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Cleary Wellhead Protection
Cleary Wellhead Protection
Princeton Groundwater Inc.s Groundwater Pollution and Hydrology Course Tampa, FL 813/964-0800 www.princeton-groundwater.com All Slides Robert W. Cleary. All Rights Reserved. Not to be reproduced or used without written permission of Robert W. Cleary
Q
ZOI (ZONE OF INFLUENCE) Drawdown (s) = 0 or 0.01 feet or 0.3 cm
Question: Does Water Always Flow Into The Well Radially? Does It Ever Flow Radially?
A =Q/R St-St
2D CAPTURE ZONES IN A WELLHEAD PROTECTION STUDY. THIRD DIMENSION [Z] CAPTURE = f (KH/KV)
HETEROGENEOUS AQUIFER
HOMOGENEOUS AQUIFER
BACKGROUND
EPA required to release these guidelines by SDWA 1986 1428 (e) States not required to use guidelines Developed by EPA with consultation from the Hydrogeology Consultation Committee Reflects analysis/results of existing programs in the States (e.g., MA [Littleton: spill in nearby Acton in the early 80s shocked the town into wellhead protection], FL [Miami]) and Western Europe (e.g., Germany) States required to submit WHP programs within 3 years from the SDWA of 1986 (26 states submitted programs; CA and FL did not submit programs in 1989, but now have plans. All 50 states have EPA-approved WHPPs. Virginia was the last state to be approved on May 26, 2005
www.epa.gov/safewater/protect.html
US EPA, 1997. State Source Water Assessment and Protection Programs and Guidance. EPA 816-R97-009
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT AND PROTECTION PROGRAM (SWAPP) [Section 1453 of the SDWA Amendments of 1996]
SOURCE WATER IS UNTREATED WATER FROM RIVERS, LAKES, STREAMS, OR UNDERGROUND AQUIFERS WHICH IS USED TO SUPPLY PRIVATE WELLS AND PUBLIC DRINKING WATER UNDER THE ACT, ALL STATES WERE REQUIRED TO MAKE COMPLETE ASSESSMENTS OF THEIR DRINKING-WATER SUPPLIES BY MAY 2003. ONLY 20 STATES SUBMITTED PROGRAMS BY THE DEADLINE. THE DEADLINE WAS EXTENDED.
WELLHEAD PROTECTION
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A =Q/R St-St
PLUME
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WELLHEAD TERMINOLOGY
ZOCZONE OF CAPTURE (or ZONE OF CONTRIBUTION) ZOIZONE OF INFLUENCE ZOTZONE OF TRANSPORT
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ZONE OF INFLUENCE: CONE OF DEPRESSION MEASURABLE LIMIT: s =0.01 feet (0.3 cm)
Of Transport
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Ref: Traduzido da EPA, 1987, 1988; ABRH, 1989, Capitulo do R.W. Cleary, p. 100, Gratuito: Clean Environment Brasil www.clean.com.br
What is the shape of the drawdown contours when the geology is isotropic?
