အစၥလာမ္ ႏွင့္ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္

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- *sm0d'o
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l m;wdt
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(uk&t
f mef - 33 ; 45 - 46)
txufyg usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef pum;&yfrsm;udk xyfraH vhvmvQif . . .
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(&Sm;[d'ef)
odjYzk pf wrefawmfjrwf onf urmv
Y o
l m;xktwGuf OD;aqmifvrf;Tejfyool jzpfonf/
(2) owif;aumif;ay;ol
(rkA&S&f &dS ef)
Y o
l m;wdt
Y k m; om,maomb0 wnfaqmufreI nf;vrf;udk
owif;aumif;ay;ol jzpfonf/
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(eZD;&ef)
Y o
l m;wdt
Y k m; b0c&D;wpfavQmuf BuKHawGU&wwfaom twm;
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f if;aprnfh aerif;uJo
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h m; urmolurmom;rsm;twGuf r[m
txufwef;qifh tpvmrfo
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113
ukPmawmft&Sit
f jzpfrw
S yg; tjcm;tjzpfjzihf apvTwjfcif;r[kwyf g/} (uk&t
f mef - 21 ; 107)
txufyg tm,ofawmfwiG f oH;k pGx
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jrwfaom vSyaom usr;f jzpfawmfrl onf/} (uk&t
f mef - 14 ; 1)
txufygtm,wfwiG f azmfjyxm;aom ]Zkvrk m;od}wnf;[laom tarSmifxu
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114
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(uk&t
f mef - 1 ; 2? 5 ; 28)
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(uk&t
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( uk&t
f mef - 21 ; 107)
txufyg azmfneT ;f csuu
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csaD ESmifxm;aom txkyt

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116
tpvmrf"rArd mef
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117
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f mef 45 ; 13)
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(uk&t
f mef - 42 ; 29)
azmfjyygtcsuu
f k d ESpaf ygif; 1400 - tvsiu
f qdv
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ynm&Sirf sm;? ynm&So
d ck rderf sm;pkaygif;yifvQif usr;f awmfjrwf uk&t
f mefvm opmw&m;udk azmfusL;Edik rf nf
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Y k k d tusK;d jyKaprIrsm;udk ay:vGiaf pvmonf/
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dS ufrt
Jh m;vH;k onf cHpm;tusK;d jyKae&onf/
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rIrsm;udk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh vlw\
Y k d todonf zGUH NzKd;vm&onf/ odt
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h mvQif toifw\
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arG;jrLvm&onf/ xdpk Ofumv toifww
Y k d iG f odjrifem;vnfEik d pf rG ;f r&Scd /J h tvm[ft&Sijf rwf
onf toifwt
Y k d m; odjrif? Mum;Edik ?f cHpm;wwfaom todtmHu
k k d ay;onfomru qifjcif
wwfaom todtmHu
k v
k d nf;ay;cho
J nf/ ,if;tm;jzifh tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\ aus;Zl;awmfuk d
odem;vnf&efjzpfonf/ toifwrY k d jrifMuoav? aumif;uifBu;D wGif yso
H ef;aeMuaom iSuf
wd&pmefwo
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tvm[frw
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l t
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om"uawmfrsm;&Sad eonf/
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ae&mXmejzpfapchJ onf/ tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf wd&pmefw\
Ykd om;a&tm; tdrrf sm;wGif
oH;k pG&J mjzpfaponf/ ,if;wdo
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f nf;aumif;? tem;,lcsed w
f iG v
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aumif;? ayghyg;rIujkd zpfapygonf/ tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf wd&pmefrsm;\ tarG;tm;jzifh
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f ;kH ypn;f rsm;ESifh
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Y k d wGuf tem;,l&mpcef;jzpfaponf/ toifwY k d
tm; yltu
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S muG,af paom t0wftpm;udk jzpfap
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l nf/
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f ay;urf;rIrsm;udk jynf0h aponf/
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Y k d nf rsuEf mS vGcJ Mu
J h vQif
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wm0efr&Syd g/ olwo
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(uk&t
f mef - 16 ; 78 - 81)
usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
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119
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d pfnrf;rI? a&? av? rd;k wdaY k Mumifh ajrqD
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J Y k d jzpf
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d cg tdZk ek ;f "mwfaiGUu wm;qD;ay;aom tE&m,f
&So
d nfh c&rf;vGeaf &mifjcnfrsm; (ultra - violet rays) urmay:odYk ydrk u
kd sa&mufvmonf/
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120
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f nf;rSmyif pufrv
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aMumif;rsm;aMumifh a&csKo
d ,HZmwrsm; npfnrf;oGm;&onf/
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onf/ rd;k a&ESifh qD;ESi;f wdo
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Ykd s
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121
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] toifwu
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rsm;om jzpfonf/ onf avmu\tvStyjzpfonf/ xkrd t
S y tvm[fxaH wmfwiG &f ad S e aom
a0pkrsm;onf ,if; avmuDtvSxufyif jrifjhrwfvNSy;D xm0&wnf&ad S ernfjzpfonf/ }
(uk&t
f mef - 28 ; 60)
usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefuk d avhvmqnf;yl;aom olwpfO;D onf usr;f awmfjrwfwiG f azmfjyxm;aom avm
uBu;D \tvSuk d jrifawGUvmawmhonf/ Ijrif&csu?f avhvmqnf;yl;&csu?f oH;k oyf&csurf sm;aMumifh ol\ ,Hk
Munfcsuo
f nf ydrk
k d cdik Nfrv
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wnf;[lal om tjrifah vmuBu;D wGif Ijrif&rIonf uREyk f w
f aY k d eYpOfawGUae&aomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/ odjYzk pf ,if;
tjrifah vmu\tvSuv
kd nf; uk&t
f mefu xyfwvJvaJ zmfjyxm;onfukd awGU&ygrnf/ us,jf yefv
Y aS om
aumif;uifjyifBu;D wGif awGUae&aom awmufyvSaom Mu,feuww
f m&mrsm;ESifh pyfvsO;f Ny;D uk&t
f mefu
atmufygtwdik ;f rD;armif;xd;k jyonf/
] igtvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf tmumoavmuBu;D udk Mu,feuww
f jYzk d ifh wefqmqifxm;onf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 37 ; 6 )
122
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f jYzk d ifh wefqmqifvyS aponf}
( 67 ; 5 )
] igt&Sijfrwfonf tmumowGif vif;0if;awmufyaom Mu,feuwrf sm;udk zefqif;jyKvyk f
xm;onf/ ,if;wdu
Y k k d Ijrifapaom olwt
Y k d wGuf vSyaomtjrifrsuaf phy'udk jzpfapygonf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 15 ; 16 )
uho
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pnf;urf;rJzh supf ;D aejcif;udk obm0tvSyik d &f iS f tvm[ft&Sijfrwfu vky&f yf\qd;k usK;d udk rsu0f gxifxif jyo
vdu
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f mefu owday;azmfjyxm;onfrmS ]tMuifow
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onfo\
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Y k k d nSO;f yrf;ESyd pf uf
jcif;udk rjyKyg/} ( uk&t
f mef - 41 ; 46 )
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J m;aom atmufygpum;vH;k rsm;\ teuft"dyg ,fuk d avhvm
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]toifwo
Ykd nf tjcm;olw\
Ykd twGi;f a&;udk axmufvrS ;f pl;prf;jcif; rjyKMuavESi/hf xdjYk yif
wpfO;D onf wpfO;D \aemufu,
G w
f iG f twif;rajymMuESi/h f toifwt
Y k d euf wpfO;D wpfa,muf
onf rdrn
d t
D pfu\
kd vwfqwfaom taoom;udk pm;oH;k &ef ESpo
f ufygrnfavm/ pifppf
toifwo
Ykd nf xdt
k &mudk pufqw
k &f &HG mS Murnfom jzpfonf/ xdrk w
S yg; toifwo
Ykd nf
tvm[ft&Sijf rwftm; odpw
d f oyfu0g xm;&SMd uyg/ {uefrck s tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf
rdr\
d tjypfuk d odjrifoaH 0*&&So
d \
l tjypfuk d cGiv
hf w
T af y;aomt&Sif jzpfawmfryl gonf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 49 ; 12)
]tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf olwpfyg;\ raumif;aMumif; xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif;udk ESpo
f uf
jcif;r&Syd g/ od&Y k m wGif ESyd pf ufjiif;y,fc&H oltzdY k jyefvnf acsyajymqdck iG h f &So
d nf/ tvm[ft
&Sijf rwfonf aumif;pGmMum;odawmfral omt&Si?f aumif;pGmod&adS wmfral omt&Sif jzpfawmfrl
onf/} (uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 148)
]tDrmef,MkHunfot
l aygif;wd?Yk pum;udk EIu
d Ef u
dI cf Rwcf Rwf pyfpak r;jref;jcif; rjyKygESi/hf ,if;t
aMumif;pHu
k k d azmfxw
k &f vQif toiftzdUk rESpo
f ufz,
G &f m jzpfEik d af vonf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 5 ; 101)
]raumif;rI'pk du
k u
f kd jzpfapaompum;? wrefawmfjrwf\ trdepYf um;udk aoGzaD 0zefjcif;ESihf
pyfvsO;f rajymqdMkuavESi/h f wpfO;D udw
k pfO;D wD;wd;k wdik yf ifaomtcg aumif;jrwfaom tjyK
128
tpvmrf"rArd mef
oabmaqmifaomvkyif ef;? tvm[fopd w

d Ef iS hf pyfvsO;f aompum;udk ajymqdw
k ikd yf ifMuyg/
tvm[fopd w
d x
f m;&SMduyg/ xdt
k &Six
f o
H yY k d if toifwY k d jyefvn
S Mhu
f &rnf jzpfonf/ wD;wd;k ajym
qdjkcif;onf Iid w
f mG ef\ usiph f Ofjzpfonf/ ,if;tm;jzihf Iid w
f mG efonf rktrf ifew
f t
Y k d m; pdwaf om
u a&muf&ad S p&ef vUIaH qmfjcif;jzpfonf/ pifppfaomfum; tvm[ft&Sijf rwf\ pnf;pepfuk d
ausm
f Iid w
f mG efonf rktrf ifew
f t
Y k d m; tenf;i,frQyif usK;d ,kwaf pEdik jfcif; r&Syd g/ rktrf ifew
f Ykd
onf tvm[ft&Sijfrwftay:omvQif tm;xm;rI&&d S ygrnf/} (uk&t
f mef - 58 ; 9-10)
(6) *kP&f nf? td;k tdr?f touf ponfjzihf t&mtm;vH;k onf rGwpf vifwpfO;D twGuf *kPjfyKav;pm; apmifh
a&Smuf&rnfjzpfonf/ tjcm;olwpfO;D \ *kPo
f u
d m udck sK;d ESrd rf ?I toufu&k d ef&mS jcif;onf rGwpf vifw\
Y k d *kP&f nf
wGif ryg0ifyg/ tvGo
J ;k H pm;jyKjcif;? SO;f yrf;ESyd pf ufjcif;? rmefrmexm;&Sjdcif;? remvdpk w
d ?f tav;csed Ef iS h f twdik ;f t
wmwdw
Y k iG f avsmeh nf;atmifjyKjcif;wdo
Y k nf ppfreS af om rGwpf vifwpfO;D tzdY k rvkyt
f yfaom t&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/
taMumif;ESiph f yfvsO;f Ny;D usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefu atmufygtwdik ;f vrf;Teaf zmfjyxm;onfuk d awGU&onf/
H nfMuoltaygif;wd?Y k w&m;rQwrIuk d tpOfxm0& wnfwph H mG qkyf
udik yf g/ tvm[ft&Sijf rwfukd oufaoxm; oufaoxGuq
f ykd g/ xGuq
f ckd suo
f nf
toifw\
Y k d rdbESih f aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;ESih f qefu
Y siaf evQiv
f nf; jyKyg/ oufaoxGuq
f o
k d l onf
csr;f omolEiS hf qif;&Jojl zpfygap? tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf teD;pyfq;kH jzpfonf/ odjYk zpf
toifwo
Ykd nf pdw\
f tvdq
k EaemufoY k d rvdu
k Mf uESi/h f toifwo
Y k d nf auGUaumufpmG ouf
aoxGuq
f v
k d Qiaf omfvnf;aumif;? ay:vGix
f if&mS ;pGm r[kwb
f J aMumuf&UH G aevQiaf omfvnf;
aumif;? oufaoxGuq
f &kd ef wdr;f a&SmifaevQiaf omfvnf;aumif; {uefrvGJ tvm[ft&Sif
jrwfonf toifw\
Y k d jyKvyk o
f rQuk d t<uif;rJo
h jdrifawmfral omt&Sif jzpfawmfro
l nf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 135)
]toifwo
Y k d nf rdrw
d t
Y k d csi;f csi;f wpfO;D \Opmypn;f udk wpfO;D u rw&m;enf;vrf;jzifh tvGo
J ;k H
pm;jyK pm;oH;k jcif;rjyKygESi/h f olwpfyg;\ Opmypn;f rsm;teuf tcsKUd wpf0ufuk d &vdrk jIzihf tmPm
ydik w
f x
Ykd H vmbfay;vmbf,jl cif; rjyKavESi/hf odjYkyKjcif;onf Bu;D rm;vSaom jypfru
I sL;vGef
jcif;jzpfonfuk d toifwY k d odjrifMuyg/} (uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 188)
Mum;0ifaqmif&u
G o
f t
l zkY d owdjyK&rnft
h csuf
]rnforl qdk aumif;jrwfaomudpw
iG f Mum;0ifaqmif&u
G v
f Qif ,if;twGuf ,if;oluk d aumif;
jrwfaoma0pkukd &&Srd nfjzpfonf/ qd;k ,kwaf omudpw
iG yf g0ifu Mum;0ifaqmif&u
G o
f o
l nf
,if;tBut
H pnfwiG f yg0ifojl zpfonf/ tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf t&mcyford ;f udk xde;f odr;f
h ifcef;pm
129
apmifah &Smufaomt&Sif jzpfawmfro

