Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

1. INTRODUCTION
The Studies of road safety found that human error was the sole cause in more than half of all accidents .One of the reasons why humans commit so many errors lies in the inherent limitation of human information processing .With the increase in popularity of Telematics services in cars (like navigation, cellular telephone, internet access) there is more information that drivers need to process and more devices that drivers need to control that might contribute to additional driving errors. This paper is devoted to a discussion of these and other aspects of driver safety. To aid a driver and also to improve his safety a more ideal option would be to design an efficient system which may use voice instead of hands for the controlling of telematic devices. It would be difficult for a driver to remember something like How much time it would take to travel from Delhi to Mumbai or How many Kilometers from Trivandram to Kasaragod. This in fact, lead to the development of CIT (Conversational Interactivity for Telematics) speech systems. To improve CIT systems we make use of Natural Language Understanding (NLU) components. Another main device used in the Artificial Passenger is the Pupil Tracker that tracks the movements of the eyes which is significant in determining the driver fatigue. The eye tracking is done using special hardware and software devices which will be discussed in the coming chapters.

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Computer 1

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

2. ARTIFICIAL PASSENGER OVERVIEW

The AP is an artificial intelligencebased companion that will be resident in software and chips embedded in the automobile dashboard. The heart of the system is a conversation planner that holds a profile of you, including details of your interests and profession. When activated, the AP uses the profile to cook up provocative questions such Who was the first person you dated? via a speech generator and in-car speakers. A microphone picks up your answer and breaks it down into separate words with speech-recognition software. A camera built into the dashboard also tracks your lip movements to improve the accuracy of the speech recognition. A voice analyzer then looks for signs of tiredness by checking to see if the answer matches your profile. Slow responses and a lack of intonation are signs of fatigue. If you reply quickly and clearly, the system judges you to be alert and tells the conversation planner to continue the line of questioning. If your response is slow or doesnt make sense, the voice analyzer assumes you are dropping off and acts to get your attention. The system, according to its inventors, does not go through a suite of rote questions demanding rote answers. Rather, it knows your tastes and will even, if you wish, make certain you never miss Paul Harvey again. This is from the patent application: An even further object of the present invention is to provide a natural dialog car system that understands content of tapes, books, and radio programs and extracts and reproduces appropriate phrases from those materials while it is talking with a driver. For example, a system can find out if someone is singing on a channel of a radio station.

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Computer 2

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

The system will state, And now you will hear a wonderful song! or detect that there is news and state, Do you know what happened nowhear the following and play some news. The system also includes a recognition system to detect who is speaking over the radio and alert the driver if the person speaking is one the driver wishes to hear. Just because you can express the rules of grammar in software doesnt mean a driver is going to use them. The AP is ready for that possibility: It provides for a natural dialog car system directed to human factor engineering for example, people using different strategies to talk (for instance, short vs. elaborate responses). In this manner, the individual is guided to talk in a certain way so as to make the system worke.g., Sorry, I didnt get it. Could you say it briefly? Here, the system defines a narrow topic of the user reply (answer or question) via an association of classes of relevant words via decision trees. The system builds a reply sentence asking what are most probable word sequences that could follow the users reply.

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Computer 3

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

3. APPLICATIONS
First introduced in US Sensor/Software system detects and counteracts sleepiness behind the wheel. Seventies staples John Travolta and the Eagles made successful comebacks, and another is trying: That voice in the automobile dashboard that used to remind drivers to check the headlights and buckle up could return to new cars in just a few yearsthis time with jokes, a huge vocabulary, and a spray bottle. Why Artificial Passenger? IBM received a patent in May for a sleep prevention system for use in automobiles that is, according to the patent application, capable of keeping a driver awake while driving during a long trip or one that extends into the late evening. The system carries on a conversation with the driver on various topics utilizing a natural dialog car system. Additionally, the application said, The natural dialog car system analyzes a drivers answer and the contents of the answer together with his voice patterns to determine if he is alert while driving. The system warns the driver or changes the topic of conversation if the system determines that the driver is about to fall asleep. The system may also detect whether a driver is affected by alcohol or drugs. If the system thinks your attention is flagging, it might try to perk you up with a joke, though most of us probably think an IBM engineers idea of a real thigh slapper is actually a signal to change the channel: The stock market just fell 500 points! Oh, I am sorryI was joking. Alternatively, the system might abruptly change radio stations for you, sound a buzzer, or summarily roll down the window. If those dont do the trick, the Artificial Passenger (AP) is ready with a more drastic measure: a spray of icy water in your face.

4. FUNCTIONS OF ARTIFICIAL PASSENGER

Dept of Computer 4 Science & Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

4.1 VOICE CONTROL INTERFACE

One of the ways to address driver safety concerns is to develop an efficient system that relies on voice instead of hands to control Telematics devices. It has been shown in various experiments that well designed voice control interfaces can reduce a drivers distraction compared with manual control situations. One of the ways to reduce a drivers cognitive workload is to allow the driver to speak naturally when interacting with a car system (e.g. when playing voice games, issuing commands via voice). It is difficult for a driver to remember a complex speech command menu (e.g. recalling specific syntax, such as "What is the distance to JFK?" or "Or how far is JFK?" or "How long to drive to JFK?" etc.). This fact led to the development of Conversational Interactivity for Telematics (CIT) speech systems at IBM Research. CIT speech systems can significantly improve a driver-vehicle relationship and contribute to driving safety. But the development of full fledged Natural Language Understanding (NLU) for CIT is a difficult problem that typically requires significant computer resources that are usually not available in local computer processors that car manufacturers provide for their cars. To address this, NLU components should be located on a server that is accessed by cars remotely or NLU should be downsized to run on local computer devices (that are typically based on embedded chips).