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Time-of-Travel (ToT)
10-year
5-year
2-year
Steady-State Capture Zone
Flow Lines
Aquitard
Definition
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EXAMPLES: 1. 4000 FT RADIUS FOR BEDROCK WELLS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE 2. 2 KM. IN GERMANY 3. Florida. Unconfined Aquifers: Minimum 1500 Feet Radius for Wells with no known contamination. For a FAVA (FL Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment) value of 4: 5-year travel time or 2,500 feet, whichever is greater. Confined Aquifers: Minimum 500 Feet Radius (Well Integrity Maintained); Uncorrected Well Problems: Minimum of 1,500 feet or 5-year travel time, whichever is greater. Known Contamination: appropriate distance
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Qt = n ( r2 H)
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+Y -Y
Y = Q/(2Kbi)
R=0
2Y
Y 1/K Y 1/i
b Q ORIGINAL UNIFORM FLOW MODEL [NO RECHARGE (FACTOR = 1)] FACTOR: TRIES TO ACCOUNT FOR VERTICAL LEAKAGE OR DOWNGRADIENT SOURCE OF WATER (e.g., A RIVER)
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KARST
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DYE STUDIES CAN BE USED TO DELINEATE THE BOUNDARIES OF DRAINAGE BASINS OR SPRINGSHEDS (ZONE OF CONTRIBUTION [ZOC]) IN MATURE KARST AQUIFERS, WHICH HAVE SINKHOLES, CONDUITS AND SPRINGS
NOTE: SURFACE WATERSHEDS AND KARST SPRINGSHEDS RARELY ARE COINCIDENT
Spring
Sinkholes
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DETERMINING WHPAs FOR SIMPLE CONFINED AQUIFERS SUBJECT TO RECHARGE FROM OVERLYING WATER TABLE AQUIFERS
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WHPA Q
Pre-Pumping Potentiometric Surface Potentiometric Surface
LUST
}H
WATER TABLE
CONFINED AQUIFER
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12000
5 1
Distance North (Feet)
40 25 20
100
10
25
50
0 0
30
12000
2D HEAD DISTRIBUTION
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GWPATH MODEL
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GWPATH MODEL
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70
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25 Year TOT
Overprotected Uniform Flow Model Based on Darcys Law
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25
10
5 Yr. TOT
NEW JERSEY WHPA EXAMPLES USING CALCULATED FIXED RADIUS + THE UNIFORM FLOW MODEL: KEYHOLE
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KH = KV [hypothetical only]
Source: Cohen, et al., 1994. EPA/600/R-94/123
KH/KV = 100
At St-St: Q=RA
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Containment Boundary
A = Q/R
KH/KV = 1000
AREA OF CONTRIBUTION
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LATEST EPA REPORT ON CALCULATING CAPTURE ZONES FOR PUMP & TREAT REMEDIAITON SYSTEMS
A Systematic Approach for Evaluation of Capture Zones at Pump and Treat Systems: Final Project Report. ORD, EPA-600/R-08/003. January 16, 2008 www.epa.gov/ada/download/reports/600R08003/600R08003.pdf
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COMPLETE AREAL OR VERTICAL CONTAINMENT BOUNDARIES ARE NOT SHOWN (DISTAL EXTENT UNDEFINED)
SIMPLE EXAMPLES OF DELINEATING WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREAS USING WATERLOO HYDROGEOLOGICS NUMERICAL MODEL: VISUAL MODFLOW
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KH/KV = 2400
KH = KV Vert Ex = 13
ANISOTROPIC: FLOWLINES NOT PERPENDICULAR TO EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES. NOTE REFRACTION OF FLOWLINES AT THE INTERFACES OF THE DIFFERENT UNITS
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EFFECTS OF DIMENSIONALITY (2D vs. 3D) AND ANISOTROPY ON WELLHEAD CAPTURE ZONES
SPECTACLE POND, LITTLETON, MA
BOSTON
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.
.