l nf/} (uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 85)
taysmt
f yg; usL;jcif;onf Iid w
f mG ef\vrf;pOf
]tDrmefouf0if,MkHunfot
l aygif;wdYk ? rl;,pfxx
kH ikd ;f apaom ao&ufaopm? avmif;upm;?
kyx
f Ek iS h f jrm ;ypfavmif;upm;jcif;onf npfnrf;qd;k ,kwv
f aS om Iid w
f mG ef\ vky&f yfjzpfonf/
odjYzk pfay&m toifwo
Y k d nf ,if;udpt
rIuk d a&SmifMuOfMuukeaf vmh/ odt
Y k m;jzifh toifwY k d onf
atmifjrifaomb0udk wnfaqmufEikd rf nfjzpfonf/ {ueftrSef Iid w
f mG ef\ &nf&,
G cf suf
onfum; rl;,pfxx
k H ik d ;f apaom ao&nfao&ufEiS h f avmif;upm;rIaMumifh toifwpY k d yfMum;
wGif &efNiKd; yGm;um rke;f wD;rIuk d jzpfap&efomvQif jzpfonf/ toifwt
Y k d m; tvm[ft&Sijfrwfuk d
owd& atmufarhjcif;udk arhaysmufapum qGvm;ofwnfaqmufru
I k d [efw
Y m;Edik &f ef jzpf onf/
odjYzk pf toifwo
Y k d nf ,if;raumif;rIuk d &yfwef;u &yfMurnfavm/}
(uk&t
f mef - 5 ; 90-91)
]toift
h m; rl;,pfxx
k H ik d ;f apaom t&ufaopm avmif;upm;jcif;ESih f pyfvsO;f ar;jref;Mu
onf/ ,if;olwt
Y k d m; ajzMum;yg/ ESprf sK;d pvH;k aom t&mrsm;onf Bu;D rm;vSaom jypfr'I pk
du
k rf sm; jzpfonf/ vlwt
Y k d wGuf tenf;i,faom tusK;d omjzpfonf/ od&Y k mwGif qd;k ,kwrf rI sm;
um; Bu;D rm;vSayonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 219)
y#dOf - uwdu0wf\pnf;urf;rsm;
H nfot
l aygif;wd?Y k toifwo
Y k d nf y#dOf uwdu0wf 0efccH suu
f kd
jynhpf ak H tmif aqmif&u
G Mfuyg/} (uk&t
f mef - 5 ; 1)
vdrv
f nf oufaoxGuq
f o
kd u
l k d uk&t
f mef\ owday;csuf
tMuifow
l o
Ykd nf tvm[ft&Sijf rwfukd oufaojyK y#dOfuv
kd nf;aumif;? rdrw
d u
Ykd sed q
f kd
oufaojyKcsuu
f v
k d nf;aumif;? t"dyg ,frah J om tzd;k tc,l vJv,
S af &mif;cscah J omf odY k
uwdwnfjcif;r&Sad omolwt
Ykd wGuf tmac&of wrvGew
f iG f a0pka0yHk cHpm;&rnfr[kwyf g/
au,mrofaeYwiG f tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf xdo
k w
l EY k d iS h f pum;ajymqdrk nfr[kwyf g/ olwzY k d uf odY k
vSnMhfunfrh nfvnf; r[kwaf y/ olwt
Ykd m; pifMu,fjcif;udv
k nf; jyKvyk af y;rnf r[kwyf g/
xdo
k w
l t
Y k d zdY k jyif;xefvaS om jypf'PfomvQif &Sad csrnf/} (uk&t
f mef - 3 ; 77)
H nfot
Y k d nf rdrw
d rY k d jyKvyk Ef ik d af ompum;udk t
b,faMumifh ajymqdak eMuoenf;/ tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf odY k rdrd rvkyEf ik d af om taMumif;
t&mrsm; ajymqdo
k nht
f jyKtrluk d {ueftrSef pufqw
k &f &H G mS onf/} (uk&t
f mef - 61 ; 2-3)
130
tpvmrf"rArd mef
]toifwo
Y k d nf tcsi;f csi;f y#d0efccH suu
f k d aqmif&u
G &f mwGif tvm[ft&Sijf rwfuk d oufao
jyKxm;jcif;udk owdjyK aus>yefpmG aqmif&u
G Mf uyg/ toifwo
Ykd nf tvm[ft&Sijf rwfukd
oufaojyKxm;jcif;udk rcsK;d azmufygESi/hf pifppftm;jzifh toifwo
Ykd nf tvm[ft&Sijf rwfukd
toifwt
Y k d wGuf tmrcHot
l jzpf owfrw
S cf NhyJ ;D jzpfonf/ {ueftrSef tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf
toifwv
Ykd yk o
f rQupd t
00udk t<uif;rJo
h jd rifawmfral omt&Sif jzpfawmfro
l nf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 16 ; 91)
f mefu wpfO;D wpfa,muftwGuf axmufcrH EI iS h f a0zefajymqd&k vQif w&m;enf;us
aom axmufcrH ?I tjcm;olwyY k d ik d q
f ik d af om Opmypn;f rsm;udk enf;vrf;rSeu
f efjcif;rJah om oH;k pGrJ ?I t*wdvu
k d pf m;
Ny;D ajymqdrk u
I o
h J aY d k om tjyKtrlrsm;udv
k nf; ydw
f yf ifwm;jrpfonf/
]{uefrck s ppfreS af om,HMk unfow
l o
Y k d nf nDtpfuw
k d rQ jzpfMuonf/ odjY zk pf&m toifwo
Y k d nf
rdrw
d \
Y k d nDtpfupk d yfMum;wGif qufqaH &;aumif;atmif jyKvyk Mfuyg/ tvm[ft&Sijfrwftm;
oyfu0g[f odpw
d f xm;&SMduyg/ odrY k o
S mvQif toifwo
Y k d nf oem;ukPmawmfrsm;udk cH,Mlu
&rnfjzpfonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 49 ; 10)
tjiif;yGm;cJv
h Qif vdu
k ef m&rnfeh nf;vrf;
]tu,f tDrmef,Mku
H nfow
l pY k d yfMum; jyemtjiif;yGm;rI wpfpw
k H &mjzpfymG ;cJah omf toif
wdo
Yk nf ,if;olwpYkd yfMum;wGif oabmwlnrD &I &Sad tmif aphpyfEdS idI ;f ay;vdu
k yf g/ ,if;aemuf
ydik ;f tkypf w
k pfpo
k nf tjcm;tkypf w
k pfpu
k kd Edik x
f ufp;D eif;jyKvmvQif ,if;Edik x
f ufp;D eif;jyKol
wdu
Yk kd ESrd ef if;yg/ odjYkyK&mwGif tvm[ft&Sijf rwf\ trdev
Yf rf;Tecf sub
f ufoYkd vufcv
H m
onftxd jzpfonf/ vufcv
H maomtcg ,if;tkypf Ek pS pf u
k k d nDwn
l rD Q aphpyfay;vdu
k yf g/ w&m;
rQwjcif;udk qkyu
f ikd yf g/ {uefrck s tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf w&m;rQwpGm qH;k jzwfow
l u
Ykd kd ESpf
oufawmfro
l nf/} (uk&t
f mef - 49 ; 9)
tjiif;yGm;vQif pdw"f gwfa&;&m usq;k H rnf

]tvm[ft&SijfrwfEiS h f tvm[fw
h refawmf\trdeu
Y f k d emcHvu
k d ef myg/ tcsi;f csi;f cdu
k &f efjzpfymG ;
jcif; rjyKMuESi/h f odjYyk KvQif pdw"f gwfa&;&m usq;k H rnfjzpfonf/ toifw\
Y k d tiftm;onf vnf;
ukecf rf;vmrnf jzpfonf/ toifwo
Ykd nf qGb&fBuUH BuUH cHEikd pf rG ;f udk arG;jrLyg/ {uefrck s
tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf qGb&fBuUH BuUH cHow
l EY k d iS h f twlwuG &So
d nf/} (uk&t
f mef - 8 ; 46)
rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd zsuq
f ;D aeolrsm;
]ow
l o
Y k d nf vdrv
f nfpmG oufaoxGuq
f
k d rdru
d ,
kd u
f o
k d mvQif zsuq
f ;D vQu&f Mdu
S onf/ tvm[f
h ifcef;pm
131
t&Sijf rwfonf ,if;olwu

Y k d k d trSew
f u,f vdrv
f nfojl zpfaMumif; od&ad S wmfro
l nf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 9 ; 42)
used q
f k d - oufaoxGuq
f ck d suq
f ik d &f m pnf;rsO;f rsm;
]tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf toifw\
Y k d tcsn;f ES;D t"dyg ,frah J om used q
f ck d surf sm;ESiph f yfvsO;f
toifwt
Y k d m; jypf'Pfay;rnfr[kwyf g/ od&Y k mwGif cdik rf maom used q
f ck d surf sm;? oufaojyKcsuf
rsm;ESih f pyfvsO;f ppfaMumtjypf'Pfay;rnfjzpfonf/ odjYzk pf used q
f ck d su\
f azmufzsurf t
I
wGuf qif;&Jaomolq,fO;D udk rdrw
d rYkd o
d m;pk pm;oH;k aom tqif&h adS om tpmudak uR;&rnf/
odrY k [kwyf gu ,if;qif;&Jow
l u
Y k d k d t0wftxnfwpfpk H ay;&rnf/ odrY k [kwyf gu aus;uRef
tjzpf xm;&So
d w
l pfO;D udk vGwNfird ;f cGijhyf K&rnf/ wwfEik d v
f Qirf l ,if;csK;d azmufoo
l nf oH;k &ufwd
wd Oykoo
f v
D aqmufwnf&rnf/ onf toifw\
Y k d used q
f ck d sucf sK;d azmufrt
I wGuf tpm;
xd;k jcif; jypf'Pfjzpfonf/ onf used q
f ck d suaf zmufzsuo
f w
l t
Y k d wGuf jzpfonf/ odjYzk pf toif
wdo
Y k nf rdrw
d \
Y k d uwd0efccH surf sm;udk apmifx
h ed ;f Muyguke/f tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf t&Si\
f
vrf;Tecf sut
f rdeu
Y f k d toifwt
Y k d wGuf &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf/ toifwo
Y k d nf tvm[f
t&Sijfrwf\ aus;Zl;awmfuk d odjrifMuyguke/f } (uk&t
f mef - 5 ; 89)
trSef ESih f trSm;udk ra&m,Suyf gESih f

]trSew
f &m;udk vdrv
f nfz;kH uG,jf cif;? trSm;wGif a&m,Sujf cif; rjyKMuygESi/hf trSew
f &m;udk
toifwY k d odjrifygvsuEf iS h f zH;k uG,x
f ed cf sex
f m;jcif; rjyKvyk MfuygESi/h f } (uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 42)
trSew
f &m;udk rxdecf seyf gESih f
]odjrifxm;aom oufaocHrsm;udk xdecf sezf ;k H uG,jfcif; rjyKygESi/h f tMuifoo
l nf odY k xdecf sef
jcif;jyKcahJ omf xdo
k o
l nf olUpdwEf v
S ;kH udk jypfru
I sL;vGeaf om pdwEf v
S ;kH jzpfaptH/h {uefrck s
tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf toifwjYyk d Kvyk o
f rQaom trIupd t
m;vH;k udk t<uif;rJo
h &d ad S wmfrl aom
t&Sijfzpfawmfr\
l /} (uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 283)
]vdrv
f nfxu
G q
f akd om oufaotjzpf oufaoxGuq
f jkdcif; rjyKMuESi/hf }
(uk&t
f mef - 25 ; 72)
(8) vlrq
I ufqaH &;e,fy,fwiG f wpfO;D ESiw
h f pfO;D qufq&H mwGif ,Ofaus;aom csKo
d maom toH;k tEIe;f jzihf
qufq&H ef uk&t
f mefu qdo
k nf/ trdeaY f y;[dw[
f efEiS h f pum;ajymqd&k mwGif dik ;f pdik ;f aom rmefrmeBu;D pGm tae
txm;jzifh qufqjHcif;rjyKr&d ef txl;owdjyKapygonf/
132
tpvmrf"rArd mef
]vlom;wdt
Y k m; cufxefaom tjyKtrljzihf rqufqMHuESi/h f ajrBu;D ay:wGif armf<um;pGm rmefrm
ejzihf avQmufvrS ;f jcif; rjyKygESi/h f {ueftrSef tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf vlwt
Y k d m; 0g<um;*kPf
armufpmG qufqo
H w
l t
Y k d m; BuKu
d Ef pS o
f ufjcif; r&Syd g/} (uk&t
f mef - 31 ; 18)
]igt&Siu
f ay;xm;aom t&mrsm;udk toifwv
Y k d ufvw
T q
f ;k H I;H oGm;cJv
h Qif ylaqG;jcif;rjzpfMu ESi/h f
tvm[ft&Siu
f ay;oem;aom t&mrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f vnf; armf<um;jcif; rjzpfygapESi/hf
{uefrck s tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf rnfonhaf xmifvmT ;ol? *kPaf rmufou
l rk d Q ESpo
f ufjcif; r&Sd
yg/} (uk&t
f mef - 57 ; 23)
vlUtzGUJ tpnf;ESih f qufq&H mwGif owdjyK&rnft