Dept

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Computer 5

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

Some car manufacturers see advantages in using upgraded NLU and speech processing on the client in the car, since remote connections to servers are not available everywhere, can have delays, and are not robust. The IBM department is developing a quasi-NLU component - a reduced variant of NLU that can be run in CPU systems with relatively limited resources. In the approach, possible variants for speaking commands are kept in special grammar files (one file for each topic or application). When the system gets a voice response, it searches through files (starting with the most relevant topic). If it finds an appropriate command in some file, it executes the command. Otherwise the system executes other options that are defined by a Dialog Manager (DM). The DM component is a rule based sub-system that can interact with the car and external systems (such as weather forecast services, e-mail systems, telephone directories, etc.) and a driver to reduce task complexity for the NLU system. The following are examples of conversations between a driver and DM that illustrate some of tasks that an advanced DM should be able to perform: 1. Ask questions (via a text to speech module) to resolve ambiguities: - (Driver) Please, plot a course to Yorktown - (DM) Within Massachusetts? - (Driver) No, in New York 2. Fill in missing information and remove ambiguous references from context: - (Driver) What is the weather forecast for today? - (DM) Partly cloudy, 50% chance of rain - (Driver) What about Ossining?

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Computer 6

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College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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Artificial Passenger

- (DM) Partly sunny, 10% chance of rain (The DM assumes that the driver means Yorktown, NY, from the earlier conversational context. Also, when the driver asks the inexplicit question What about Ossining? it assumes that the driver is still asking about weather.) 3. Manage failure and provide contextual, failure- dependent help and actions - (Driver) When will we get there? - (DM) Sorry, what did you say? - (Driver) I asked when will we get there?. The problem of instantaneous data collection could be dealt systematically by creating a learning transformation system (LT). Examples of LT tasks are as follows: Monitor driver and passenger actions in the cars internal and external environments across a network; Extract and record the Driver Safety Manager relevant data in databases; Generate and learn patterns from stored data Learn from this data how Safety Driver Manager components and driver behavior could be improved and adjusted to improve Driver Safety Manager performance and improve driving safety.

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Computer 7

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

4.2 EMBEDDED SPEECH RECOGNITION

Car computers are usually not very powerful due to cost considerations. The growing necessity of the conversational interface demands significant advances in processing power on the one hand, and speech and natural language technologies on the other. In particular, there is significant need for a low-resource speech recognition system that is robust, accurate, and efficient. An example of a low-resource system that is executed by a 50 DMIPS processor, augmented by 1 MB or less of DRAM can be found in [7]. Logically a speech system is divided into three primary modules: the front-end, the labeler and the decoder. When processing speech, the computational workload is divided approximately equally among these modules. In this system the front-end computes standard 13- dimensional Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) from 16-bit PCM sampled at 11.025 KHz. Front-End Processing Speech samples are partitioned into overlapping frames of 25 ms duration with a frame shift of 15 ms. A 15 ms frame-shift instead of the standard 10 ms frameshift was chosen since it reduces the overall computational load significantly without affecting the recognition accuracy. Each frame of speech is windowed with a Hamming window and represented by a 13 dimensional MFCC vector. It was empirically observed that noise sources, such as car noise, have significant energy in the low frequencies and speech energy is mainly concentrated in frequencies above 200 Hz. The 24 triangular mel-filters are therefore placed in the frequency range [200Hz 5500 Hz], with center frequencies equally spaced in the corresponding mel-frequency scale. Discarding the low frequencies in this way improves the robustness of the system to noise.

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Computer 8

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

The front-end also performs adaptive mean removal and adaptive energy normalization to reduce the effects of channel and high variability in the signal levels respectively. The labeler computes first and second differences of the 13-dimensional cepstral vectors, and concatenates these with the original elements to yield a 39dimensional feature vector. The labeler then computes the log likelihood of each feature vector according to observation densities associated with the states of the system's HMMs. This computation yields a ranked list of the top 100 HMM states. Likelihoods are inferred based upon the rank of each HMM state by a table lookup. The sequence of rank likelihoods is then forwarded to the decoder. The system uses the familiar phonetically-based, Hidden Markov model (HMM) approach. The acoustic model comprises context-dependent sub-phone classes (allophones). The context for a given phone is composed of only one phone to its left and one phone to its right. The allophones are identified by growing a decision tree using the contexttagged training feature vectors and specifying the terminal nodes of the tree as the relevant instances of these classes. Each allophone is modeled by a single-state Hidden Markov Model with a self loop and a forward transition. The training feature vectors are poured down the decision tree and the vectors that collect at each leaf are modeled by a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), with diagonal covariance matrices to give an initial acoustic model. Starting with these initial sets of GMMs several iterations of the standard Baum-Welc training procedure are run to obtain the final baseline model.

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Computer 9

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

In our system, the output distributions on the state transitions are expressed in terms of the rank of the HMM state instead of in terms of the feature vector and the GMM modeling the leaf. The rank of an HMM state is obtained by computing the likelihood of the acoustic vector using the GMM at each state, and then ranking the states on the basis of their likelihoods. The decoder implements a synchronous Viterbi search over its active vocabulary, which may be changed dynamically. Words are represented as sequences of context dependent phonemes, with each phoneme modeled as a three-state HMM. The observation densities associated with each HMM state are conditioned upon one phone of left context and one phone of right context only. A discriminative training procedure was applied to estimate the parameters of these phones. This training attempts to simultaneously (i) maximize the likelihood of the training data given the sequence of models corresponding to the correct transcription, and (ii) minimize the likelihood of the training data given all possible sequences of models allowed by the grammar describing the task. In 2001, speech evaluation experiments yields improvement from 20% to 40% relatively depending on testing conditions (e.g. 7.6% error rate for 0 speed and 10.1% for 60 mph).