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2D
1 Layer Ref: USGS 2004-5038
3D
8 Layers
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KARST AQUIFERS
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www.agiweb.org
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Source: Dr. Steve Worthington (905) 627-1781 55 Mayfair Avenue, Dundas, Ontario, L9H 3K9, Canada www.worthingtongroundwater.com/
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EPM: Equivalent Porous Medium (Flow) vs. DFM: Discrete Fracture Model (Transport)
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UNDER ANISOTROPY, GROUNDWATER DOES NOT FLOW IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS THE MAXIMUM HYDRAULIC GRADIENT DIRECTION
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FRACTION OF FLOW IN TRIPLE POROSITY (MATRIX, FRACTURE AND CHANNEL) KARST AQUIFERS [Channels: 93.8 to 100%; Fractures: 0.2 to 6.2%;Matrix: 0.000001 to 0.02%]
Ref: Matrix permeability of the confined Floridan Aquifer, Florida, USA David A. Budd H. L. Vacher Hydrogeology Journal (2004) 12:531549
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DEFINITIONS
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Ki V = n ef
Where: V = Linear groundwater velocity (seepage velocity) i = Hydraulic Gradient K = Hydraulic Conductivity nef = Effective Porosity for Flow
EFFECTIVE POROSITY DEFINED IN TERMS OF THE SEEPAGE VELOCITY AND THE DARCY FLUX
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Travel Velocities Measured by Tracers in Unconfined Karst Conduits Between Sinking Streams and Springs
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TRACING VS. NON-TRACING METHODS TO ESTIMATE GROUNDWATER VELOCITIES IN KARST AQUIFERS CONTAINING FRACTURES AND CONDUITS
TYPICALLY, NON-TRACING METHODS UNDERESTIMATE CONDUIT VELOCITIES BY 1-5 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE
[non-tracing methods reflect a combination of matrix, fractures and conduit velocities with matrix effects dominating]
Conduit Flow Paths and Conduit/Matrix Interactions Defined by Quantitative Groundwater Tracing in the Floridan Aquifer
Todd R. Kincaid, Ph.D. H2H Associates, LLC
www.h2hmodeling.com
Hydrogeology Consortium
www.hydrogeologyconsortium.org
Reference: Todd Kincaid, Santa Fe River region Floridan Aquifer data (North Florida). Presentation at the 5th NGWA Conference on Hydrogeology of Karst, February, 2009
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1. Bush,P.W.,andJohnston,R.H.,1988.Groundwaterhydraulics,regionalflow,andgroundwaterdevelopmentoftheFloridan aquifersystem inFloridaandpartsofGeorgia,SouthCarolinaandAlabama:U.S.GeologicalSurveyProfessionalPaper1403C,80p. 2. Chanton,J.2002.UnpublisheddataandreportonstableisotopicagedatingofwatersintheWoodvilleKarst Plain,FloridafortheFlorida GeologicalSurvey,Tallahassee,FL. 3. Davis,H.1996.Hydrogeologic InvestigationandSimulationofGroundWaterFlowintheUpperFloridan AquiferofNorthCentralFloridaand DelineationofContributingAreasforSelectedCityofTallahassee,Florida,WaterSupplyWells:USGSWaterResourcesInvestigationReport 954296. 4. Katz,B.G.,Chelette,A.R.,andPratt,T.R.,2004.Useofchemicalandisotopictracerstoassessnitratecontaminationandgroundwaterage, WoodvilleKarst Plain,USA:JournalofHydrology,v.289,no.1/4,p.3661. 5. Kincaid,T.R.andWerner,C.L.,2008.ConduitFlowPathsandConduit/MatrixInteractionsDefinedbyQuantitativeGroundwaterTracinginthe Floridan Aquifer,inLynnYuhr,CalvinAlexander,andBarryBeckeditors,SinkholesandtheEngineeringandEnvironmentalImpactsofKarst: Proceedingsofthe11thMultidisciplinaryConferenceonSinkholesandtheEngineeringandEnvironmentalImpactsofKarst,AmericanSociety ofCivilEngineers.
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SITE DESCRIPTION
CERCLA site shared by Koppers and Cabot Carbon Corporations in separate but neighboring areas Koppers is an active 82-acre facility used to preserve wood utility poles and timbers since 1916. Creosote use stopped in 1992. Currently using the CCA process (CopperChromium-Arsenic) Cabot Carbon operated a 49-acre facility from 1945 to 1965 for the distillation of pine stumps to generate 6,000 gallons of crude wood oil and pitch daily. Site was paved over to create a small shopping center.
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Source: Tech. Memo. #1: A Critique of the GeoTrans Flow and Transport Model, Koppers, Inc. Site, Gainesville, Florida. Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc./Princeton Groundwater. Report to Gainesville Regional Utilities, Gainesville, FL, June, 2005.
