Arellano, Kristine C.

BSIT 4-1N

Advanced Networking

What is Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast? Unicast Unicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to another point. There is only one sender, and one receiver. Unicast transmission, in which a packet is sent from a single source to a specified destination, is still the predominant form of transmission on LANs and within the Internet. This form of transmission employs the TCP transport protocol. Broadcast Broadcast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one point to all other points. One sender to many receivers. Broadcast transmission is supported on most LANs. Network layer protocols, such as IPv4, also support a form of broadcast that allows the same packet to be sent to every system in a logical network. Multicast Multicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is sent from one or more points to a set of other points. One or more senders and the information is sent to different receivers. One example of an application which may use multicast is a video server sending out networked TV channels. One way to significantly ease scaling to larger groups of clients is to employ multicast networking. What is a Subnet mask? A Subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network address and host address. Subnet Mask is made by setting network bits to all "1"s and setting host bits to all "0"s. Within a given network, two host addresses are reserved for special purpose. The "0" address is assigned

a network address and "255" is assigned to a broadcast address, and they cannot be assigned to a host. Why do we need subnet mask? Subnetmask is use to isolate the network ID and Host ID. The main purpose of subnetmasking is to reduce the broadcast domain or in other words to reduce to heavy network traffic. The use of subnet mask is to tell the number of host/terminals that could be used on the same network.

What is the default value for subnet mask? For each Class, there is a default value: Class A - 255.0.0.0 Class B - 255.255.0.0 Class C - 255.255.255.0 How to create a subnetwork?

Determinine the appropriate IP addresses for your subnets. Use a segment of the host portion of the IP address to use as the subnet address. For class A and B networks, create subnets by converting the second and third octets, respectively, from host addresses to subnet addresses Partitioning a class C address is slightly more complex, take a portion of the fourth octet as the subnetwork. For example, partition the first three (high order) bits of the fourth octet to represent the subnetwork, with the last five bits representing the host. Configure subnet hosts with the correct IP addresses and netmasks. Configure gateway hosts between subnets.

Subnetting Examples Class A 255.255.128.0 Subnet: 10.0.0.0 Broadcast: 10.0.127.255 Valid host range: 10.0.0.1 through 10.0.127.254

255.255.255.252 Subnet: 10.2.3.0 Broadcast: 10.2.3.3 Valid hosts: 10.2.3.1 and 10.2.3.2

Class B 255.255.192.0 1. 2-2=2 subnets

2. 2-2=16,382 hosts per subnet 3. 256-192=64.0, 128.0 4. Broadcast for the 64.0 subnet is 127.255. Broadcast for the 128.0 subnet is 191.255. 5. The valid hosts are: Subnet first host last host broadcast 64.0 64.1 127.254 127.255 128.0 128.1 191.254 191.255

255.255.240.0 1. 2-2=14 subnets 2. 2-2=4094 hosts per subnet 3. 256-240=16.0, 32.0, 48.0, 64.0, etc.

4. Broadcast for the 16.0 subnet is 31.255. Broadcast for the 32.0 subnet is 47.255, etc. 5. The valid hosts are: Subnet first host last host broadcast 16.0 16.1 31.254 31.255 32.0 32.1 47.254 47.255 48.0 48.1 63.254 63.255 64.0 64.1 79.254 79.255

Class C 255.255.255.192 1. Subnet bits used Answer: 2 22-2=2 subnets 2. Host bits available per subnet Answer: 6 26-2=62 hosts per subnet 3. Subnet addresses Answer: 256-192=64 (the first subnet) 64+64=128 (the second subnet) 64+128=192. However, although 192 is the subnet mask value, its not a valid subnet. The valid subnets are 64 and 128. 4. Broadcast address of each subnet Answer: 64 is the first subnet and 128 is the second subnet. The broadcast address is always the number before the next subnet. The broadcast address of the 64 subnet is 127. The broadcast address of the 128 subnet is 191. 5. Valid host range of each subnet Answer: The valid hosts are the numbers between the subnet number and the mask. For the 64 subnet, the valid host range is 64-126. For the 128 subnet, the valid host range is 129-190.

255.255.255.224 1. Subnet bits used Answer: 3 bits or 23-2=6 subnets

2. Host bits available per subnet Answer: 5 bits or 25-2=30 hosts per subnet 3. Subnet addresses? Answer: 256-224 =32, 64, 96, 128, 160 and 192 (Six subnets found by continuing to add 32 to itself.) 4. Broadcast address of each subnet Answer: The broadcast address for the 32 subnet is 63. The broadcast address for the 64 subnet is 95. The broadcast address for the 96 subnet is 127. The broadcast address for the 160 subnet is 191. The broadcast address for the 192 subnet is 223 (since 224 is the mask). 5. Valid host range of each subnet Answer: The valid hosts are the numbers in between the subnet and broadcast addresses. For example, the 32 subnet valid hosts are 33-62.