Dept

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Computer 10

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

FIG 4.1 Embedded speech recognition indicator

FIG 4.2 Embedded Speech Recognition device

Dept

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Computer 11

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

4.3 DRIVER DROWSINESS PREVENTION

Fatigue causes more than 240,000 vehicular accidents every year. Currently, drivers who are alone in a vehicle have access only to media such as music and radio news which they listen to passively. Often these do not provide sufficient stimulation to assure wakefulness. Ideally, drivers should be presented with external stimuli that are interactive to improve their alertness. Driving, however, occupies the drivers eyes and hands, thereby limiting most current interactive options. Among the efforts presented in this general direction, the invention suggests fighting drowsiness by detecting drowsiness via speech biometrics and, if needed, by increasing arousal via speech interactivity. When the patent was granted in May 22, 2001, it received favorable worldwide media attention. It became clear from the numerous press articles and interviews on TV, newspaper and radio that Artificial Passenger was perceived as having the potential to dramatically increase the safety of drivers who are highly fatigued. It is a common experience for drivers to talk to other people while they are driving to keep themselves awake. The purpose of Artificial Passenger part of the CIT project at IBM is to provide a higher level of interaction with a driver than current media, such as CD players or radio stations, can offer. This is envisioned as a series of interactive modules within Artificial Passenger that increase driver awareness and help to determine if the driver is losing focus. This can include both conversational dialog and interactive games, using voice only. The scenarios for Artificial Passenger currently include: quiz games, reading jokes, asking questions, and interactive books.

Dept

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Computer 12

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

In the Artificial Passenger (ArtPas) paradigm, the awareness-state of the driver will be monitored, and the content will be modified accordingly. Drivers evidencing fatigue, for example, will be presented with more stimulating content than drivers who appear to be alert. This could enhance the driver experience, and may contribute to safety. Workload Manager is a concept of psychological arousal. Most well known emotion researchers agree that arousal (high, low) and valence (positive, negative) are the two fundamental dimensions of emotion. Arousal reflects the level of stimulation of the person as measured by physiological aspects such as heart rate, cortical activation, and respiration. For someone to be sleepy or fall asleep, they have to have a very low level of arousal. There is a lot of research into what factors increase psychological arousal since this can result in higher levels of attention, information retention and memory. We know that movement, human voices and faces (especially if larger than life), and scary images (fires, snakes) increase arousal levels. We also know that speaking and laughing create higher arousal levels than sitting quietly. Arousal levels can be measured fairly easily with a biometric glove, which glows when arousal levels are higher (reacts to galvanic skin responses such as temperature and humidity). The following is a typical scenario involving Artificial Passenger. Imagine, driver Joe returning home after an extended business trip during which he had spent many late nights. His head starts to nod ArtPas: Hey Joe, what did you get your daughter for her birthday? Joe (startled): Its not her birthday!

Dept

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Computer 13

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09 ArtPas: You seem a little tired. Want to play a game? Joe: Yes.

Artificial Passenger

ArtPas: You were a wiz at Name that Tune last time. I was impressed. Want to try your hand at trivia? Joe: OK. ArtPas: Pick a category: Hollywood Stars, Magic Moments or Hall of Fame? Joe: Hall of Fame. ArtPas: I bet you are really good at this. Do you want the 100, 500 or 1000 dollar level? Joe: 500 ArtPas: I see. Hedging your bets are you? By the time Joe has answered a few questions and has been engaged with the dynamics of the game, his activation level has gone way up. Sleep is receding to the edges of his mind. If Joe loses his concentration on the game (e.g. does not respond to the questions which Artificial Passenger asks) the system will activate a physical stimulus (e.g. verbal alarm). The Artificial Passenger can detect that a driver does not respond because his concentration is on the road and will not distract the driver with questions. On longer trips the Artificial Passenger can also tie into a car navigation system and direct the driver to a local motel or hotel.

FIG 4.3 Condition Sensors Device

4.4 WORKLOAD MANAGER:

Dept of Computer 14 Science & Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

In this section we provide a brief analysis of the design of the workload management that is a key component of driver Safety Manager. An object of the workload manager is to determine a moment-to-moment analysis of the user's cognitive workload. It accomplishes this by collecting data about user conditions, monitoring local and remote events, and prioritizing message delivery. There is rapid growth in the use of sensory technology in cars. These sensors allow for the monitoring of driver actions (e.g. application of brakes, changing lanes), provide information about local events (e.g. heavy rain), and provide information about driver characteristics (e.g. speaking speed, eyelid status). There is also growing amount of distracting information that may be presented to the driver (e.g. phone rings, radio, music, e-mail etc.) and actions that a driver can perform in cars via voice control. The relationship between a driver and a car should be consistent with the information from sensors. The workload manager should be designed in such a way that it can integrate sensor information and rules on when and if distracting information is delivered. This can be designed as a workload representational surface. One axis of the surface would represent stress on the vehicle and another, orthogonally distinct axis, would represent stress on the driver. Values on each axis could conceivably run from zero to one. Maximum load would be represented by the position where there is both maximum vehicle stress and maximum driver stress, beyond which there would be overload. The workload manager is closely related to the event manager that detects when to trigger actions and/or make decisions about potential actions. The system uses a set of rules for starting and stopping the interactions (or interventions).