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Hydrogeology Schematic
Naphthalene
Ocala Limestone Upper Transmissive Zone Parameters Thickness is approximately 100 ft Ocala UTZ, SCU and LTZ use various numerical layers Effective Porosity: 0.15 Specific Storage: 1.0 e-05 /ft Dispersivity: Longitudinal: 100 ft Horizontal: 10 ft Vertical: 1 ft Unit Surficial Aquifer Hawthorn Group Ocala Limestone UTZ Ocala SCU Ocala LTZ Kx, Ky (ft/d) 21 Ranges from 0.01 to 0.3 46 (20 near Mur. WF) 1e-6 175 Kz (ft/d) 1 Ranges from 0.0018 to 0.1 0.0035 0.00145 0.0035
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OUTCROP AREAS OF THE UPPER TRANSMISSIVE ZONE OF THE OCALA LIMESTONE FORMATION
HAILE QUARRY, GAINESVILLE, FL
DRAMATIC EXAMPLE OF A KARSTIC AREA WITH TOP SOIL REMOVED (DISSOLVED CAVITIES AND ROUND SOLUTION PIPES). HAILE QUARRY (BUDA LIMEROCK MINE), ALACHUA COUNTY, FLORIDA (NEAR GAINESVILLE). PHOTO: BILL WISNER, 1972
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Solution Cavity/Conduits
Vertical Fractures
Ocala Limestone: Upper Transmissive Zone of the Floridan Aquifer (Haile Quarry)
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Solution Cavity/Cave
Sediment Bedding
Thick Horizontal, Sediment Bedding in the solution cavity indicating significant flow
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~30 ft
~20 ft
Solution Channel
Solution Conduit
Total Area = 600 ft2 Ocala Fm - Porosity of fractures and channels is very small
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THE SIGNIFICANT EFFECT OF EFFECTIVE POROSITY (nef) ON TRAVEL TIMES FROM CONTAMINANT SOURCES TO WELLFIELDS UNDER KARST GEOLOGY
Figure 6b: 3D View of Particle Tracking and Contaminant Transport Simulations used in WHI Scenarios (Ocala UTZ 100 ft).
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i) Effective Porosity = 0.15 (Base Case) Min. time: 102 yrs Max. time: 124 yrs Kx, Ky = 10 ft/d Kz = 0.0035 ft/d
ii) Effective Porosity = 0.01 Min. time: 8 yrs Max. time: 9 yrs
50 yrs
VCONT APPROACH True Thickness of the UTZ Particles Released in Ocala UTZ TO ACCOUNT FOR THE SCU Is 100 feet RESULTED IN THE UTZ = 200 FT Figure 4a: Effects of Decreasing Effective Porosity on Groundwater Travel Time in 200-ft Ocala UTZ. Cross-section shown is from Model Column 26.
i) Effective Porosity = 0.15 (Base Case) Min. time: 51 yrs Max. time: 63 yrs Kx, Ky = 20 ft/d Kz = 0.0035 ft/d
ii) Effective Porosity = 0.01 Min. time: 4.3 yrs Max. time: 5 yrs
50 yrs
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It is our opinion that a conservative approach to dealing with the limited data in the literature and the karstic nature of the Floridan Aquifer is to use small values for the effective porosity (on the order of 1% or perhaps even less, similar to those found at the Old Tampa Wellfield, the only tracer study done in the Ocala Formation in Florida to date). In contaminant modeling studies where critical data such as effective porosities are limited or missing entirely, the model cannot make reliable predictions. In these cases and particularly when a water supply is potentially threatened, the prudent approach is to make direct measurements of concentrations as soon as possible.
Source: Tech. Memo. #1: A Critique of the GeoTrans Flow and Transport Model, Koppers, Inc. Site, Gainesville, Florida. Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc./Princeton Groundwater. Report to Gainesville Regional Utilities, Gainesville, FL, June, 2005.
Principal Conclusion: Theres enough certainty and reasonable uncertainty in our technical analyses that we must directly measure concentrations in the Upper Transmissive Zone of the Floridan Aquifer as soon as possible. A sufficient number of transects of multilevel monitoring wells must be installed at the Site to guarantee that the horizontal and vertical extent of contamination beneath the site in the UTZ will not be missed.