h csuf
]{ueftrSef tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f toifwt
Ykd wGuf odYk
jy|mef;cJNhy;D jzpfonf/ rnfonht
f cgrqdk ,if;olwo
Y k d nf usr;f awmfjrwf\ vrf;Tecf suu
f k d jiif;
y,fMuNy;D avSmifajymifysu&f ,fjcif;vnf;jyKvQif olwo
Ykd nf taMumif;udpk eG v
Yf w
T u
f m
tjcm;pum;udk ajymif;vJajymqdjkcif; rjyKorQumvywfv;k H toifwo
Y k d nf xdo
k w
l EY k d iS h f yl;aygif;
jcif;rjyKygESi/h f odrY k [kwyf gu toifwo
Y k d nfvnf; jiif;y,fow
l t
Y k d wGi;f rS jzpfvrd rh f nf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 140)
H nfot
l aygif;wd?Y k toifwt
Y k d m; xdik 0f ik d ;f wGif ae&mcsaJ y;&ef ajym
qdv
k mvQif ae&mcs
J xdik Mfuukeaf vmh/ tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf toifwt
Y k d m; ae&mwd;k csUJ ay;
rnfjzpfonf/ toifwt
Ykd m; rwfwyf&yf&efajymqdv
k mvQiv
f nf; rwfwyf&yfMuukeaf vmh/
tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf toifwt
Y k d euf tDrmefouf0if,Mku
H nfow
l t
Y k d m; todynmwd;k wuf
apum tqifjhri w
h f ifay;awmfrrl nf/ tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf t&mtm;vH;k udk t<uif;rJMhum;
odawmfral omt&Sif jzpfonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 58 ; 11)
]toifonf rdr\
d 0wfpm;qif,ifaom t0wftxnfrsm;udk oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,faeygap/ xdt
Y k jyif
tnpfaMu;rsm;ESih f vGwu
f if;atmifaeEdik yf gap/} ( uk&t
f mef - 74 ; 4-5)
tpvmrfomoemzufoY k d zdwaf c:enf;

]qef;opfaomPfynmenf;vrf;ESih f aumif;jrwfaom pum;rsm;jzihf toifwt
Y k d m; zefqif;
arG;jrL jyKpyk sK;d axmifaom t&Si\
f vrf;pOfzufoY k d zdwaf c:ygav/ olwEY k d iS h f aqG;aEG;&mwGiv
f nf;
tvGev
f yS aom enf;vrf;jzpfygap/} (uk&t
f mef - 16 ; 125)
wpfO;D udw
k pfO;D pvmrfarwmydY k EIwq
f ufjcif;
]toifwo
Ykd nf tdrrf sm;od0Yk ifaomtcg ,if;olwu
Ykd kd pvmrfarwmydMYkuyg/ ,if;pvmrf onf
h ifcef;pm
133
aumif;jrwfaom qkawmif;ywemjyKcsuf jzpfonf/ aumif;cs;D r*FvmESih f jynhpf o

k H nfh tvm[fh
xHrS enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ odYk tm;jzihf tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf vrf;Tecf suw
f &m;rsm;udk
yGiv
h f if;xif&mS ;pGm azmfjyonf/ odY k &Si;f vif;csuo
f nf toifwt
Y k d zdY k em;vnfMuap&ef jzpfonf/
} (uk&t
f mef - 24 ; 61)
]toifwo
Y k d nf wpfenf;tm;jzihf pvmrfarwmydY k EIwq
f ufc&H vQif toifwo
Y k d nf xdEk w
I q
f uf
jcif;xuf ydrk
k d aumif;jrwfaom enf;vrf;tm;jzihf EIwcf eG ;f qufwek jYyf efygav/ odrY k [kwyf g
uvnf; wkejY yf efcsut
f wdik ;f jyefvnfwjY yk H ef EIwq
f ufygav/ tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf t&m
tm;vH;k udk ppfaq;rnft
h &Sif jzpfonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 86)
]tif&mS tvm[f} [k ajymqdak om rGwpf vifw\

Y k d tavhtx
]rnfonhu
f pd & yfrqdk tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\ oabmwltvd&k v
d S Qif jyKrnf ]tif&mS tvm[f} [k
qdNky;D rS ,if;ta&;udpu
k d aqmif&u
G rf nf[k qdyk g/ odY k tvm[fo
h abmwlnrD I rawmif;cHbJ
eufjzefjyKrnf[k rqdMkuESi/h f odY k wdik w
f nf&efarhcah J omf owd&aomtcg tvm[ft&Sijfrwf
udk atmufarhwoMuygavuke/f xdjYkyif uREykf t
f m; zefqif;arG;jrL ysK;d axmifaom t&Siu
f
,if;xufyrk d ak d umif;rGeaf om enf;vrf;udk Tejfyawmfrw
l ef&monf[k ajymMum;ygav/}
(uk&t
f mef - 18 ; 23-24)
f mefu vlrq
I ufqaH &;wGif wpfO;D udw
k pfO;D cGiv
hf w
T jf cif;? OayumjyKjcif;udk vdv
k m;
jyHrk u a'goudk xde;f odr;f &efvnf; qdx
k m;ygonf/
]ppfreS af om ,HMkunfow
l o
Y k d nf rdrw
d \
Y k d a'goudk rsKo
d yd ?f vlwu
Y k d k d cGiv
hf w
T jfcif;udk jyK\/}
(uk&t
f mef - 3 ; 134)
]cGiv
hf w
T jf cif;onf oyfu0g[fEiS hf eD;pyfr&I o
dS nf/ odjYk zpf cGiv
hf w
T jf cif;jyKum OayumjyK
qufqjHcif; jyK&\/} (uk&t
f mef - 24 ; 22)
]tDrmefouf0if,Mk u
H nfot
l aygif;wd?Y k tcsi;f csi;f wpfO;D udw
k pfO;D qGb&f- BuUH BuUH cH&yfwnfEik d f
pGr;f ? wnfwch H ik d Nf rpJ rG ;f ? tavhtusiu
h f k d ydcY k syg/ wpfO;D ESiw
h f pfO;D nDnw
G pf mG yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G f
Muyg/ oyfu0g[f tvm[fopd w
d u
f k d xm;&Syd g/ odt
Y k m;jzihf atmifjrifjcif;udk &&Srd nfjzpf onf/
} (uk&t
f mef - 3 ; 200)
]pifppf aumif;jrwfaom tjyKtrlEiS hf qd;k ,kwaf omtjyKtrlonf wlnMD uonfr[kw/f
toifwo
Ykd nf raumif;rIukd aumif;rIEiS hf ckcw
H eG ;f vSev
f Qif toifwEYkd iS hf olwpYkd yfMum; &efNiK;d
onf aysmufysuu
f m xdo
k w
l o
Y k d nf rdwaf qG&if;uJo
h Y k d jzpfvmrnf/} (uk&t
f mef - 41 ; 34)
134
tpvmrf"rArd mef
]aumif;jrwfaom*kPx
f ;l 0daooe[lonf qGb&f BuUH BuUH cH&yfwnfaom olwo
Ykd mvQif ay;
tyfjcif;cH&onf/ aumif;jrwfaom *kPx
f ;l udk &,laomolwo
Y k d nf xl;uJaomolwo
Y k d m vQif
jzpfonf/} (tvfu&k t
f mef - 41 ; 35)
oHo,pdwf rarG;ygESih f
]tdk . . . ouf0if,Mku
H nfot
l aygif;wd?Y k oHo,pdwyf mG ;rsm;jcif;udk a&Smif&mS ;yg/ tb,faMumifh
qdak omf tcsKUd aom oHo,pdwo
f nf Bu;D rm;aomtjypfuk d jzpfaponf/} (uk&t
f mef - 49 ; 12)
rGwpf vifwY k d owdjyK&rnfh tcsurf sm;

]tDrmefouf0if,Mku
H nfaom a,musmf ;rsm;ESih f rde;f rrsm;udk tajctjrpfr&Sb
d J pGypf u
J G m pdw'f u
k
ay;aomolwo
Y k d nf Bu;D rm;aomrkew
f ik d ;f ESih f xif&mS ;aomjypfru
I k d xrf;&Guo
f yl rm jzpfonf/}
(uk&t
f mef 33 ; 58)
]tMuifow
l pfO;D wpfa,mufonf ao;i,faomjypfrjI zpfap? Bu;D rm;aom 'kpdu
k rf jI zpfap jyK
vkyNfy;D aemuf ,if;jypfrEI iS ph f yfvsO;f tjypfrah J om olwpfO;D udk rw&m;yHck s ,d;k pGycf ah J omf xdo
k l
onf Bu;D rm;aom,d;k pGyrf EI iS h f xif&mS ;vSaom 'kpdu
k u
f k d o,faqmifaomolomvQif jzpf onf/
} (uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 112)
]npfnrf;aom pum;tjyKtrlrsm;udk vQKUd 0Supf mG aomfvnf;aumif;? xif&mS ;pGmaomfvnf;
aumif; rnfonhef nf;ESirh f qdk csO;f uyfjcif;rjyKygESi?h f a&SmifMuOfyg/} (uk&t
f mef - 6 ; 151)
]tDrmef,MkHunfow
l o
Ykd nf tcsn;f tES;D aom udp\
tyg;rS jzwfoef;oGm;aomtcg ,if;t
csn;f tES;D aomudpw
iG f yg0ifjcif;r&Sb
d J a`E& pd S mG tjcm;bufoY k d vSno
h f mG ;Muonf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 25 ; 72)
]toifwo
Y k d nf cGiv
hf w
T w
f wfaom toduk d tpOftNrJ vufuik d jfyKum aumif;jrwfaom tjyK
oabmaqmifaom vkyif ef;&yfrsm;udk jyKvyk &f ef zdwaf c:avmh/ xdjYyk if todw&m;uif;rJah om
olwu
Y k d k d vspv
f sLI OayumjyKavmh/} (uk&t
f mef - 7 ; 119)
]tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\ jrifjhrwfaom emcHawmf[o
l nf yx0DajrBu;D ay:0,f avQmufvrS ;f aom
tcg rdru
d ,
kd u
f Ekd rdS chf s a`E& pdS mG avQmufvrS ;f Muonf/ xdrk w
S yg; todw&m;uif;rJah om
olwEYkd iS hf qufqaH omtcg Nird ;f csr;f jcif;taygif;onf toifwt
Ykd ay:0,f oufa&mufygap
aMumif; qkreG af wmif;cHMuonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 25 ; 63)
rSe;f qNy;D xifaMu;ray;ygESih f

]toifwo
Y k d nf rdrd rodjrifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;\aemuf0,f rvdu
k MfuavESi/f h {ueft
h ifcef;pm
135
rSef ,if;ta&;rsm;ESipf h yfvsO;f em;? rsupf ?d pdwEf v

S ;k H toD;oD;onf pHpk rf;ppfaq;jref;jcif;cH&
rnf jzpfonf/ tMuifrnforl qdk raumif;rI'pk du
k u
f k d usL;vGecf v
J h Qif ,if;\ tusK;d qufonf
xdo
k t
l wGuo
f mvQijf zpfonf/ rnfou
l rQ tjcm;olw\
Ykd 0efxyk 0f efy;kd udk o,fy;kd Muvdrrhf nf
r[kwyf g/ toifwo
Ykd nf toifw\
Ykd zefqif;arG;jrLjyKpyk sK;d axmifaom t&Six
f o
H Ykd jyefvnf
oGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ toifwu
Ykd v
J G aJ G eaom jyem&yfEiS ph f yfvsO;f toifwt
Y k d m; jyornf
jzpfonf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 6 ; 164)
ajymwdik ;f r,HEk iS h f pHpk rf;yg

]tDrmefouf0if,Mku
H nfow
l Y k d tu,f pm&dwt
ydik ;f wGif azmufjyefow
l pfO;D onf toifwx
Ykd H
owif;pum; wpfpw
kH pf&m,lvmcJah omf ,if;tcsut
f vufEiS pfh yfvsO;f pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;
jyKMuavmh/ ,if;tcsut
f vufrsm;onf vlUtzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yfuk d tE&m,fjyKru
d m ,if;vkyf
&yfrsm;twGuf t&Suw
f uGJ aMuuGjJ cif;jzpfvrd rhf nf/}
( uk&t
f mef - 49 ; 6 )
]toifwx
Y k d H Nird ;f csr;f a&;vufqifu
h rf;aom olwEY k d iS f h toifwt
Y k d zdq
Y k efu
Y si&f ef tvm[ft&Sif
jrwfonf rnfonhef nf;vrf;udrk Q rjyyg/}
( uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 90 )
(10) vlrq
I ufqaH &;\ tpdwt
f ydik ;f jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;qufo,
G rf w
I iG f wdusreS u
f efr&I &d S ygrnf/ aiGjzKe;f wD;
jcif;? ap;ESjJ cif;wdu
Yk akd &Smifum avmbpdwu
f kd csKyw
f ;D Edik &f ygrnf/ tjcm;olw\
Ykd Bu;D yGm;rIukd Ijrifumremvdpk w
d f
xm;&Sjdcif;vnf; rjyK&yg/ odaY k om oGeo
f ifvrf;nTecf suu
f v
k d nf; usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f jyoxm;onf/
ta&mif;t0,fEiS f h twd;k tnTe\

Y f jcm;em;csuf
]ukepf nfu;l oef;ta&mif;t0,fuk d tvm[ft&Sijfrwfu [vmvftjzpfciG jhyf K twd;k tnTeY f
pm;jcif;udrk u
l m; [&mrf wm;jrpfawmfro
l nf/
( uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 275 )
twd;k tnTeEY f iS f h Zumof\jcm;em;csuf