It controls interruption of a dialog between the driver and the car dashboard (for example, interrupting a conversation to deliver an urgent message about traffic Dept of Computer Science & Engineering 15 College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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Artificial Passenger

conditions on an expected driver route). It can use answers from the driver and/or data from the workload manager relating to driver conditions, like computing how often the driver answered correctly and the length of delays in answers, etc. It interprets the status of a drivers alertness, based on his/her answers as well as on information from the workload manager. It will make decisions on whether the driver needs additional stimuli and on what types of stimuli should be provided (e.g. verbal stimuli via speech applications or physical stimuli such as a bright light, loud noise, etc.) and whether to suggest to a driver to stop for rest. The system permits the use and testing of different statistical models for interpreting driver answers and information about driver conditions. The driver workload manager is connected to a driving risk evaluator that is an important component of the Safety Driver Manager. The goal of the Safety Driver Manager is to evaluate the potential risk of a traffic accident by producing measurements related to stresses on the driver and/or vehicle, the drivers cognitive workload, environmental factors, etc. The important input to the workload manager is provided by the situation manager whose task is to recognize critical situations. It receives as input various media (audio, video, car sensor data, network data, GPS, biometrics) and as output it produces a list of situations. Situations could be simple, complex or abstract. Simple situations could include, for instance: a dog locked in a car; a baby in a car; another car approaching; the drivers eyes are closed; car windows are closed; a key is left on a car seat; it is hot in a car; there are no people in a car; a car is located in New York City; a driver has diabetes; a driver is on the way home.

Complex situations could include, for example: a dog locked is locked in a car AND it is hot in a car AND car windows are closed; a baby is in a car AND there are no Dept of Computer Science & Engineering 16 College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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Artificial Passenger

people in a car; another car is approaching AND the driver is looking in the opposite direction; a key is left on a car seat AND a driver is in the midst of locking a car; the driver is diabetic AND has not taken a medicine for 4 hours. Abstract situations could include, for example: Goals: get to work, to cleaners, to a movie. Driver preferences: typical routes, music to play, restaurants, shops. Driver history: accidents, illness, visits. Situation information can be used by different modules such as workload, dialog and event managers; by systems that learns driver behavioral patterns, provide driver distraction detection, and prioritize message delivery. For example, when the workload manager performs a moment-to-moment analysis of the driver's cognitive workload, it may well deal with such complex situations as the following: Driver speaks over the phone AND the car moves with high speed AND the car changes lanes; driver asks for a stock quotation AND presses brakes AND it is raining outside; another car approaches on the left AND the driver is playing a voice interactive game. The dialog manager may well at times require uncertainty resolution involving complex situations, as exemplified in the following verbal query by a driver: How do I get to Spring Valley Rd? Here, the uncertainty resides in the lack of an expressed (geographical) state or municipality. The uncertainty can be resolved through situation recognition; for example, the car may be in New York State already (that is defined via GPS) and it may be known that the driver rarely visits other states.

The concept associated with learning driver behavioral patterns can be facilitated by a particular drivers repeated routines, which provides a good opportunity for the systems learning habitual patterns and goals. Dept of Computer Science 17 College Of Engineering, Cherthala & Engineering

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Artificial Passenger

So, for instance, the system could assist in determining whether drivers are going to pick up their kids in time by, perhaps, reordering a path from the cleaners, the mall, the grocery store, etc.

Fig 4.4 Mobile indicator device

4.5 PRIVACY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS:

Addressing privacy concerns: Dept of Computer 18 Science & Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

The safety driver manager framework should be designed such that it will be straightforward for the application designers to protect the end users privacy. This should include encryption of the message traffic from the vehicle, through a carrier's network, and into the service providers secure environment, such that the drivers responses cannot be intercepted. This can be achieved through the use of IBM Web Sphere Personalization Server or Portal Server, allowing the end user an interface to select options and choices about the level of privacy and/or the types of content presented. An example of such an option is the opportunity for drivers to be informed about the existence of the Artificial Passenger capability, with clear instructions about how to turn it off if they opt not to use it. Addressing social concerns: The safety driver manager is being developed to enable service providers to enhance the end users driving experience, and the system will be designed to ensure that it has this desired effect. The social impact of the system will be managed by making sure that users clearly understand what the system is, what the system can and cannot do, and what they need to do to maximize its performance to suit their unique needs. For example, in the Artificial Passenger paradigm the interaction can be customized to suit the drivers conversational style, sense of humor, and the amount of control that he/she chooses to leave to the Artificial Passenger system (e.g., some drivers might find it disconcerting if the Artificial Passenger system opens the window for them automatically; others might find this a key feature.).

The system will include a learning module that detects and records customer feedback, e.g. if a driver does not laugh at certain type of jokes, then that type will not be presented. Dept of Computer 19 Science & Engineering College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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Artificial Passenger

Positive feedback in one area (football scores from a drivers home town) leads to additional related content (baseball scores from the same town, weather, etc.). The social concerns associated with Artificial Passenger can be addressed by allowing the users to specify their desires and requirements through the subscriber management tools. A general approach to privacy, social and legal issues in Telematics can be found in [7]. Some elements of this approach (e.g. Privacy Manager, Insurance) are reflected.

