Lecture 1

ELEC 3302 Communications Systems Analogue Communications

Me
Room no: 3.24 Phone: 1543 Email: huangdf@ee.uwa.edu.au

Introduction
Dr Defeng (David) Huang

Webpage: http://www.ee.uwa.edu.au/~huangdf/index.htm EDUCATION

Ph.D. in Electrical & Electronic Engineering, 2004 The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) M.E. in Electronic Engineering, 1999 Tsinghua University, P. R. China B.E. in Electronic Engineering, 1996 Tsinghua University, P.R. China

EXPERIENCE
These lecture notes are compiled and edited from multiple resources.
1998.10 2001.8, 2004.9 2005.8 Associate Lecturer/Lecturer
EE Dept., Tsinghua University

RESEARCH
Wireless broadband communications, Networking, Signal Processing, Underwater acoustic communications

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

Recommended Books
Course Text to own!
Haykin, S. "Communication Systems", 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons 2001 (First three Chapters, Appendix 1, and Appendix 2)

Syllabus
Introduction Analog Communications
Deterministic Perspective
Signals and Systems Linear Modulation Angle Modulation

Statistical Perspective

Reference
John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Communication Systems Engineering, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall 2002 (First five chapters)

Random Processes Noise Performance of AM receivers

Pulse Modulation Digital Communications (Dr. Roberto Togneri)

Communications Systems ELEC 3302 4

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

Today?
Introduction (Please Read pp. 1-10, 15-23, 26-29, textbook) Week 1-2 Review of Signals & Systems Week 2-3 Linear Modulation Week 3-4 Angle Modulation Week 4-5 Random Process Week 5-6 Performance analysis of analog modulation Week 6 Pulse Modulation
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 5

Q1: Why Communications?

What does a British economist and journalist say? Frances Cairncross, The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Is Changing our Lives the worlds third great transport revolution
First revolution (railway, steamship) 19th century the transport of goods Second revolution (cars, airplanes)
20th century transport of people

Third revolution
21st century transport of ideas and information

Information can travel the world on an unprecedented scale innovation becomes a global game everyone can play
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 6

Q2: What is Communications?

Communications = Information transfer Information is a word that is too generic for our purposes Message = Information ? What do communication systems have to do with messages?
Communication systems are responsible for producing an acceptable replica of message at the destination
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 7

Signal
Physical representation of Message Signals can be classified:
Analog
A physical quantity that varies with time, usually in a smooth or continuous fashion

Digital
An ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set of discrete elements
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 8

Examples
Analog Signals
Values are taken from an infinite set

What is covered in this unit?

Limited to signals in electrical form (Electromagnetic waveform)
We will not consider delivering newspapers

Digital Signals
Values are taken from a discrete set

We will primarily cover information transfer at systems level

t
1 0 0 0 1 1 0

Binary Signals
Digital signals with just two discrete values

We will not deal [too much] with circuits, chips, signal processing, microprocessors, protocols, and networks

t
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 9 Communications Systems ELEC 3302 10

Q3: Major components in a Communication System

Sources of Information Speech a band from 300 Hz to 3400 Hz

Music a wider band of frequencies up to 15 kHz Moving Pictures a bandwidth of ~4.2 MHz.

Five components

Computer Data transmission in bursts

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

11

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

12

Communication Channels
Guided propagation
Twisted pair cable: susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) Coaxial cable: greater immunity to EMI Optical fiber: huge potential bandwidth, immune to EMI

Wireline channels*
Coaxial Cables
Applications
CATV, Ethernet LANs
Center conductor (copper) Dielectric material Braided outer conductor (metal mesh) Outer cover

Free propagation
Wireless broadcast channels; radio and television signals Mobile radio channels; extended capability of mobility, multi-path effects, linear time-varying channels Satellite channels; broad-area coverage, wide transmission bandwidths

Twisted pair

higher rates more expensive

more sensitive to interference easy to install and work with example: 10BaseT Ethernet

Shielded (STP)
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 13 Communications Systems

Unshielded (UTP)
ELEC 3302 14

Wireless Channels*
Deep space Network
(NASA)

Channel Imperfections
Distortion is a waveform perturbation caused by imperfect response of the system to the desired signal itself. Interference is a contamination by signals of external origin but from human sources other transmitters, power lines, etc. Noise refers to random and unpredictable electrical signals produced by natural processes both internal and external to the system.

70-meter (230-foot) diameter antenna Weigh nearly 2.7 million kilograms capabile of tracking a spacecraft traveling more than 16 billion kilometers from Earth
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 15

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

16

A Digital Communication Example Source of Information

Source of Information 1 0 1 1 0 1 Source of Information 1

Transmitter
0 1 1 0 1

Transmitter output Channel output Sample in the receiver

Transmitter output Channel output Sample in the receiver

Receiver output
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 17

Receiver output
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 18

Channel
Source of Information 1 0 1 1 0 1 Source of Information 1

Receiver
0 1 1 0 1

Transmitter output Channel output Sample in the receiver

Transmitter output Channel output Sample in the receiver

Receiver output
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 19

Receiver output
Communications Systems ELEC 3302 20

Things are not perfect

Source of Information 1 0 1 1 0 1

Maybe We can Do Better

Source of Information 1 0 1 1 0 1

Transmitter output Channel output Sample in the receiver

Transmitter output Channel output Sample in the receiver

Receiver output

1 Error

Receiver output
21

1 Error

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

22

Practical Communications Examples*

Key Issues in Communications

Transmitter, Receiver, and Channel Tradeoff between Performance and Cost Performance
Capacity Fidelity
High

Wireless Communications
B-T DV
DA BT

Be
2G
3G

yo nd

P HA

3G

Cost
Transmit power required Signal processing resources required Channel bandwidth

Mobility
Blu eto oth

WIFI

802.11a

802.11n
Gbit WLAN

WiM AX

UW B

Flexibility, Scalability, Compatibility,

Communications Systems ELEC 3302 23

Data Rate
Communications Systems ELEC 3302

High
24

Key Concepts
Signal, Analog signal, Digital signal, Binary Signal Transmitter/Channel/Receiver Distortion/Interference/Noise

Communications Systems

ELEC 3302

25