]tMuifow
l o
Y k d nf vlom;wd\
Y k Opmypn;f wGif ES;D aESmchaJ om twd;k tnTeo
Y f nf tvm[ft&Sif
jrwf\xHawmfwiG f wd;k yGm;jcif;r&Sad y/ od&Y k mwGif toifwo
Y k d nf tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\ oabm
wlnrD &I &Sad &; &nf&,
G cf sujf zifh Zumof qif;&Jom;aMu;udk ay;aqmifMuygrl ,if;uho
J aYkd om
olwo
Y k d nf tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\ txHawmfwiG f Bu;D yGm;wd;k wufMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/}
( uk&t
f mef - 30 ; 39 )
rGwpf vifp;D yGm;a&;orm;wpfO;D \ cH,cl suf

]toifwo
Ykd nf csed w
f ,
G w
f ikd ;f wmrIjyK&mwGif wdusw&m;rQwjcif;udk apmifx
h ed ;f Muyg/ csed w
f ,
G f
136
tpvmrf"rArd mef
wdik ;f wm&mwGif ,kwaf vsmv

h rd v
f nfjcif; rjzpfygapESi/f h
( uk&t
f mef - 55 ; 9 )
]4if;jyif csed w
f ,
G w
f ik d ;f wmrIjyK&mwGif jynf0h pGmjyKvyk Mfuyg/ xdrk w
S yg; toifwo
Y k d nf wdik ;f wm aom
pHrsm;? tav;rsm;onf rSeu
f efaomtav;csed jf zpfygap/ onf aumif;rGeaf om enf;
vrf;jzpfonf/ ,if;\ &vm'fonfvnf; jrifjhrwfaom aumif;usK;d udjkzpfaponf/}
( uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 35 )
]toifwo
Ykd nf csed w
f ,
G w
f ikd ;f wmrIjyK&mwGif jynf0h pGmay;aqmifMuyg/ vlwu
Ykd kd qH;k I;H epfem
atmifjyKol rjzpfygapESi/f h csed w
f ,
G af omt&mrsm;onfvnf; rSeu
f efygap/ vlw\
Y k d &ydik cf iG u
fh kd
avsmeh nf;atmifjyKNy;D ray;ygESi/f h odt
Y k m;jzifh toifw\
Y k d vky&f yfaMumifh wkid ;f jynftwGi;f ql
ylaomif;use;f rIukd yGm;rsm;jzpfapvdrrhf nf/ tvm[fopd w
d u
f kd toifwt
Ykd pOf owdjyKMuyg/
tvm[ft&Sio
f nf toifwEY k d iS f h twdwv
f Ul tEG,w
f t
Y k d m; zefqif;cho
J nf/ }
(uk&t
f mef - 26 ; 181 - 184 )
]csed w
f ,
G w
f ikd ;f wm&mwGif aumufusppf Of;vJow
l o
Ykd nf ysupf ;D Mu&rnf/ ,if;olwo
Ykd nf ol
wyg;xHr&S ,laomtcg jynf0h pGmcsed w
f ,
G w
f ik d ;f wm,lMuonf/ od&Y k mwGif olwpfyg;tm; csed w
f ,
G f
ay;&mwGif avsmah y;Muonf/ olwo
d Y k nf au,mrof&iS jfyefxrnfah eYuk d r,HMkunfMuoavm/
xdak eYwiG f vlwo
Y k d nf pMu0Vmtaygif;udk zefqif;arG;jrLjyKpyk sK;d axmifay;aomt&Sif tvm[f
\a&SUawmfarSmufwiG f rdr\
d vky&f yftwGuf tppfaq;cH&rnfjzpfonf/} ( uk&t
f mef - 83 ; 1 - 6)
ta<u;b0wGif epfaeol
]tMuifoNl rpD m;wpfO;D wpfa,mufonf acs;iSm;xm;aomta<u;ESipfh yfvsO;f ay;qyfEikd &f ef
tcuftcJ&cdS aJh omf ,if;oltm; acsmifvnfonftxd ta<u;qyf&ef tcsed w
f ;kd jriS jfhcif;jyKyg/
tu,f wwfEifkd v
f Qirf l ,if;Nr;D pm;udk ta<u;ay;qyfEikd jf cif;r&S
d vGwNf ird ;f cGijfhyKvu
kd jf cif;
onf toift
h wGuf aumif;jrwfaom tjyKoabmjzpfonf/} ( uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 280 )
twd;k tnTepY f m;jcif;

]tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf twd;k tnTeu
Yf kd qkw,
f w
k yf supf ;D avsmeh nf;apNy;D aumif;jrwfaom
ay;urf;jcif;udk wd;k jrihw
f ;kd yGm;aponf/ tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf jiif;y,faom umzd&f raumif;rI'pk du
k af umif wpfO;D wpfa,mufurk d Q cspjfrwfE;d k jcif;r&Syd g/} ( uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 276)
] tMuifow
l o
Y k d nf twd;k tnTeUf pm;oH;k MuvQif aumif;rGeaf om&yfwnfru
I k d rjyKEik d yf g/ Iid o
f mG ef\
todPf arSmufrmS ; l;oGyaf wGa0jcif;aMumifh &yfwnfro
l mjzpfrnf/} (uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 275)
] tDrmefouf0if,MkHunfow
l Ykd tu,f toifwo
Ykd nf tDrmefouf0if,MkHunforl eS v
f Qif
h ifcef;pm
137
tvm[fopd w
d x
f m;&Syd g/ use&f ad S omtwd;k tnTerY f sm;udv
k nf; pGev
Yf w
G Mfuyg/ odrY k jyKvyk yf grl
toifwo
Ykd nf tvm[ft&Sijf rwf? wrefawmf ESifh ppfrufNyKd iq
f ikd &f ef tqifoif&h MdSuyguke/f
tu,f toifwo
Y k d nf aomifA[f oHa0*&&Syd grl toifwo
Y k d nf rdrw
d \
Y k d aiG&if;rsm;udk ydik q
f ik d f
cGi&fh o
dS nf/ toifwo
Ykd nf tjcm;olwu
Ykd kd rw&m;qH;k I;H epfemjcif;vnf; rjzpfapESi/fh toifwYkd
udv
k nf; qH;k I;H jcif;rjzpfygapESi/fh }
(uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 297)
] tdk tDrmefouf0if,Mku
H nfot
l aygif;wdY k toifwo
Y k d nf twd;k tnTeu
Y f k d ESpq
f ? av;q? tq
aygif;rsm;pGmaom twd;k tnTeu
Y f k d rpm;Muukev
f if/h 4if;jyif toifwo
Y k d nf tvm[fopd w
d x
f m;
&SMd uyg? okrY d o
S mvQib
f toifwo
Y k d nf atmifjrifojl zpfMuth/H }
(uk&t
f mef - 3 ; 130)
] toifonf rdrv
d ufukd vnfuw
k w
f iG f csnaf ESmifxm;ouho
J Ykd qkw
k ,
f jl cif;vnf; rjyKygESi/fh
,if;vufukd vH;k 0zGijhfzefx
Y m;jcif;tm;jzifh evHrxkEl ikd af tmifvnf; rjzpfygapESi/fh okjYdyKvQif
rGjJ ymus rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd tjypfwifjcif;jzpfvrd rhf nf/}
( uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 29)
] (tDrmef,Mku
H nfow
l o
Y k d nf) oH;k pGMJuaomtcg tcsn;f tES;D jzKe;f wD;jcif;vnf; rjyKMuay/ ap;ESJ
jcif;udv
k nf; rjyKMuay? olw\
Y k d oH;k pGjJcif;yHpk u
H rvGerf ,kwf tv,ftvwfo;k H pGrJ o
I mvQif jzpf
ayonf/}
( uk&t
f mef - 25 ; 67 )
ay;urf;yg rjzKe;f wD;ygESih f

] aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;? qif;&Jom;rsm;ESif h c&D;oGm;wd\
Y k vdt
k yfcsuu
f k d jznfw
h if;ay;yg/ ok&Y d mwGif
tv[ojzKe;f wD;jcif; rjzpfygapESi/fh }
( uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 26 )
tv[ojzKe;f wD;olonf du
I o
f mG ef\ nDtpfuk d
] {ueftrSef tv[ojzKe;f wD;olwo
Ykd nf du
I o
f mG ef\nD&if;tpfurkd QomvQif jzpfonf/ diI f
oGmefonf tvm[ft&Sijrf wfuk d aus;Zl;uef;oljzpfonfuk d odjrifyg/} ( uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 27 )
'kua &mufou
l k d ajyjypfpmG qufqyH g
] od&Y k mwGif toifonf rdr\
d zefqif;arG;jrLjyKpyk sK;d axmifaom t&Six
f aH wmfrS ukPmawmf udk
apmifah rQmaf ecdu
k f ,if;awmif;cHaom olrsm;a&muf&v
dS mvQif ajyjypfom,maompum;jzifh
rsuEf mS vTjJ cif;jyKyg/}
( uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 28 )
aumif;jrwfaom tjyKtusi[
hf o
l nf
] aumif;jrwfaom tjyKtusi[
hf o
l nf toifwo
Y d k nf ta&SUbufov
Y k d nf;aumif;? taemuf
bufov
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J h nf/ ol\acwfumvwGif Edik if aH wmfBu;D onf tzufzufwiG f
148
tpvmrf"rArd mef
wk;d wufco
Jh nf/
tkr&fbif tAf'v
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acvmzofpepfuk d jyefvnftoufoiG ;f &ef BuKd;pm;cho
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rsm;vkycf o
J h nfh 2ESpcf yJ G ifrMum tqdycf yfccH &J h onf/ ['D;pfMo0g' pkaqmif;&ef yxrqH;k Edif k if aH wmfjyefwrf;xkwcf J h
onf/
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tkrik d ,
f mrif;quf\aemufq;k H tkycf sKyaf &;awmfo?l ,if;aemufyif k d ;f wGif tkycf sKyo
f rl sm;nhzH si;f ojzifh tH<kurI
rsm;jzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf/
tAmqD,mrif;quf ([pf*s&D 132 - 656 )