4.6 DISTRIBUTIVE USER INTERFACE BETWEEN CARS:

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Computer 20

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

The safety of a driver depends not only on the driver himself but on the behavior of other drivers near him. Existing technologies can attenuate the risks to a driver in managing his her own vehicle, but they do not attenuate the risks presented to other drivers who may be in high risk situations, because they are near or passing a car where the driver is distracted by playing games, listening to books or engaging in a telephone conversation. It would thus appear helpful at times to inform a driver about such risks associated with drivers in other cars. In some countries, it is required that drivers younger than 17 have a mark provided on their cars to indicate this. In Russia (at least in Soviet times), it was required that deaf or hard of hearing drivers announce this fact on the back of the window of his or her car. There is, then, an acknowledged need to provide a more dynamic arrangement to highlight a variety of potentially dangerous situations to drivers of other cars and to ensure that drivers of other cars do not bear the added responsibility of discovering this themselves through observation, as this presents its own risks. Information about driver conditions can be provided from sensors that are located in that car. The following are examples of the information about drivers that can affect driver conditions: - mood (angry, calm, laughing, upset) - physical conditions (tired, drowsy, sick, has chronic illnesses that can affect driving like diabetes) - attention (looking on a road or navigation map in a car, talking to a baby in a back sit, talking over telephone, listening to e-mail) - driver profile (number of traffic accidents, age).

There can be several ways to assess this information. Driver overall readiness for safe driving can be evaluated by a safety manager in his/her car. It can be ranked by some metrics (e.g. on a scale from 1 to 5) and this evaluation can then be sent to the Dept of Computer Science & Engineering 21 College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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Artificial Passenger

driver safety managers in nearby cars. Another way is that a driver manager in one car has access to information to a driver profile and from sensors in other cars. This second method allows individual car drivers to customize their priorities and use personal estimators for driving risks factors. For example, some one who is more worried about young drivers may request that this information be provided to his/her driver safety manager rather than an overall estimation of risk expressed as a single number. If a driver safety manager finds that there is additional risk associated with driver behavior in a car located nearby, it may prevent a telephone ringing or interrupt a dialog between the driver and a car system if. It can also advise someone who is calling a driver that that driver is busy and should not be disturbed at this time. The information can be sent anonymously to the driver safety manager in another car and this manager would then adjust the risk factor in its estimation of the surrounding environment for this car. This allows the system to address privacy concerns that drivers may have. One can also offer reduced insurance payments to a driver if s/he agrees to disclose information to other cars. Employers of fleet tracks may be particularly interested in this approach since it allows reduction in traffic accidents.

4.7 EYE TRACKER

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Computer 22

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

Seminar 09

Artificial Passenger

Collecting eye movement data requires hardware and software specifically designed to perform this function. Eye-tracking hardware is either mounted on a user's head or mounted remotely. Both systems measure the corneal reflection of an infrared light emitting diode (LED), which illuminates and generates a reflection off the surface of the eye. This action causes the pupil to appear as a bright disk in contrast to the surrounding iris and creates a small glint underneath the pupil. It is this glint that headmounted and remote systems use for calibration and tracking. 4.7.1 HARDWARE: (Head-mounted and remote systems) The difference between the head-mounted and remote eye systems is how the eye tracker collects eye movement data. Head-mounted systems, since they are fixed on a user's head and therefore allow for head movement, use multiple data points to record eye movement. To differentiate eye movement from head movement, these systems measure the pupil glint from multiple angles. Since the unit is attached to the head, a person can move about when operating a car or flying a plane, for example. For instance, human factors researchers have used head-mounted eye-tracking systems to study pilots' eye movements as they used cockpit controls and instruments to land airplanes (Fitts, Jones, and Milton 1950). These findings led to cockpit redesigns that improved usability and significantly reduced the likelihood of incidents caused by human error. More recently, head-mounted eye-tracking systems have been used by technical communicators to study the visual relationship between personal digital assistant (PDA) screen layout and eye movement.

Remote systems, by contrast, measure the orientation of the eye relative to a fixed unit such as a camera mounted underneath a computer monitor. Because remote units do not measure the pupil glint from multiple angles, a person's head must remain Dept of Computer Science & Engineering 23 College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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Artificial Passenger

almost motionless during task performance. Although head restriction may seem like a significant hurdle to overcome, Jacob and Karn (2003) attribute the popularity of remote systems in usability to their relatively low cost and high durability compared with head-mounted systems. Since remote systems are usually fixed to a computer screen, they are often used for studying onscreen eye motion. For example, cognitive psychologists have used remote eye-tracking systems to study the relationship between cognitive scanning styles and search strategies (Crosby and Peterson 1991). Such eye-tracking studies have been used to develop and test existing visual search cognitive models. More recently, humancomputer interaction (HCI) researchers have used remote systems to study computer and Web interface usability. Through recent advances in remote eye-tracking equipment, a range of head movement can now be accommodated. For instance, eye-tracking hardware manufacturer Tobii Technology now offers a remote system that uses several smaller fixed sensors placed in the computer monitor frame so that the glint underneath the pupil is measured from multiple angles. This advance will eliminate the need for participants in eye-tracking studies to remain perfectly still during testing, making it possible for longer studies to be conducted using remote systems.

