "UNDP in Bangladesh | News and Events". Undp.org.bd. http://www.undp.org.bd/info/events.php?newsid=734&t=In%20News. Retrieved 6 August 2011. 8. ^ "UN: 'Significant progress' in human development". BBC News. 4 November 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-11694599. 9. ^ Bangladesh, India Most Threatened by Climate Change, Risk Study Finds News Watch. Newswatch.nationalgeographic.com (2010-10-20). Retrieved on 10 December 2011. 10. ^ The World Bank Climate Change Bangladesh: Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Study. Climatechange.worldbank.org. Retrieved on 10 December 2011. 11. ^ Bharadwaj, G (2003). "The Ancient Period". In Majumdar, RC. History of Bengal. B.R. Publishing Corp. 12. ^ James Heitzman and Robert L. Worden, ed. (1989). "Early History, 1000 B.C.A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Library of Congress. ISBN 82-90584-08-3. OCLC 15653912. http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html. 13. ^ Eaton, R (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20507-3. OCLC 76881262 26634922 76881262. 14. ^ D'Costa, Jerome (1986). Bangladeshey Catholic Mondoli (The Catholic Church in Bangladesh). Dhaka: Pratibeshi Prakashani. 15. ^ Baxter 16. ^ Baxter, pp. 3032 17. ^ a b Sen, Amartya (1973). Poverty and Famines. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019-828463-2. OCLC 177334002 191827132 31051320 40394309 53621338 63294006 10362534 177334002 191827132 31051320 40394309 53621338 63294006. 18. ^ Stewart Gordon (1993). The Marathas 16001818. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=iHKBhVXOU4C&pg=PA133. Retrieved 16 November 2011. 19. ^ Brijen Kishore Gupta (1966). Sirajuddaullah and the East India company, 1756 1757, background to the foundation of British power in India. Brill Archive. pp. 134. GGKEY:RS7D7HRH8KA. http://books.google.com/books?id=o-MUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134. Retrieved 16 November 2011. 20. ^ Baxter, pp. 3940 21. ^ Collins, L; D Lapierre (1986). Freedom at Midnight, Ed. 18. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi. ISBN 0-7069-2770-2. 22. ^ Baxter, p. 72 23. ^ Baxter, pp. 6263 24. ^ Bangladesh cyclone of 1991. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 25. ^ Baxter, pp. 7879 26. ^ Salik, Siddiq (1978). Witness to Surrender. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19577264-4. 27. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900", ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, table 8.1. Rummel comments that, In East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) [General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan and his top generals] planned to indiscriminately murder hundreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest into India. And they planned to destroy its economic base to ensure that it would be subordinate to West Pakistan for at least a generation to come. This despicable and cutthroat plan was outright genocide. 28. ^ LaPorte, R (1972). "Pakistan in 1971: The Disintegration of a Nation". Asian Survey 12 (2): 97108. DOI:10.1525/as.1972.12.2.01p0190a. 29. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900", ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh

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