ESpaf ygif; 524 ESpt
f yk cf sKycf o
Jh nf/ tAlrw
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J nf/
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J h nf/ rko0vf
uvfvufxufrpS wl&uDtapmifw
h yfoY k d tmPm&&Sv
d mcho
J nf/ olwcY k d efo
Y o
l mbk&ifjzpf&onf/ tAmqDrif;
qufuEkd pS yf ifkd ;f cG
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H iG f tAf'v
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149
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J
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h rdik ;f ynm
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wrefawmfjrwf [d*s&wfjyKNy;D ESpaf ygif; 215 ESpt
f MumwGif b*'ufaejynfawmfwiG f tAmqD,mrif;tvf
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150
tpvmrf"rArd mef
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J h nf/ 1342 ckEpS rf pS orwEdik if aH Munmcho
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f rdik ;f ynm&SiBfu;D a'gufwmp&Dvmof csKyd &mu a&;om;
xm;yHrk mS odjYzk pfonf/
" Modern history attributes Liberty, Equality and Fraternity to be the out come
of the French Revolution , but the first person to proclaim it was the Founder of
Islam fourteen centuries ago."
]acwfopfurmo
h rdik ;f u vGwv
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Y k d nf tpvmrfEif k d if aH wmfBu;D \ tpdwt
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H k d (at'D 710 - 1492) txd
ESpaf ygif; 800 eD;yg;tkycf sKycf o
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k o
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rGwpf vifwo
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wwfaom tjrif&jdcS if;? ynma&;udk BuK;d yrf;jcif;ESih f qufE,
G af om vrf;Tecf suw
f &m;rsm;rSm 750 ausmrf Q&ad S Mumif;
'rwfpuwfwuov
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152
tpvmrf"rArd mef
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aom om"ursm;&Sad eonf/ todPfuk d toH;k csjcif;? qifjcifww
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qH;k toH;k jyKjcif;onf tpvmrfv
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(c) 'kw,
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J jdrifEik d af om yk*Kv
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tdv
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d u
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trsK;d orD;[l cGjJcm;jcif;r&Sb
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k d af vsmaf omtajctae? &yfwnf wnf&rd S t
I wGuf pnf;urf;abmifowfrw
S cf sujfzihf zefqif;
aMumif;}qdx
k m;onf/ ,if;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk obm0avmuBu;D \ t&mtm;vH;k wGif pl;prf;avhvmawGU&SEd ik d f
ygonf/
vlom;udk oDeG ;f [kac:onhf ajrap;ESih f cvuf[ak c:onhf t&mrsm;udk (Process) jzpfpOfjzihf zefqif;jcif;
158
tpvmrf"rArd mef
jzpfonf/ xdrk w
S zef vl[
l jzpfay:vmonf/ (uk&t
f mef - 23 ; 7? 30 ; 11? 6 ; 2? 25 ; 54) urmay:wGif yxrqH;k
qifu
h jJzpfpOfot
D &k d D (Evolution Theory) udk pwif wifjyolrmS [pf*s&D 421 ckEpS u
f uG,v
f eG cf ah J om tdAaf e
rqfu,
k m jzpfonf/ ol\usr;f wGif kua A'qifu
h jzJ pfpOfuk d azmfjycJo
h nf/ 19 &mpkwiG f 'g0if\ oDt&k d x
D w
k jyf efaom
tcg taemufwik d ;f bmoma&;avmu wkev
f yI cf &h J onf/ olw\
Y k d usr;f ESih f vH;k 0OHq
k efu
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tm;jzihf qifu
h jJ zpfpOf oDt&kd u
D kd 'g0ifEiS hf tJvzf 'J &f q,fvw
f Ykd toD;oD; wpfNyKd ief ufxw
k jf yefco
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(3) vl[
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f
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onf/ usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f yg&Sad om tvm[ft&SijfrwfEiS h f ywfoufaom odyq
H ik d &f m oufaojycsurf sm;
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f efonf/ 20 % ud,
k rf l vlw\
Y k d vuf&d S Pf&nfonf vdu
k rf rSjzD pfaeonf/
pOD;vlom; tm'rf
vlom;wdu
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k pf m;jyKonf/ odjYzk pf vlom;udk tm'rD [k ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ tm'rfuk d
tyfprmynmtm;jzihf todtjrifay;onf/
Names
Parceptual Senses
Conceptual
trnfemr
tmHt
k m;jzihf od&dS
,if;todukd vlom;wdYk
tmpfr[f
Mum;jcif;ESihf jrifjcif;udk toH;k cs
omvQif &&So
d nf/
obm0odyu
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kua A'opfyifw\
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aygif;rsm;taMumif;udk "gwkaA'bmom&yfwiG f avhvmEdik o
f nf/ uJo
h yY k d if euwa A'? blrad A' ponfjzihf rsm;
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H trnfEiS h f today;ynmomvQif jzpfonf/ tm'rfeADu &&Sad om
tdvrf v
k t
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Y k k d ud,
k pf m;jyKum vlw\
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Y k d nf pifMu,faom todu&k d Ny;D qifjcifwk H
udk toH;k rcsaomolwo
Y k d nf wpfyg;olw\
Y k d aus;uRejzf pf&onfrmS avmued,mroabm jzpfonf/ vlom;tm'rf
h ifcef;pm
159
tm; pl;prf;avhvmaomtodEiS t
h f wl qifjcifo;k H oyfEik d af om pGr;f tm;udv
k nf; tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\ ay;tyf
jcif;cHc&h J onf/ xdrk Qru tm'rfuk d ud,
k yf ik d q
f ;k H jzwfciG h f tcGit
h f a&;vnf; ay;xm;jcif;cH&onf/ rvmtdum[fonf
tcGit
h f a&;udk r&&Syd g/ odjYzk pfvnf; rvmtdum[fwo
Y k d nf tvm[far;aom tpfrm[far;cGe;f udk rajzqdEk ik d f
cJyh g/ tm'rfurl ,if;arG;cGe;f rsm;udk ajzqdEk ik d Nfy;D rvmtdum[fwx
Y k d uf omvGeo
f jlzpfaMumif; oufaojyEdik cf o
h J nf/
usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mef avhvmolwu
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aom pum;vH;k rsm;jzifh &Si;f vif;azmfjyavh&o
d S nf/
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18
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Oya'oESih f ywfouf
21
Burd f
odjrifatmifjyKjcif;ESih f ywfouf
44
Burd f
qifjcifww
k H &m;ESih f ywfouf
51
Burd f
Ijrifo;kH oyfjcif;ESihf ywfouf
130 Burd f
awG;awmBuq
H jcif;ESih f ywfouf
297 Burd f
441 Burd f
owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrsm;
tm'rfuk d ud,
k yf ik d q
f ;k H jzwfciG h f tcGit
h f vef;ay;xm;jcif; cH&rnf/ rvmtdum[frmS tcGit
h f a&;udk r&&Sd
yg/
tvm[ft&Sijrf wfu rvmtdum[fwu
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Y k d OD;nGwf
aomfvnf; tdAv
f pD u
f OD;rnGw?f olonf rvmtdum[fwrY k d S r[kwf *sief w
f rY k d S jzpfonf/
(uk&t
f mef - 16 ; 49-50? 22 ; 18)
tm'rfEiS Zh f eD;jzpfou
l k d tvm[fu *sEo
w
f iG f aecGijhyf Kco
h J nf/ od&Y k mwGif opfyifwpfct
k em;odY k roGm;&ef
wm;jrpfco
h J nf/ tu,foGm;cJah omf vl,w
k rf mZGmvifrw
f rY k d S jzpfvrd rh f nf[k rSmMum;cJo
h nf/ (uk&t
f mef - 3 ; 35)
tm'rfwZY k d eD;armifEt
H S m; tdAv
f pd \
f vSnjhzf m;aoG;aqmifraI Mumifh tvm[fwm;jrpfxm;aom tvkyu
f kd
jyKco
h J nf/ odjYzk pf t&Suw
f uGjJzpfum *sEo
rf S ESicf sjcif;cHc&h J onf/ (uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 63)
odt
Y k m;jzihf urmavmuodY k a&muf&v
d S mcJo
h nf/ tm'rfonf ol\jypfru
I k d oHa0*& tvm[fxo
H Ykd
aomifAmjyKco
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hf w
T cf o
hJ nf/ tem*wfumvESiyhf wfouf
atmufyg tpDtpOfuk d csrw
S cf o
h J nf/
tvm[ft&Six
hf aH wmfrS vrf;Tecf suw
f &m;ESihf wrefawmfrsm;udk apvTwrf nf/ ,if;vrf;Tecf suu
f kd
vufcu
H sio
h f ;k H olwt
Y k d zkY d aMumuf&UH Gp&mvnf; awGUrnfr[kwo
f uJo
h Y k d 0rf;enf;aMuuGrJ u
I v
k d nf; BuKH&rnfr[kwaf y/
160
tpvmrf"rArd mef
,if;tvm[f\ vrf;Tecf suu

f k d vufrcHypfy,fo?l jiif;y,fow
l o
Y k d nf tpOfojzihf *s[Erw
f iG f ae&rnfo
h l jzpf
onf/
tdAfvdpf[lonf
tdAv
f pd \
f t"dyg ,fu arQmv
f ifch suu
f if;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ arQmv
f ifch suu
f if;rJo
h o
l nf rnfonhrf [kwf
rw&m;aom trIurk d qdk vky&f o
J jlzpfonf/ tdAv
f pd o
f nf au,mrofaeYtxd vlom;wdt
Y k m; zsuv
f zk d supf ;D jyKrnf/
od&Y k mwGif ppfreS af om tDrmef,Mku
H nfou
l rk d l rzsuq
f ;D Edik af y/ (uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 65? 15 ; 42)
tdAv
f pd \
f zsufvzkd sufp;D AsL[mrsm;
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
vlom;wdw
Y k iG f ,Hrk mS ;oHo,pdwf jzpfay:apjcif;
(uk&t
f mef - 20 ; 120? 7 ; 20)
tajccdik NfrrJ rI &Sad om arQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;udk jzpfay:apjcif;
(uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 119)
bmoma&;avmuwGif vSyaom npfnrf;pum;udk oH;k pGaJ pjcif;
(uk&t
f mef - 7 ; 28)
aiGjzKe;f wD;rIujk dzpfapjcif;? ap;ESrJ u
I k d jzpfay:apjcif;
(uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 27)
r[kwrf rSeaf om aumv[vpum;rsm;udk pl;prf;jcif;r&Sb
d J jzefjYcif;?
vufcjH cif;
(uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 83)
(6) tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;? cdu
k &f efjzpfay:rIrsm;? y#dyursm;udk jzpfatmif
vIUH aqmfjcif;
(uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 53)
(7) vlUtzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f npfnrf;aom tjyKtrlrsm;? tavhtx
,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk jzpfapjcif;
(uk&t
f mef - 13 ; 53? 31 ; 20-21)
(8) tvm[ft&SijfrwfEiS h f t&Si\
f usr;f *efawmfEiS ph f yfvsO;f
ynmtajctjrpfr&Sb
d J jiif;cHjkcif;/
(uk&t
f mef - 22 ; 3-4? 31 ; 20-21)
(9) tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\ usr;f *efawmfuk d rsupf yd w
d jfiif;y,fru
I kd
jzpfay:apjcif;
(uk&t
f mef - 6 ; 68)
(10) aMumufpw
d af rG;jrLay;jcif;
(uk&t
f mef - 3 ; 172? 174)
(11) trSew
f &m;ESih f pyfvsO;f aomjyem&yfwiG f rrSeu
f efow
l d Y k tav;om
atmif jyKral qmif&u
G af y;jcif;/
(uk&t
f mef - 8 ; 48)
(12) Iid w
f mG ef\ 0[Denf;vrf;jzihf ol\&Jabmfrsm;udk owd0&D ,
d &Sad pjcif; (uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 121-122)
h ifcef;pm
161
owdjyKoifah om tcsufrsm;
usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefu twdwu
f mvusr;f rsm;qdo
k uJo
h Y k d tm'rf\ZeD; {0eH;k d rS zefqif;jcif;udk razmf
jyyg/ uk&t
f mefu vlwt
Y k d rsK;d xJu ZeD;cifyeG ;f udjkzpfaponf[k (16 ; 72) wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
*sEo
rf S ESicf sc&H rIwiG f twdwu
f mvusr;f rsm;u {0udk tjypfwifxm;onf/ uk&t
f mefu ZeD;armifEH S ESpf
OD;pvH;k udk azmfjyonf/
twdwu
f mvusr;f rsm;udk zsuv
f zk d suq
f ;D jyKvyk cf Mhu
J ,if;usr;f rsm;wGif wrefawmfrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif
rkom;pum;ajymoltjzpfvnf;aumif;? rdr\
d om;orD;rsm;ESih f aoG;aESmoltjzpfvnf;aumif; dik ;f pdik ;f pGmazmfjyxm;
onfuk d awGU jrif&onf/
twdwu
f sr;f rsm;udk vufuid k jfyKou
l usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefonf twdwu
f sr;f rsm;rS ul;,lxm;csurf Q
om jzpfonf[k qd\
k / od&Y k mwGif uk&t
f mef\wifjycsuo
f nf wrefawmfrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif d;k om;ol opm&Sirf sm;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? qifjcifww
k H &m;rJah om toH;k tEIe;f rsm;udk a&;xm;jcif;r&Syd g/
twdwu
f sr;f rsm;ESih f uk&t
f mefuk d EIid ;f ,SOaf vhvmMunhyf g/ taMumif;t&mwlaomfvnf; wifjyyHEk iS h f &nf
&G,cf suo
f nf vH;k 0rwlaMumif; awGU jrif&rnfjzpfonf/ odjYzk pf uk&t
f mefuk d avhvmaomtaemufwik d ;f rS pmay
ynm&Sirf sm;? yg&*lrsm;onf uk&t
f mefuak d vhvm&if;u uk&t
f mefwiG f arsmygoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefu vlUb0wnfaqmufru
I k d &nfreS ;f csux
f m;&Su
d m wnfaqmufaponf/ b0ESih f
ywfouf &nfreS ;f csuw
f pfpw
k H pfcrk &Sad om tajctaeudk usr;f awmfjrwfu atmufygtwdik ;f owday;xm;ay
onf/
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Y k d nf xdo
k rl uJo
h Y k d rjzpfygapESi/h f xdo
k rl onf cufcyJ ifyef;pGmjzifh csnif ifNy;D
aemuf olrud,
k w
f ik d f csnrf Qirf sm;udk tydik ;f ydik ;f zsuq
f ;D ypfonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 16 ; 92)
twdwo
f rdik ;f ESihf ordik ;f okawoejyKrIEiS phf yfvsOf; uk&t
f mef\ vrf;Tecf sufrsm;
]toifwY k d rjrifMuoavm/ igt&Sijfrwfonf rsm;ajrmifvpS mG aom vlrsK;d EG,u
f k d aemuf
xyf evHrxlEik d af tmif zsuq
f ;D ypfco
h J nf/ rnfonhv
f Ul tzGUJ tpnf;udrk qdk rdrv
d yk &f yfEiS h f pyfvsO;f
IjrifawGU&rnfom jzpfonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 36 ; 30 - 32)
olwo
Y k d nf urmajray:0,f vSnv
h f nf rMunhMfuoavm/ twdwu
f mvu vlUtzGUJ tpnf;0ifw\
Ykd
ysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f aeaom a'otaqmuftOD;udMkunh
f olw\
Y k d tjzpfoepfuk d jrifEik d o
f nf/ xdo
k w
l o
Y k d nf vlO;D a&
rsm;jym;Ho
k mru cGet
f m;Av? Opm"eESih f jynhpf ak H omfvnf; olw\
Y k d rSm;,Gi;f aom vky&f yfaMumifh rnfonht
f &murQ
olwu
Y k d k d ru,fwifEik d af wmhyg/
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Y k d iG f em;vnf
162
tpvmrf"rArd mef
Edik af om ESv;k H om;rsm; Mum;odEik d af om aomwtmHrk sm; &Sad eonf/ rsupf o

d nfvnf; uef;aeol
r[kwaf y/ pifppfaomfum; olwo
Ykd nf qifjcifojd rifaom ESv;kH om;udk toH;k rjyKMu jzpf
onf/} (uk&t
f mef - 22 ; 46)
twdwu
f mvu vlUtzGUJ tpnf;wd\
Yk aysmufysuf&jcif;taMumif;t&if;ESpcf k
1
2
kyyf ik d ;f qdik &f m wd;k wufraI vmufuo