4.7.2 SOFTWARE: (Data collection, analysis, and representation)

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Computer 24

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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Artificial Passenger

Data collection and analysis is handled by eye-tracking software. Although some software is more sophisticated than others, all share common features. Software catalogs eye-tracking data in one of two ways. In the first, data are stored in video format. ERICA's Eye Gaze[TM] software, for instance, uses a small red x to represent eye movement that is useful for observing such movement in relation to external factors such as user verbalizations. In the other, data are stored as a series of x/y coordinates related to specific grid points on the computer screen. Data can be organized in various ways--by task or participant, for exampleand broken down into fixations and saccades that can be visually represented onscreen. Fixations, which typically last between 250 and 500 milliseconds, occur when the eye is focused on a particular point on a screen. Fixations are most commonly measured according to duration and frequency. If, for instance, a banner ad on a Web page receives lengthy and numerous fixations, it is reasonable to conclude that the ad is successful in attracting attention. Saccades, which usually last between 25 and 100 milliseconds, move the eye from one fixation to the next fixation. When saccades and fixations are sequentially organized, they produce scanpaths. If, for example, a company would like to know why people are not clicking on an important link in what the company feels is a prominent part of the page, a scanpath analysis would show how people visually progress through the page. In this case, such an analysis might show that the link is poorly placed because it is located on a part of the screen that does not receive much eye traffic.

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Computer 25

Science

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Engineering

College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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Fig 4.5 Monitoring Device

Here in the fig.4.5 Lake Fong, Post-Gazette Former CMU professor Richard Grace is shown on a TV monitor while testing a DD 850, a dashboard-mounted infrared camera that can detect when a driver is starting to fall asleep. The device will beep to alarm a sleepy driver.

Fig 4.6 Pupil Tracker

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5. WORKING OF ARTIFICIAL PASSENGER

The AP is an artificial intelligencebased companion that will be resident in software and chips embedded in the automobile dashboard. The heart of the system is a conversation planner that holds a profile of you, including details of your interests and profession. When activated, the AP uses the profile to cook up provocative questions such as, Who was the first person you dated? via a speech generator and in-car speakers. A microphone picks up your answer and breaks it down into separate words with speech-recognition software. A camera built into the dashboard also tracks your lip movements to improve the accuracy of the speech recognition. A voice analyzer then looks for signs of tiredness by checking to see if the answer matches your profile. Slow responses and a lack of intonation are signs of fatigue. If you reply quickly and clearly, the system judges you to be alert and tells the conversation planner to continue the line of questioning. If your response is slow or doesnt make sense, the voice analyzer assumes you are dropping off and acts to get your attention. The system, according to its inventors, does not go through a suite of rote questions demanding rote answers. Rather, it knows your tastes and will even, if you wish, make certain you never miss Paul Harvey again. This is from the patent application: An even further object of the present invention is to provide a natural dialog car system that understands content of tapes, books, and radio programs and extracts and reproduces appropriate phrases from those materials while it is talking with a driver. For example, a system can find out if someone is singing on a channel of a radio station.

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The system will state, And now you will hear a wonderful song! or detect that there is news and state, Do you know what happened nowhear the followingand play some news. The system also includes a recognition system to detect who is speaking over the radio and alert the driver if the person speaking is one the driver wishes to hear.Just because you can express the rules of grammar in software doesnt mean a driver is going to use them. The AP is ready for that possibility: It provides for a natural dialog car system directed to human factor engineering: for example, people using different strategies to talk (for instance, short vs. elaborate responses). In this manner, the individual is guided to talk in a certain way so as to make the system worke.g., Sorry, I didnt get it. Could you say it briefly? Here, the system defines a narrow topic of the user reply (answer or question) via an association of classes of relevant words via decision trees. The system builds a reply sentence asking what are most probable word sequences that could follow the users reply. Driver fatigue causes at least 100,000 crashes, 1,500 fatalities, and 71,000 injuries annually, according to estimates prepared by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which estimated further that the annual cost to the economy due to property damage and lost productivity is at least $12.5 billion. Researchers filmed the drivers during the simulation, and other instruments measured heart function, eye movements, and other physiological responses. A majority of the off-road accidents observed during the driving simulations were preceded by eye closures of one-half second to as long as 2 to 3 seconds, Stern said. A normal human blink lasts 0.2 to 0.3 second.

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Stern said he believes that by the time long eye closures are detected, its too late to prevent danger. To be of much use, he said, alert systems must detect early signs of fatigue, since the onset of sleep is too late to take corrective action. Stern and other researchers are attempting to pinpoint various irregularities in eye movements that signal oncoming mental lapsessudden and unexpected short interruptions in mental performance that usually occur much earlier in the transition to sleep. IBM research suggests that we can make predictions about various aspects of driver performance based on what we glean from the movements of a drivers eyes, Stern said, and that a system can eventually be developed to capture this data and use it to alert people when their driving has become significantly impaired by fatigue. He said such a system might be ready for testing in 2004.

FIG 5.1 Camera for detection of Lips Movement

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There is certain algorithm for monitoring head/eye motion for driver alertness with one camera. Visual methods and systems are described for detecting alertness and vigilance of persons under conditions of fatigue, lack of sleep, and exposure to mind altering substances such as alcohol and drugs. In particular, the intention can have particular applications for truck drivers, bus drivers, train operators, pilots and watercraft controllers and stationary heavy equipment operators, and students and employees during either daytime or nighttime conditions. The invention robustly tracks a person's head and facial features with a single on-board camera with a fully automatic system, that can initialize automatically, and can reinitialize when it need's to and provide outputs in real time. The system can classify rotation in all viewing direction, detects eye/mouth occlusion, detects' eye blinking, and recovers the 3Dgaze of the eyes. In addition, the system is able to track both through occlusion like eye blinking and also through occlusion like rotation. Outputs can be visual and sound alarms to the driver directly. Additional outputs can slow down the vehicle cause and/or cause the vehicle to come to a full stop. Further outputs can send data on driver, operator, student and employee vigilance to remote locales as needed for alarms and initiating other actions. This invention relates to visual monitoring systems, and in particular to systems and methods for using digital cameras that monitor head motion and eye motion with computer vision algorithms for monitoring driver alertness and vigilance for drivers of vehicles, trucks, buses, planes, trains and boats, and operators of stationary and moveable and stationary heavy equipment, from driver fatigue and driver loss of sleep, and effects from alcohol and drugs, as well as for monitoring students and employees during educational, training and workstation activities.