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LIKELY EXPLANATION FOR FINDING NAPHTHALENE IN THE UTZ OF THE FLORIDAN BELOW THE LOWER CLAY UNIT WHERE THERE IS A 90 FOOT DROP OVER 30 FEET OF THICKNESS [ H/Z = i = 3.0]
VERTICAL MIGRATION OF DNAPL THROUGH WORM TUBES CAUSED BY BIOTURBATION
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7 in
MONTEREY, CA AQUARIUM
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Using Westbays
100 Ft
Source: GeoTrans
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PATHLINES
Koppers
FW-9
FW-7
FW-6 FW-5
FW-8
Cabot
SEGMENTS
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FEFLOW
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2 km
2 km
++ ++ + ++
++ ++ + ++
particle traces
particle traces
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WELLHOUSE
Transformers
Wellhouse
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DIES EL T
AN K
Loading point
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HOW MUCH WATER CAN BE PUMPED FROM AN AQUIFER?: THE SAFE YIELD MYTH
HOW MANY BELIEVE THE AMOUNT OF WATER ONE CAN PUMP FROM A WELLFIELD DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF RECHARGE?
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CALIFORNIA COURTS HAVE DEFINED SAFE YIELD AS THE AVERAGE NET RECHARGE A GROUNDWATER BASIN RECEIVES EACH YEAR. SURPRISINGLY, RECHARGE PLAYS ABSOLUTELY NO QUANTITATIVE ROLE IN HOW MUCH WATER CAN BE PUMPED ON A SUSTAINED BASIS FROM AN AQUIFER
Virgin Hydraulic Head Distribution [Already Includes the Effects of Recharge and Discharge]
In general, at Equilibrium, Q = Reduction in Discharge plus Increase in Recharge of the Aquifer from the Stream
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1992
2002
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MEMS
To some modelers: Merda EntrandoBeleza Saindo Reality: Merda EntrandoMerda Saindo The accuracy of your modeling results depends on how well the site has been characterized, especially its heterogeneities, anisotropies (flow) and mobile/immobile porosities (transport)
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2006
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CLUSTER
NEST
SOME TYPES
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CMT EXTRUDED PLASTIC PIPE (UP TO 300 FEET) CONTAINING 7 CHAMBERS: 1.7 Inches O.D. SOLD BY SOLINST
Westbay MP System
Packer [Polyurethane] - independent hydraulic inflation Measurement Port - for in-situ measurement, low-k testing, and fluid sampling [At Formation Pressure] Casing - variable lengths Pumping Port - for hydraulic conductivity testing and purging
Monitoring Zone
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Applied Reference: Cherry, J.A., B.L. Parker and C. Keller, 2007. A New Depth-Discrete
Multilevel Monitoring Approach for Fractured Rock. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 57-70
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Cambridge, Ontario Installation for the University of Waterloo 15 Ports/15 pressure transducers
SELECTED REFERENCES
Bair, E.S. and T.D. Lahm, 1996. Variations in Capture-Zone Geometry of a Partially Penetrating Pumping Well in an Unconfined Aquifer. Ground Water, Vol. 34, No. 5,pp. 842852 Cleary, R.W., 1989. Aguas Subterraneas. Chapter 2 in Portuguese. Written for the Associacao Brasileira de Recursos Hidricos (ABRH) as Capitulo 5 em Engenharia Hidrologica.Vol II, Editora da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, pp. 291-404. Now available as a free download PDF file from Clean Environment of Brasil: http://www.clean.com.br/portal/artigos-tecnicos Larson, S.P., C.B. Andrews, M.D. Howland and D.T. Feinstein, 1987. Three-dimensional modeling analysis of ground water pumping schemes for containment of shallow ground water contamination. Proceedings of the Conference on Solving Ground Water Problems with Models, Volumes 1 and 2, Denver, CO., National Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, pp. 517-530 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987. Guidelines for delineation of wellhead protection areas. Office of Ground-water protection, Wash. D.C., EPA 440/6-87-010 U.S. EPA, 1994. Handbook: Ground Water and Wellhead Protection. Office of Research and Development, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. EPA/625/R-94/001, 269 pp.
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