k d m t"duxm;Ny;D ud,
k u
f siw
h f &m;tydik ;f wGif vspv
f sLIaom vlUtzGUJ
tpnf;onf a&&Snw
f nfwEh H ik d rf nf r[kwyf g/
emrfyik d ;f qdik &f mwGif epfreG ;f Ny;D avmuDwm0efrsm;? kyyf ik d ;f qdik &f m wd;k wufrrI sm;udk vspv
f sLIaom olrsm;onf
vnf; a&&Snw
f nfwEh H ik d rf nfr[kw[
f k uk&t
f mefu qdo
k nf/ vlUtzJUG tpnf;wpf&yfonf avmuDEiS h f emrf
ydik ;f qdik &f mwGif wpfajy;nDro
S mvQif wnfwrh H nfjzpfonf/
toifwo
Y k d nf tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\ usr;f *efvm vrf;Tecf suu
f k d wpfyik d ;f wpfp vufc,
H Mku
H nfNy;D wpfyik d ;f
wpfpudk jypfy,fMuoavm/ odY k jyKaom vlUtzGUJ tpnf;0ifo\
l avmuDb0onfvnf; atmufus
edru
h f s ysupf ;D Hrk u aemiftmcd&ofwiG v
f nf; jyif;xefaom tjypf'Pfuk d cH&ayrnf/ {ueftrSef tvm[f
t&Sijfrwfonf toifw\
Y k d vky&f yftvH;k pHu
k k d odjrifawmfral omt&Sif jzpfonf/
usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f yg0ifazmfjyaom eADEiS h f ol\vlUtzGUJ tpnf;taMumif;rsm;onf tvGeyf if
pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f mjzpfonf/
El[ef ADacwfumv
]El[ef ADacwfumv bDpD 5000 cefu
Y uwfpyd,efyifv,furf;ajc awmifwef;a'orS
jzpfonf/ xdak cwfvw
l o
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f &m;udk ypf
y,fb0 wnfaqmufMuonf/} (uk&t
f mef 51 ; 46)
]olwo
Ykd nf armufrmHo
k mru vlwu
Ykd kd SO;f yrf;ESyd pf uforl sm;vnf;jzpfaMumif;/}
(uk&t
f mef - 51 ; 53)
]olwo
Y k d nf bk&m;wk? bk&m;a,mifrsm;udk ylaZmfyoMuonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 71 ; 23)
]El[ef ADonf wpfyg;wnf;aom t&Sit
f vm[f\ vrf;Tecf suw
f &m;udo
k m vufc&H ef
wifjyonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 11 ; 25-27)
]El[ef ADacwf vlwo
Y k d nf rd;k d zvm qnf;uyfru
I k d rpGeEY f ik d Mfu/} (uk&t
f mef - 14 ; 10)
]El[ef AD\ a'oemawmfuk d <u,f0csr;f omolEiS h f tkycf sKyo
f v
l w
l ef;pm;u OD;aqmifqefu
Y sif rk H u
El[ef ADtm; pdeaf c:cJo
h nf/} (uk&t
f mef - 71 ; 21 - 25? 10 ; 71)
h ifcef;pm
163
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l pY k d ak ygif; rMumcifumvwGif
usa&mufrnfh ab;tE&m,fuk d umuG,&f ef oabFmwpfpif; wnfaqmufcMu
h J aponf/ r,HMkunf
olwu
Y k d jyuf&,fjyKMuonf/} (uk&t
f mef - 23 ; 39? 71 ; 27? 11 ; 36? 37? 38? 39)
]tcsed w
f ef rd;k Bu;D onf;xef a&vTr;f rd;k um r,HMk unfow
l Ykd ysupf ;D qH;k I;H cJMh uonf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 11 ; 40-41? 54 ; 11-14)
tm'fvrl sKd;wd\
Yk acwfumv
usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefu tm'fvrl sK;d wdo
Yk nf tm;tiftvH;k pHEk iS hf jynhpf o
kH nf/ olw\
Ykd ,Ofaus;rIukd
bDpD 2200 rS bDpD 1700 umvtwGi;f ajrmuf,rD if? tdrk ef ESih f bm&de;f a'owGif awGU jrif&onf/ Bu;D rm;aomwdik f
rsm;jzihf taqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvyk jfcif;aMumifh olwu
k d Y k d k d usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefu Zmokvt
f rD m'f
[k ac:qdjkcif;jzpfonf/ olwu
Ykd t
k d aMumif;jyK a&S;a[mif;ypn;f rsm;udk tm&Afordik ;f q&mwdu
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k d ef AD? rlqmeAD? [mle;f eAD? 'g0l;'feAD? qlvik d rf mefeAD ? t,kAef AD? td'&f pd ef AD? Zlvu
f zd ef AD?
,[f,meAD? tDqmeADEiS h f aemufq;k H wrefawmfjrwf rk[r'f taMumif;udk odjrifEik d yf gonf/
168
tpvmrf"rArd mef
usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f azmfjyxm;aom wrefawmftcsKdU\ qufE,
G yf ZkH ,m;rsm;
vlrsK;d wdik ;f twGuf owfrw
S x
f m;aom tcsed u
f mv&Sad eonf/ ,if;owfrw
S cf suu
f ek q
f ;k H Ny;D aemuf ,if;ol
wdu
Y k k d tenf;i,frQyif tcsed af y;vdu
k af vsmjcif;rjyKEik d /f (uk&t
f mef - 7 ; 34? 10 ; 49)
El[ef AD(c&pfEpS rf wkid cf if 5000 ESp)f
uufpyD,yH ifv,fa'owGif ay:xGe;f cJo
h nf/ (El[ef ADrwdik cf ifuvnf;
wrefawmf&cd S o
h J nf[k uk&t
f mefu qdo
k nf/ tm'fEiS h f qrl'v
f rl sK;d (qGmaveAD)
(vkoef AD)
(vkot
f EG,0f ifrsm;)
tDA&m[Dref AD(c&pfrwdik rf D 2200ESp)f

+ qm&mocifr
r'f,mef
tdp[
f mufeAD
,mukAef AD(ueftmef)
Itu
kd Af ef AD
ygvufpwdik ;f
(c&pfrwdik cf if
,lpAG ef AD? rlqmeAD([ml;efeAD)
1600)
(c&pfrwdik cf if 1600) *sL;vlrsK;d wdu
Yk kd
uRepf w
d af ysmufapcJ\
h / 'g0l'ef AD
(*sL;ol&aJ umif;) c&pfrwdik cf if 1000
qlvikd rf mefeAD
(*sL;vlrsK;d txGwt
f xdy)f
,lEpG ef AD
(c&pfrwdik cf if 700)
+ [m*s&mocifr
tDprf mtDvef AD(tma&As
a'owGif BuK;d yrf;cJo
h )l
tDql
(tESpf 400)
trmvuf
tyfp[
f mAf
[*s&f
tyfp[
f mAf
&mpf
atmZf
t,lAef AD
(c&pfEpS rf wkid cf if
1000 ESp)f
Zu&D,meAD
,m[f,meAD
tDqmeAD (*sL;vlrsK;d wd\
Yk pdwf ikd ;f aysmufapcJo
h )l
NLO NLO NLO
rk[r'o
f cif
(urmwpf0rS ;f vlom;wdt
Yk wGuf
tvif;jy aemufq;kH wrefawmf)
tpvmrf omoemjyKordkif;
*sm0d'o
f ef; B.Sc(Chem.)
tpvmrfomoemay:xGe;f vmNy;D aemuf rumNrKdU&Srd &k &f S u
d w
f o
Y k d nf wrefawmfjrwfEiS f h tpG[
f Afawmfrsm;udk
enf;rsK;d pHjkzihf SO;f yrf;ESyd pf ufcMhu
J onf/ odjYzk pf vufwpfqyk pf mrQom&Sad om tpvmrfomoemawmfuk d ouf0if
,HMkunfMuaomolwo
Y k d nf wrefawmfjrwf\ trdeaY f wmfjzihf yxrqH;k tBurd f [d*s&wfjyKum tmz&duwdu
k &f d S tAD
qD;eD;,m; ,ck tDo,
D yk d ;D ,m;Edik if o
H Y k d xGucf mG oGm;cJMhuonf/ onf yxrtBurd f [d*s&wf jzpfonf/ cufcv
J S
aom c&D;pOfuk d ausmjfzwfc&h J aom [d*s&wftm;jzifh ,aeYtmz&dwu
kd \
f vltrsm;pk ud;k uG,af om ,HMkunftcsuf
tjzpf tpvmrfomoemawmfonf &yfwnfcah J yonf/ ,aeYtcgwGiv
f nf; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tmz&du
wdu
k o
f m;wdo
Y k nf tpvmrf\ at;&dyq
f m,matmufoY k d cdv
k rH I qH;k jzpfaeonf/ onf yxr [d*s&wf\&vm'f
jzpfonf/
odt
Y k m;jzihf tpvmrfomoemonf r'DemNrKdUodrY k a&mufcif tmz&dwu
k d f ta&SUzufurf;d;k wef;a'oodY k
a&muf&Nyd S ;D ,aeY ql'ef? qdrk mvD;,m;? tDo,
D yk d ;D ,m;? tD&w
d &D;,m;? ,l*Em? wefZef;eD;,m; ponfjzihf ta&SUtmz
&du\Edik if rH sm;\ trsm;pku;k d uG,af om bmomjzpfaeonf/
wrefawmfjrwfonf 13 ESpw
f mrQ rumNrKdUudk A[djkyKum tpvmrfah 'oemawmfrsm;udk ydcY k sc&h J m 0ef;usiaf '
orsm;odY k tpvmrf&h eHo
Y nf ysUH ESUH cJ&h onf/ od&Y k mwGif rumom;wdrY k u
l m; olw\
Y k d &ufpuf,w
k rf maom enf;pOfrsm;
udk toH;k jyKum tpvmrfuak d ysmufysuaf tmif BuK;d pm;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifjzpfvmum aemufq;k H wrefawmfjrwf
tm; vkyBfu&H eftxd tpDtpOfjyK&awmhonf/ wGif tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf cspv
f pS mG aom wrefawmfjrwftm;
u,fwifum r'DemNrKdUodY k [d*s&wfjyKapcJo
h nf/ onf 'kw,
d [d*s&wfjzpfonf/ 'kw,
d [d*s&wftm;jzihf r'D
emNrKdUuk d tajccHaom tpvmrfv
h Ul tzGUJ tpnf;Edik if aH wmfBu;D udk wrefawmfjrwfu OD;aqmifwnfaqmufco
h J nf/ ,if;
wnfaqmufrw
I iG f rGwpf vifw\
Y k d awmfveS af &;onfum; pmwwfajrmufa&;BuK;d yrf;csuf jzpfonf/ xdrk Qru vlrI
awmfveS af &;udv
k nf; qifEu
J T m urmv
Y o
l m;wdu
Y k k d enf;ay;vrf;Terf rI sm;udk jyKcMhu
J onf/
170
tpvmrf"rArd mef
tpvmrf\ todynm twwfynmtwGuf a&SUaqmifaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;

(Islam and Intellectual Advance)
trsm;tm;jzihf taemufwik d ;f om;wd\
Y k ,Ofaus;wd;k wufro
I nf rGwpf vifw\
Y k d ynma&;qdik &f m zGUH NzK;d wd;k
wufru
I k d tajccHonf[al om tcsuu
f k d vspv
f sLIavh&Mdu
S onf/ pifppf taemufwik d ;f \ acwfraD S om ukex
f w
k f
pGr;f tm;wd;k wufr?I odyyH nmwd;k wufrEI iS h f 'eqdik &f m wd;k wufaomtjrifwo
Y k d nf tpvmrf\ tajccHysK;d axmif
rIyif jzpfonf/ tpvmrfonf tvGerf yS if acwfaemufusaom urmv
Y Ul tzGUJ tpnf;yifjzpfonf/ t&Afvrl s;Kd pkrw
S pf
qifh ydcY k say;jcif;cH&onf/ od&Y k mwGif aemufusaom vlUtzGUJ tpnf;0ifwo
Y k d nf ud,
k w
f ik d u
f ,
kd u
f s wd;k wufzUH G NzK;d
vmHrk u urmBu;D wpfcv
k ;k H udyk if jrifrh m;aomtqifo
h Y k d a&mufapcJjhcif; jzpfonf/ tqifjhrifrh m;rIonf ynma&;
ESihf enf;ynme,fy,f tvH;k pHu
k kd jzpfxeG ;f apcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ tHzh ,
G &f mwd;k wufru
I kd avhvmMunhaf omtcg
atmufygtwdik ;f tcsuf 3 csuu
f k d awGU&onf/
G &f mjzpfpOfonfum; . . .
(1) tBu;D rm;qH;k aom tHzh ,
tpvmrfjyefyY mG ;aom a'oonf tvGerf yS if acwfaemufusNy;D ynmacgif;yg;aom a'ojzpfonf/ od&Y k m
wGif ,if;vlUtzGUJ tpnf;0ifwo
Y k d nf olwu
Ykd ,
kd w
f ik d f zGUH NzK;d wd;k wufvmHrk u 0ef;usiu
f v
k d nf; wd;k wufzUH G NzK;d rI\ t&dyf
tm0goudk ay;Edik cf o
h J nf/
(2) 'kw,
d tBu;D rm;qH;k aom tHzh ,
rnfonht
f ajctae? rnfonh0f ef;usif axmufyrh H rI rS ygbJ wd;k wufzUH G NzK;d vmHrk u ,if;\tusK;d qufuk d
0ef;usi&f v
dS o
l m;rsm;udv
k nf; ay;Edik cf o
hJ nf/
(3) wwd,tBu;D rm;qH;k aom tHzh ,
tpvmrfa&muf&v
d S mcsed rf pS awmfveS af &;wpf&yf jyKjyifajymif;vJrw
I pf&yfuk d pwifEik d jfcif;yif jzpfonf/
,if;jyKjyifajymif;vJro
I nf vlUb0ESih f qufE,
G af om tcsut
f vuftpHu
k k d jyKjyifajymif;vJypfEik d o
f nf/ onf
ESp&f mpkEpS t
f wGi;f jrifrh m;aom t&Sed t
f [kejfzihf urmBu;D \ tBu;D rm;qH;k aom tiftm;pktjzpf ay:xGe;f vmcJjhcif;
jzpfonf/
[pf*s&D 1 &mpkuek q
f ;kH csed w
f iG f tpvmrfvUl tzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfBu;D onf tmz&duwdu
k \
f tpGe;f
twvEw
d o
f rk'& murf;pyfro
S nf ta&SUzuf&dS wkwjf ynf\ r[mwHwikd ;f (Great wall of China) txd
&Sv
d mcJo
h nf/ wpfzufwiG f qm[m&oJuEm&tpyf ajrxJyifv,furf;pyftxdaomfvnf;aumif;? pydeEf ik d if H tif'
vlq,
D mrSonf jyifopfEik d if aH wmifyik d ;f wl&t
f &yftxd us,jfyefv
Y mcJo
h nf/ *sZ&D mokvt
f &Af[ak c:aom tma&As
uRe;f qG,af 'owpfcv
k ;k H onf tpvmrfuk d ouf0if,Mku
H nfvmMuonht
f jyif tD&ef? tmz*efepwef? qif;'f? yef
*syef ,foY k d tpvmrfomoem 0ifa&mufvmHrk u txufwiG f *dAk o
D u
J Em&a'ovnf; tpvmrft
h &dyt
f m0goodY k
a&muf&adS eNyjD zpfonf/
h ifcef;pm
171
Bu;D rm;vSaom awmfveS af &;Bu;D ESih f jyKjyifajymif;vJrBIu;D udk wrefawmf rk[r'w