A driver alertness system comprises: Dept of Computer 30 College Of Engineering, Cherthala

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(a) A single camera within a vehicle aimed at a head region of a driver. (b) Means for simultaneously monitoring head rotation, yawning and full eye occlusion of the driver with said camera, the head rotation including nodding up and down, and moving left to right, and the full eye occlusion including eye blinking and complete eye closure, the monitoring means includes means for determining left to right rotation and the up and down nodding from examining approximately 10 frames from approximately 20 frames; and (c) Alarm means for activating an alarm in real time when a threshold condition in the monitoring means has been reached, whereby the driver is alerted into driver vigilance. The monitoring means includes: means for determining gaze direction of the driver, a detected condition selected from at least one of: lack of sleep of the driver, driver fatigue, alcohol effects and drug effects of the driver, initializing means to find a face of the driver; grabbing means to grab a frame; tracking means to truck head of the driver; measuring means to measure rotation and nodding of the driver; detecting means to detect eye blinking and eye closures of the driver; yawing means to detect yawning of the driver. Method of detecting driver vigilance comprises the following steps: 1) Aiming a single camera at a head of a driver of a vehicle; detecting frequency of up and down nodding and left to right rotations of the head within a selected time period of the driver with the camera; 2) Determining frequency of eye blinking and eye closings of the driver within the selected time period with the camera;

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3) Determining the left to right head rotations and the up and down head nodding from examining approximately 10 frames from approximately 20 frames; 4) Determining frequency of yawning of the driver within the selected time period with the camera; 5) Generating an alarm signal in real time if a frequency value of the number of the frequency of the up and down nodding, the left to right rotations, the eye blinking, the eye closings, the yawning exceed a selected threshold value.

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6. FEATURES OF ARTIFICIAL PASSENGER

Telematics combines automakers, consumers, service industries and computer companies, which is how IBM fits in. It knows a thing or two about computers, data management, and connecting compute devices together. So, people at Thomas J.Watson Research Center (Hawthorne, NY) are working to bring the technology to a car or truck near you in the not-too-distant future.

6.1 CONVERSATIONAL TELEMATICS:

IBMs Artificial Passenger is like having a butler in your carsomeone who looks after you, takes care of your every need, is bent on providing service, and has enough intelligence to anticipate your needs. This voice-actuated telematics system helps you perform certain actions within your car hands-free: turn on the radio, switch stations, adjust HVAC, make a cell phone call, and more. It provides uniform access to devices and networked services in and outside your car. It reports car conditions and external hazards with minimal distraction. Plus, it helps you stay awake with some form of entertainment when it detects youre getting drowsy. In time, the Artificial Passenger technology will go beyond simple command-and-control. Interactivity will be key. So will natural sounding dialog. For starters, it wont be repetitive (Sorry your door is open, sorry your door is open . . .). It will ask for corrections if it determines it misunderstood you. The amount of information it provides will be based on its assessment of the drivers cognitive load (i.e., the situation). It can learn your habits, such as how you adjust your seat. Parts of this technology are 12 to 18 months away from broad implementation.

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6.2 IMPROVING SPEECH RECOGNITION:

Youre driving at 70 mph, its raining hard, a truck is passing, the car radio is blasting, and the A/C is on. Such noisy environments are a challenge to speech recognition systems, including the Artificial Passenger. IBMs Audio Visual Speech Recognition (AVSR) cuts through the noise. It reads lips to augment speech recognition. Cameras focused on the drivers mouth do the lip reading; IBMs Embedded via Voice does the speech recognition. In places with moderate noise, where conventional speech recognition has a 1% error rate, the error rate of AVSR is less than 1%. In places roughly ten times noisier, speech recognition has about a 2% error rate; AVSRs is still pretty good (1% error rate). When the ambient noise is just as loud as the driver talking, speech recognition loses about 10% of the words; AVSR, 3%. Hence, it is really worth in using AVSR in vehicles so that we can significantly improve the process of speech recognition by simultaneously combining the speech and lip movements thus interpreting almost the exact speech.

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6.3 ANALYZING DATA:

The sensors and embedded controllers in todays cars collect a wealth of data. The next step is to have them phone home, transmitting that wealth back to those who can use those data. Making sense of that detailed data is hardly a trivial matter, though especially when divining transient problems or analyzing data about the vehicles operation over time. IBMs Automated Analysis Initiative is a data management system for identifying failure trends and predicting specific vehicle failures before they happen. The system comprises capturing, retrieving, storing, and analyzing vehicle data; exploring data to identify features and trends; developing and testing reusable analytics; and evaluating as well as deriving corrective measures. It involves several reasoning techniques, including filters, transformations, fuzzy logic, and clustering/mining. Since 1999, this sort of technology has helped Peugeot diagnose and repair 90% of its cars within four hours, and 80% of its cars within a day (versus days). An Internet-based diagnostics server reads the car data to determine the root cause of a problem or lead the technician through a series of tests. The server also takes a snapshot of the data and repair steps. Should the problem reappear, the system has the fix readily available.

