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WEIRS Design1
WEIRS Design1
Proper distribution of water carried by a main canal among the branch canals depending upon it
Reducing the hydraulic slope (gradient) in a canal (if canal water slope is greater than the allowable water slope)
Q = 2/3 Cd B (2g) 0.5 H1.5 DSWL is lower than crest level Q is independent of DSWL QH
b) Submerged Weir
Q H, h1, h2
Design of Weirs
Design of Weirs is divided to 3 parts:
I. Hydraulic Design (determination of crest level and weir length according to head) II. Structural Design (Empirical Dimensioning check of stability)
A Weir or A Regulator
Weirs: Regulators:
For lands having steep slopes For lands having mild slopes or flat lands
2 Submerged Weir
3 BroadCrested Weir
Q = 1.71 Cd B H 1.5
Q = 2.05 B H 1.5
II Structural Design
Scour may be defined as deepening and widening of water channel under the influence of the flowing water with high velocities.
The scour continues until the energy of the flowing water reaches the normal channel energy.
Definitions Percolation is the flow of water under the ground surface due to an applied differential
head
Percolation length (creep length) is the length to dissipate the total hydraulic pressure
on the structure
Undermining (Piping) is to carry away (wash) soil particles with flowing water below
1- Measure Q for different heads 2- H1 ----- Q1, v1= Q1 / A H2 ------Q2, v2. (k determined) 3- H..Hn varies until Hcritical (soil particles begin to move)
Vcritical = Qcritical / A
vcr
L = K Hcr / vcr
k = vcr L / Hcr
= Qcr L / A Hcr
Ability of fluid to move in the soil under certain head (dimensions of velocity)
a weir may be subject to failure from under seepage water head will force (push) the water to percolate through the soil voids if water velocity at D.S. end is not safe (> v critical) then undermining occurs, i.e. water at exit will carry away soil particles
v = k I (Darcy,s law) = k dP / dl = k H / L
is unknown
e = (1 vs) / vs = (1 / vs) 1
Or 1+e = 1 / vs
or
vs = 1 / (1+e)
Upward force = H * A Downward force = (net weight) = sp. Gr. Wt. Of soil under water
=(
- 1) / (1 + e) L = H / icr
Soil Fine gravel Coarse sand Fine sand Silt & clay
F.S. 4 5 56 67 78
(percolation length).
Bligh supposed that the dissipation of head per unit length of creep is constant throughout the seepage path. CB = Bligh coefficient of percolation C B = V/K
Percolation length is the path length from (a) to (b) LBligh = CBligh . H
L` = 2 t + L If L` > LB (Design is safe, no possibility of undermining) If L` < LB (Design is unsafe, undermining occurs, leads to failure)
L` = L + 2 t + 2 S1 + 2 S2
L`
L` = 1/3 L + 2 t + 2 S1 + 2 S2
d1 + d2
Water percolation length takes a short cut from a to b; Actual percolation length is smaller than designed unsafe
and l1 is assumed (1-2) H L2 = is determined according to weir type LScour = Cs (Hs) 0.5 Or LScour = 0.6 CB (Hs) 0.5 (3-8) m
&
q=Q/B
If L` < LB unsafe; use sheet pile Depth of sheet piles = (LB L`) / 2 Sheet pile depth m
HD h2 = H t1/CB l1 / CB t2 = t / (m) * Factor of safety t2 = F.S. [ h2 / (m)] m.; m = 2.2 t/m3 t2 = 1.3. [ h2 / (m)] then t3 = t2/2 1 m. then the head h3 which corresponds to floor then get distance x
The aprons are of plain concrete blocks of about 1.5 * 1 * 0.75 m deep For small structure blocks of about 1 * 0.75 * 0.5 m deep may be used The blocks are placed in rows with (70 100) mm open joints filled with broken stone. An inverted filter of well graded gravel and sand is placed under the blocks in order to prevent the loss of soil through the joints
EXAMPLE
A canal (A) is divided into two branches (i & ii).The discharge of branch (i)=2Q of branch (ii) at all times. Two weirs have to be constructed at the entrance of each canal .
Data :- Bed width of canals (i & ii ) - Flood discharge of canal (A) = ( 23.0 & 8.0 ) m . = 105 cum/sec . 45 cum/sec .
- DSHWL in the two canals = ( 11.00 ) - minimum water depth in the two canal branches = 4.0 m . - Difference between H.W.L & L.W.L in canal(A) = .7 m . - Submergence in canal (i) = 1/3
= 16
- Bed level is constant in canal (A) and its branches . - Q = 2 B H1.5 If a Board crested weir is constructed at the entrance of the two branches (i&ii) it is required to :-
1- Crest level of weirs ( i & ii ) . 2- Length of each weir . 3- HWL in canals (A) . 4- LWL in canal (A) & (i) . 5- Design of weir floor for canal (i) by applying Bligh method..
solution
QA = Qi + Qii QA = 2 Qii + Qii At flood QA = 105 = 3 Qii Qii = 35 m3/s At summer QA = 45 = 3 Qii & Qi = 70 m3/s & Qi = 2 Qii
& Qi = 30 m3/s
Qmax /Qmin
= H12/H22
H1 = 1.76 H2 (2)
(1)
From (1) & (2) 1.76 H2 - H2 = .7 H1 = 1.62 m h1/H1 = 1/3 h1 = 1.62/3 H2 = .92 m
1- Crest level of weirs ( i & ii ) = 11 - .54 = ( 10.46 ) 2- length of weir (i) Qmax = 70 = 2 B (1.62)1.5 Qmin = 30 = 2 B (.92)1.5 B = 17 m B = 17 m
Qmin = 15 = 2 B (.92)1.5
B = 8.5 m
B = 8.5 m
h2/H2 = 1/3
& h2 = .92/3 = .3
take
HD = 3.7 m
LB = CB * HD
= 16 * 3.7 = 59.2
Assume L1 = 6 m LS = CS (HS).5