6.4 SHARING DATA:

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Collecting dynamic and event-driven data is one problem. Another is ensuring data security, integrity, and regulatory compliance while sharing that data. For instance, vehicle identifiers, locations, and diagnostics data from a fleet of vehicles can be used by a variety of interested, and sometimes competitive, parties. These data can be used to monitor the vehicles (something the fleet agency will definitely want to do, and so too may an automaker eager to analyze its vehicles performance), to trigger emergency roadside assistance (third-party service provider), and to feed the local traffic helicopter report. This IBM project is the basis of a Pay As You Drive program in the United Kingdom. By monitoring car model data and policy-holder driving habits (the ones that opt-in), an insurance company can establish fair premiums based on car model and the drivers safety record. The technology is also behind the black boxes readied for New York Citys yellow taxis and limousines. These boxes help prevent fraud, especially when accidents occur, by radioing vehicular information such as speed, location, and seat belt use. (See: http://www.autofieldguide.com/columns/0803it.htm for Dr. Martin Piszczalskis discussion of Londons traffic systemor the August 2003 issue.).

6.5 RETRIEVING DATA ON DEMAND:

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Plumbingthe infrastructure stuff. In time, telematics will be another web service, using sophisticated back-end data processing of live and stored data from a variety of distributed, sometimes unconventional, external data sources, such as other cars, sensors, phone directories, e-coupon servers, even wireless PDAs. IBM calls this its Resource Manager, a software server for retrieving and delivering live data on demand. This server will have to manage a broad range of data that frequently, constantly, and rapidly change. The server must give service providers the ability to declare what data they want, even without knowing exactly where those data reside. Moreover, the server must scale to encompass the increasing numbers of telematics enabled cars, the huge volumes of data collected, and all the data out on the Internet. A future application of this technology would provide you with a shortesttime routing based on road conditions changing because of weather and traffic, remote diagnostics of your car and cars on your route, destination requirements (your flight has been delayed), and nearby incentives (e-coupons for restaurants along your way).

7. FUTURE SCOPE

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The Artificial Passenger is a Sleep Preventive Dialogue based System implemented in vehicles with an objective of providing safety to the drivers. Safety is paramount. So, it is really worth having such a system that would not only prevent you from sleeping but also, decrease your workload and stress. Also, another important feature is that, in AP, we use voice instead of hands to control telematic devices. What we have to do is, just speak what we want. For example, you may ask the AP to plot a map for u. Thus one can turn on the radio, switch stations, adjust HVAC, make a cell phone call, and more with just a command. AP being a life-safety system has greater scope for the future. In the near future, the Artificial Passenger technology will go beyond simple command-and-control. Interactivity will be key. So will natural sounding dialog. For starters, it wont be repetitive. The use of improved speech recognition and eye tracking techniques will be crucial. Thus, we will be able to retrieve any live data on demand. Also, this technology would provide you with a shortest-time routing based on road conditions changing because of weather and traffic etc. So, as the time passes we would surely be able to see all vehicles equipped with Artificial Passenger.

8. CONCLUSION

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We suggested that such important issues related to a driver safety, such as controlling Telematic devices and drowsiness can be addressed by a special speech interface. This interface requires interactions with workload, dialog, event, privacy, situation and other modules. We showed that basic speech interactions can be done in a low-resource embedded processor and this allows a development of a useful local component of Safety Driver Manager. The reduction of conventional speech processes to low resources processing was done by reducing a signal processing and decoding load in such a way that it did not significantly affect decoding accuracy and by the development of quasi-NLU principles. We observed that an important application like Artificial Passenger can be sufficiently entertaining for a driver with relatively little dialog complexity requirements playing simple voice games with a vocabulary containing a few words. Successful implementation of Safety Driver Manager would allow use of various services in cars (like reading e-mail, navigation, downloading music titles etc.) without compromising a driver safety. Providing new services in a car environment is important to make the driver comfortable and it can be a significant source of revenues for Telematics. We expect that novel ideas in this paper regarding the use of speech and distributive user interfaces in Telematics will have a significant impact on driver safety and they will be the subject of intensive research and development in forthcoming years at IBM and other laboratories.

9. GLOSSARY
AP Artificial Passenger Dept of Computer 39 Science & Engineering

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This type of speech recognition uses both audio and video datas to interpret the speech efficiently. CIT CMU CPU DM Conversational Interactivity for Telematics Central Michigan University Central Processing Unit Dialogue Manager : It is a rule based sub-system that can interact with the car and external systems and a driver to reduce task complexity for the speech recognition system. DMIPSDhrystone Million Instruction Per Second DRAMDynamic Random Access Memory GMM GPS HCI HMM HVAC MB MFCC NLU PCM PDA Telematics US Gaussian Mixture Model: It is one of the model used in speech recognition. Global Positioning System Human-Computer Interaction Hidden Markov Model : It is the most commonly used model in speech recognition. Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning Mega Bytes Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient Natural Language Understanding-unit Pulse Code Modulation Personal Digital Assistant It is a two-way connection to and from a vehicle for information and data transfer. United States

10. REFERENCES

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[1]. L.R. Bahl, "Performance of the IBM Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition System on the ARPA Wall Street Journal Task," ICASSP 1995, vol.1, pp 41-44.). [2]. SAE Technical Paper Series, #942321, Estimate of Driver's Alertness Using Fuzzy Method. [3]. www.freepatentsonline.com/4682348.html [4]. www.ieee.org/iel5/10002/32120/01494236.pdf [5]. www.esnips.com/doc/53011faa-657c-4ff2-a573-3fcf50cab6eb/EfficientAlgorithms-for-Speech-Recognition [6]. www.electronicsforu.com/EFYLinux/efyhome/cover/Jan2003/speechrecognition.pdf [7]. www.domino.watson.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/papers/BB3B8CAA00 2A0D1E85256F01005B7809/$File/rc23301.pdf level

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