f pfO;D wnf;u OD;aqmif
csKyu
f ik d f vIy&f mS ;cJjhcif; jzpfonf/ tpvmrf tma&Asa'owpfcw
k nf;wGio
f mru a&mufav&mt&yfwik d ;f wGif wef;
wlnrD Qr?I w&m;rQwrIEiS h f &yf&mG at;csr;f a&;udk ay;Edik cf o
h J nf/ onfyifvQif tpvmrf\vlom;avmutwGuf
vufaqmifo0Pfyif jzpfonf/ urmBu;D twGi;f &ufpuf,w
k rf maom tkycf sKyaf &;pepfuk d zsuo
f rd ;f ypfEik d cf o
h J nf/
tpvmrf\tkycf sKyaf &;pepfopfuk d vlom;wdt
Y k m; ay;tyfEik d cf o
h J nf/ ynma&;\awmufyaom a&mifjcnftm;jzihf
pepfq;k d rsm;? dik ;f pdik ;f vSaom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESih f "avhq;k d rsm;udk y,fjzwfypfc
h J xdpk Ofumvu bk&m;wk bk&m; a,mif
rsm;onf olw\
Y k d vufqyk v
f ufuik d rf sm;udk pGev
Yf w
T u
f m xGuaf jy;cJ&h onf/ ,if;olww
Y k d iG f tma&Asa'orS bk&m;wk
bk&m;a,mif0g'? tmz&duwdu
k &f d S t&Sio
f cifrsm;udk rSe;f qum ud;k uG,Mfuonhf Animists rsm;? tD&ef&d S rm*sD
tiferf sm;ESih f Zdk t
k ufpwmrsm;? tD*spEf iS h f qD;&D;,m;&Sd aumhywpfrsm;onf tpkvu
k d f tNyKHvu
k d f tpvmrfuk d vufcH
vmawmhonf/
tma&Asa'owGif tpvmrft
h vsiu
f xGe;f awmufaom ,Ofaus;rIuk d rawGU jrif&ouJo
h Y k d xGe;f awmuf
aom bmomw&m;udv
k nf; rawGU jrifc&h J acs/ tma&Asa'oonf yx0Dtaetxm;t& vGepf mG yif acgifcu
k d af om
a'owGi&f d S rk H u ynmA[kow
k ESih f wd;k wufaom pD;yGm;a&;tjrifvnf; r&Scd yh J g/ tm&Afwo
Y k d nf urmBu;D ESih f quf
oG,rf u
I if;rJph mG txD;useaf eae& ywf0ef;usi\
f wd;k wufajymif;vJru
I k d rodjrifMuacs/ odjYzk pfvnf; ,Ofaus;
rIt&mwGiv
f nf;aumif;? odyt
H &mwGiv
f nf;aumif;? ynma&;avmuwGiv
f nf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif
vnf;aumif; urmBu;D \aemufwiG f use&f pfc&h J jcif;jzpfonf/
tpvmrfonf ,if;tajctaetm;vH;k udk ajymif;vJypfco
hJ nf/ vlom;wd\
Yk ESv;kH om;udk zGiv
hf pS af y;chJ
onf/ vlw\
Y k d qifjcifww
k H &m;ukd qef;opfaomvkyx
f ;k H vkyef nf;? enf;opf&mS azGa&;twGi;f yGiv
h f if;apcJo
h nf/
tpvmrfomoem ay:xGe;f &m tma&Asa'orSaeNy;D tvGeaf 0;uGmvSaom Oa&mywdu
k &f d S pydet
f if'vlq,
D ma'owGif
yifvQif tpvmrfv
h Ul tzGUJ tpnf;tkycf sKyrf o
I nf wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;? pmayynm&Sirf sm;? ocsmF yg&*lrsm;? odyb
H mom
&yfEiS ph f yfvsO;f aom okawoevkyif ef;rsm;? 'eynm&SiBfu;D rsm;udk arG;xkwaf y;Edik cf o
h J nf/ rGwpf vifwY k d zGiv
h f pS f
vdu
k af om okawoewHcg;onf a&S;,cifu&Scd ah J om ,Ofaus;rIrsm;xuf jrifrh m;vGe;f Ny;D ,if;wdu
Y k rGwpf vifwY k d
\ ,Ofaus;rIuk d r,SONfyKid &f MJuay/ xkrd Qru tpvmrf\ ,Ofaus;rIawmfveS af &;onf urmt0Sr;f &Sd vlom;wd\
Yk
touf0n
d mOf\ eufid I ;f aom ae&modY k 0ifa&mufaeNy;D jzpfonf/ vlom;wdu
Y k k d aumif;jrwfaom ud,
k u
f siw
h f &m;ESih f
pGr;f aqmifcsurf sm;udv
k nf; ay;Edik cf NhJy;D jzpfonf/
tpvmrfomoemudk t&Sed t
f [kejfrifrh m;pGmjzihf vlwv
Y k d ufcv
H mMu tpvmrf\ tajccHjzpfaom usr;f
jyKrrI sm; vdt
k yfvmcJ&h m ,if;usr;f jyKrrI sm;udk atmufygtpDtpOfjzihf jyKvyk cf Mhu
J onf/
172
tpvmrf"rArd mef
usrf;jyKacwfumvudk avhvmjcif;
wrefawmfjrwfEiS h f qG[mADw\
Y k d acwf ([pf*s&D 100 txd)
usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefuk d txl;jyKapmifx
h ed ;f cJo
h nf/ usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefonf tvm[ft&Sijfrwf
\ tpDtpOftwdik ;f usa&mufvmcJNhy;D wrefawmfjrwfonf usr;f toGijfyKpck o
h J nf/ onfvnf; 0[Dvrf;Tef
csuf tpDtpOftwdik ;f jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf uG,v
f eG cf sed w
f iG f usr;f toGiNfy;D pD;Ny;D jzpfonf/ usr;f awmfjrwf
uk&t
f mefuk d usr;f tm;jzihv
f nf;aumif;? ESv;k H om;twGi;f apmifx
h ed ;f xm;jcif; [dzZf ef nf;tm;jzihv
f nf;aumif; rGwf
pvifwY k d pOfqufrjywf xde;f odr;f vmcJo
h nf/ wrefawmfjrwf uG,v
f eG Nfy;D aemuf ckvzmat&m&S'd eD af cwfwiG f usr;f
awmfjrwfuk d wGiu
f s,pf mG jzefcY scd o
h J nf/ tkqrf efocifvufxufwiG f Edik if aH wmfonf us,jfyefo
Y nfxuf us,jfyefY
vmNy;D 0ef;usi&f d S jynfow
l Y k d tpvmrfuk d vufcv
H monht
f avsmuf uk&t
f mefuk d xde;f odr;f &ef wm0ef&v
d S monhf
tm;avsmpf mG rlqmG a[aAtlprf meD[k ac:onhf Edik if aH wmfrl uk&t
f mefrsm;udk jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif xm;&Scd o
h J nf/
,aeYtxd usr;f awmfjrwfEiS ph f yfvsO;f uGv
J rJ G w
I pfpw
k H pf&mr&Sjdcif;uyifvQif usr;f awmfjrwf\ tHzh ,
G v
f uPm
jzpfonf/
wrefawmfjrwf\Mo0g'udk rlvu qifu
h x
J ed ;f odr;f cJo
h nf/ ,if;qifu
h x
J ed ;f odr;f jcif;udk o0go&f[ak c:
onf/ ,if;odY k xde;f odr;f &mrS oAmoADtifew
f \
Y k d acwfwiG f usr;f toGif xGuaf y:vmcJo
h nf/
omaAtDew
f aY k d cwf ([pf*s&D 170 txd)
rGwpf vifvUl tzGUJ tpnf; Edik if aH wmfwiG f vlrb
I 0ESih f qufE,
G af om jyem&yfrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef zdum[f
"rowfrsm;udk jyKpv
k mcJMhuonf/ onf tvGet
f a&;Bu;D aom vdt
k yfcsujfzpfonf/
atrmrf *smz&f qGm'Duf ([pf*s&D 53-148) (r'Demausmif;)
Edik if aH &;udk OD;pm;ray;bJ pmayydcY k sru
I k d OD;pm;ay;cJo
h nf/ &St
D mwdu
Y k atrmrfBu;D udk tpGjJyK olw\
Ykd
"rowfuk d zdu[
f m*sz&D,m[k ac:onf/
atrmrf tAl[eDzm ([pf*s&D 80-146) (ulzmausmif;)
tGro
u
f k d qifjcifww
k H &m;(ud,mpf) udk toH;k cs jyem&yfrsm;udk ajz&Si;f ay;cJo
h nf/ urmay:wGif rGwf
pvifxuf0ufausmrf mS [eDzmausmif;awmf0g'udk vufcu
H sio
h f ;k H aeMuonf/
atrmrf rgvpfuf ([pf*s&D 93-179) (r'Demausmif;)
ud,mpfuk d rESpNfrKdU? ['D;qfoefo
Y efjYzihf rdt
k o
f musr;f udk jyKpck o
h J nf/ atrmrfrmvpfu\
f aemufvu
k d rf sm;
onf tmz&duwdu
k af jrmufyik d ;f ? tmz&du taemufawmifyik d ;f ? tD*spjyf nfatmufyik d ;f ESih f ql'efEik d if ?H bm&de;f ? umwm
wdw
Y k iG f awGU jrifEik d o
f nf/
h ifcef;pm
173
atrmrf &SmazGtD ([pf*s&D 150 - 204)

atrmrfrmvpfc\
f wynhjzf pfonf/ c&D;vSnv
h f nf ynmqnf;yl;cJo
h nf/ atrmrf&mS zDt
G \
D aemufvu
k d rf sm;
udk a*sm'f ef? ygvufpwdik ;f ? tD&wf? [d*sZef ,f? tif'ek d ;D &Sm;? rav;&Sm;? xdik ;f ? jrefrmEdik if aH wmifyik d ;f ESih f tdE,
d jynf
awmifyik d ;f wGif awGU&onf/ &St
D mrsm; xlxyfaoma'owGif pGE[
D k owfrw
S cf &H aom &SmazGtrD sm; jzpfonf/
atrmrf [rfAvf ([pf*s&D 164-241) (b*'ufausmif;)
[rfAvDrsm;udk aqmf't
D ma&AsEik d if w
H iG f trsm;qH;k awGU&Ny;D qD;&D;,m;ESih f tD&wfa'orsm;wGiv
f nf; awGU
&onf/ tdAae odik rf ,
D mESih f tdAae0[mAfwo
Y k d nf atrmrf[rfAvf\ausmif;awmf0g'Drsm; jzpfonf/
rktfoZdv[f omoemjyKtzGJU\ BuKd;yrf;csufrsm;

bq&mNrKdUwGif 0gqGvb
f iftoGm ([pf*s&D 80-131) u OD;aqmif tr&fbif tdAk ik d 'f Ef iS h f wGzJ ufum wnf
axmifco
h J nf/ olwo
Y k d nf [pefbq&D\wynhrf sm; jzpfonf/ *sA&f ,
D m[k uHw&m;udk ,HMkunfow
l u
Y k d k d acsy&mrS
ay:xGe;f vmcJ\
h / tD&wfa'oonf ,[l'?D c&pf,mef? zg&qD? rmEk0?D Zdk t
k d ufpw
f m? qGA?d 0,qmeD ponfjzihf bm
omaygif;pH?k tawG;tac:aygif;pH\
k qHpk nf;&ma'otjzpf tpvmrfah &;&mudk Iaxmift
h pHrk S ar;jref;vmcJo
h nf/
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tpvmrf"rArd mef
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wrefawmfjrwf\ ['D;qfMo0g'rsm;udk usr;f jyKpx
k ed ;f odr;f aomacwf
wrefawmfjrwfEiS h f qG[mADacwfrsm;wGif ['D;qfMo0g'awmfrsm;udk usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefEiS h f a&m,Suf
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J nf/
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f ak H om ['D;pf)
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176
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G pf vifrsm;rSm wkwjfy nf&d S rGwpf vifww
Y k d iG f vlrsm;pk rGwpf vifjzpfonf/
tdEd,wdkufe,fa'oodkY tpvmrfomoem a&muf&Sdvmjcif;

tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,f Indian Subcontinent [kac:aom a'oonf ,ckacwfEik d if rH sm;jzpfaom ygup
wef? tdE,
d ? b*Fvm;a'h&?f S armfv'du
k u
f Re;f ESif h oD&v
d uFmEdik if rH sm; yg0ifMuonf/
tdE,
d wdu
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Y d k qufo,
G rf u
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J h nf/ tdE,
d a'o&Sd
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d Y k tdE,
d Edik if u
H k d ][if;'f} [k ac:onf/ xdrk w
S pfzef tma&Asa'o
wGif rde;f uav;rsm;udk csppf Ed;k ][if'g} [k ac:vmonf/
tpvmrfuk d ouf0ifvmNy;D aemuf t&Afwo
Y k d nf ukeo
f ,
G af &;omru tpvmrfa'oemjzefcY sad &;wm0ef
&Sv
d mcJo
h nf/ tpvmrfomoemonf tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,foY k d ra&mufrD oD[Vk d u
f Re;f (oD&v
d uFm) odY k OD;pGma&mufc&h J
onf/ armfv'du
k u
f Re;f pkonfvnf; rGwpf vifqzl D olawmfpifBu;D \ pGr;f aqmifraI Mumifh tm;vH;k rGwpf vifjzpf&
onf/ ,cktcg armfv'du
k o
f nf urmay:&Sd tao;i,fq;k H rGwpf vifEik d if t
H jzpf tdE,
d ork'& mwGif &yfwnfae
onf/
at'D 7 11 ckEpS ?f tkrik d ,
f mrif;quf 0vD'v
f ufxufwiG f ppfoBlu;D rk[r'f bifef umqifro
f nf oD[Vk d f
uRe;f rSvmaom [m*srD sm;udk o,faqmifaomoabFmtm; tdE,
d urf;d;k wef;&Sd &m*sm'g[d&q
f o
kd u
l zrf;qD;rIjy
emudk ajz&Si;f &efupd E iS hf tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,f qif'ef ,foYkd a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf/ 2 ESpw
f mumvtwGi;f qif'ef ,fEiS hf
rlvw
f efa'orsm;udk odr;f ydu
k &f &SNd y;D a'ocHwu
Ykd rk[r'f bifef umqifru
f kd BuKq
d ckd o
hJ nf/ ,if;udk tdE,
d wdu
k f
e,fwiG f rGwpf vifwt
Y k d p[k qdMkuonf/ t&Afw\
Y k d yxrESih f aemufq;k H a&muf&rd S I jzpfonf/ tma&AsjynfwiG ;f ppf
umvwGif tJ[f avAdu
k (f o)rsm;vnf; tdE,
d odY k 0ifa&mufpwnf;cs aexdik MfuNy;D olw\
Y k d tEG,u
f k d q,'ftEG,f
[k ac:onf/
tdE,
d wGif t&ADoY k d yxrqH;k jyefqak d omusr;f rSm q'geofusr;f jzpfonf/ jyefqo
k d rl mS ocsmF ynm&SiBfu;D
tdA&f m[ifrf zZm&Dqo
k d jlzpfNy;D ,if;usr;f rSm Ak'b
momESiph f yfvsO;f aom taMumif;t&mjzpfonf/ &aohw\
Y k d w&m;
tm;xkwrf t
I aMumif;jzpf pdw0f ifpm;zG,jfzpfonf/ ,if;umvtwGi;f ,ck ygupwefEik d if &H &d S m a'otawmfrsm;
rsm;&Sd vlik d ;f rsm;onf a&S;d;k pOfvmudk pGeNYyf ;D tpvmrfuk d vufcv
H mNyjDzpfonf/ tpvmrfonf ,if;a'o&Sd jynfol
wdY k tpOftquf SO;f yrf;ESyd pf ufcaH e&rIuk d zsuo
f rd ;f ypfEik d cf o
h J nf/ xdjYyk if ZeD;r,m;tm; ESyd pf ufjcif;udw
k m;jrpfNy;D
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h nf/
t&Afw0Y d k ifa&mufNy;D aemuf ESpaf ygif; 300 tMumwGif tmz*efe,fom;wdY k tdE,
d a'oodY k 0ifa&mufjcif;
jzpfonf/ tmz*efom;wdo
Y k nf rlvu Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;jzpfonf/
tr&f eqD&w
G 'f eD f ]qAkuo
f *D eD }f (c&pfou&mZf - 980)
r[fr'k *f Zfe0D
(c&pfou&mZf - 997)
h ifcef;pm
179
ordik ;f taxmuftxm;t& yxrqH;k omoemjyKy*k Kv

d t
f jzpf a&Sctdprf mtDvf vm[d&k u
D k d awGU&onf/
'gom*ef*sb
f cf&f S [l*sL0&Dac: omoemjyK qlzBDu;D onf ausmMfum;vSonhf wapmif0zk u
f sr;f Bu;D u&Szv
k f r[*sLAf
usr;f ESih f tjcm;usr;f trsm;tjym;udv
k nf; jyKpck o
h J nf/ ,if;yk*Kv
d w
f o
Y k d nf a'ocHw\
Y k d pmaypum;rsm;udk oif,cl h J
Ny;D a'otwGi;f omoemjyKEik d cf o
h J nf/
at'D 1186 rS 1235 cktwGif; rGwfpvifwdkY\ tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctaerSm

rk[r'f bifef umqifrf aemufyik d ;f ESpaf ygif; 500 eD;yg;txd qif'ef ,frS a'vDNrKdUtxd ra&mufcyh J g/ od&Y k mwGif
tpvmrfbmom0ifw\
Y k d OD;a&rSm qlzo
D al wmfpifBu;D wd\
Y k omoemjyKjcif;aMumifh wd;k yGm;vmcJo
h nf/ tmz*efb&k if
rsm; r&Sad omtcg olw\
Y k d emcHawmfuRerf sm;u tdE,
d Edik if u
H k d tkycf sKycf o
h J nf/ ,if;uRe;f rsm;tkycf sKyaf omacwfwiG f
,cifu [dEL wd\
Y k ESyd pf ufraI Mumifh vH;k 0eD;yg;NyKyd suaf eNy;D jzpfaom vufusef Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;ESih f tcsi;f yGm;cJMhuonf/
odjYzk ihf Ak'b
momonf tdEr d S tjrpfjywfc&h J onf[k qdMkuaomfvnf; ,aeYtxd Ak'b
momrSm tdE,
d Edik if w
H iG f
vlO;D a& oef;cs
D ud;k uG,af ombmom jzpfaeygao;onf/ pifppf Ak'b
momudk aysmufysuaf pcJah omolwrY k d mS rGwf
pvifwt
Y k d vsiu
f tkycf sKycf ah J om [dEL bk&ifrsm;jzpfonfuk d ordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;pGmawGU&ygonf/
uRet
f yk cf sKyaf omacwf (at'D 1206-1290) a'vDNrKdU&Sd urmausmf ukoAk rf eD m&marQmpf ifuk d ukoAk 'k ifef
tdik af Au wnfaqmufco
hJ nf/ cvf*srD if;quf (at'D 1290-1320) ESihf o*fvu
k rf if;quf (at'D 1321-88)
wdo
Y k nfvnf; tmz*efEiS h f yxefrsm;jzpfMuNy;D Ak'b
momrS rGwpf vifjzpfvmolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
*D,mql'ifef o*fvkufrif;qufacwf (at'D 1325) txd omoemjyKtajctae

t&Sio
f jlrwf cGg*sm rltEd 'G 'f eD f t*srf &D D (usp&f w
S ,
D mvrf;pOf) onf tvGeu
f s,jfyefaY om wapmif0zk v
f rf;pOf
jzpfonf/ eDZmrD,mESihf qGA&D ,
D mponfjzihf toGit
f rsK;d rsK;d jzihf tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,fwiG &f adS eaom y&rwusiphf Of
jzpfonf/
a&Scb
f [m0k'f 'DeZf u&D,m? a&Scf qG'k''f eD ?f a&Scf &uEk''f eD f tAlvf zao[f(yef*syaf 'o)? q,'f *svmvf
qlcl f blcg&D? cGg*smukoAk 'k 'f eD f bcfo,
D &fumuD '[fv0D? a&Scf ckvt
f mvrf bmbmz&d'f *ef*s&f u
S &f? qlvo
f mEkvf
r&Smtdcf cGg*smeDZmrk'eD f r[fbb
k f tDvm[D? uif&mromESih f tprmtDvw
D rY k d S omoemjyK tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,fom;wdY k
twGi;f abmif0&f mESihf cd*k smrGwpf vifrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? cvf*srD if; (at'D 1290-1320) txd umvwGif
tpvmrfomoemonf tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,ftwGi;f odY k xd;k azmuf0ifa&mufcNhyJ ;D jzpfonf/
a'gufwm om&mqif(tdE,
d ordik ;f q&mBu;D ) \ ][dEL 0g'tay: tpvmrfMh oZm} (Influence of Islam On Hinduism) wGif rGwp
f vifw\
Y k d vlraI &;ESih f Edik if aH &;udk cs;D usL;azmfjyxm;onf/ a'gufwm [efwm\
Indian Islam ESih f ygarmu qmaomruf\ *sm'lemofww
Y k d iG f rGwpf vifwaY k d &muf&NdyS ;D aemuf tdE,
d Edik if t
H ajct
aeudk atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyonf/
180
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
tpvmrf"rArd mef
Edik f if &H yfjcm;ESih f qufqaH &;aumif;vmNy;D a&aMumif;jzihf pD;yGm;a&;jzpfxeG ;f vmcJo

h nf/
tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,fwiG f Nird ;f csr;f om,m zGUH NzK;d vmcJo
h nf/
wpfajy;nDtyk cf sKyaf &;pepfaMumifh jynfow
l Y k d nDrQaom tcGit
h f a&;cHpm;&onf/
vlwef;pm;cGjJcm;rIuif;rJah om 0wfpm;qif,ifrEI iS h f vlraI &;tajctae ay:xGe;f vmonf/
tif'-k d tpvmrfrpftmwf[al om qef;opfaom,Ofaus;rI? todynm? twwfynmESih f Adou
k mvuf&m
rsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJo
h nf/
6/
bmompum; rsm;jym;vSaom tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,ftwGi;f tl&'lpum; ay:aygufvmcJo
h nf/
7/
wnfNird af omtajctaeaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;ESih f vlraI &;tajctae wd;k wufzUH G NzK;d vmcJo
h nf/
8/
ordik ;f jyKpak &;tod 0ifvmcJo
h nf/
9/
aomif['D t
f awG;tjrif? wapmif0zk f ESih f qufo,
G af om bmom&yftodtjrifrsm; ay:xGe;f vmonf/
10/ ppfraI &;&mESih f ,Ofaus;rIwiG f wd;k wufzUH G NzK;d vmcJo
h nf/ tcsurf sm;onf at'D 1325 ckEpS t
f xd umv
wGif tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,fa'owGif zGUH NzK;d wd;k wufvmaom tajctae jzpfygonf/
at'D 1325 ckEpS w
f iG f qlvw
f ef *,mql'eD f o*fvu
k f uG,v
f eG cf o
h J nf/ olonf tdE,
d Edik if BHu;D udk tus,f
jyefY qH;k wnfaqmufco
h J jlzpfonf/
qlzBDu;D qlvw
f mElvf r&SmtDcf eDZmrk''f eD f uG,v
f eG cf o
h J nf/
at'D 1398 ckEpS w
f iG f wmwmppfb&k ifwrD ;l tdE,
d odY k 0ifa&mufc&h J m vlaygif; 800 ausmf owfjzwfco
h J nf/
vlrsK;d bmomra&G; cHvu
k d &f onf/ 16 &mpktpOD;ydik ;f wGif a'vDNrKdUawmf zdzk &Jjzpfc&h J Ny;D 1526 ckEpS w
f iG f r*db
k &k if bm
bm&f a'vDuk d odr;f ydu
k cf o
h J nf/ 1530 ckEpS w
f iG f bmbm&fu,
G v
f eG cf &h J m bmbm&f\ aowrf;pmu pdw0f ifpm;p&m
aumif;onf/ tem*wftyk cf sKyo
f w
l t
Y k d wGuf vrf;Tecf sujzf pfonf/ aowrf;pmyg tcsurf sm;rSm . . .
1/
bmoma&;wGif t,lroD;ygESi?h f tjcm;olw\
Y k d bmoma&;udk tav;xm;yg/ ausmom; &ifom; rcGjJcm;ygESi/h f
2/
EGm;owfjcif;udk twwfEik d q
f ;k H a&Smifyg/ tjcm;olwY k d pdwNfiKjdiifatmif rjyKygESi/h f
3/
tjcm;bmom0ifwY k d ae&mXmersm;udk av;pm;yg/ rzsuq
f ;D ygESi/h f tpOftNrJ w&m;rQwrIuk d vufuik d jfyKyg/
4/
tpvmrfah &;&mudk jzefcY s&d mwGif t"renf;udk roH;k ygESi/h f vSywifw
h ,faomenf;jzihf jzefcY syd g/
5/
&St
D [fEiS h f pGEt
D Mum; y#dyuuk d a&Smifyg/ odY k jyKygu tpvmrftiftm; usqif;rnf/
6/
jynfow
l \
Y k d oabmobm0udk rwlnaD om &moDtjzpf owfrw
S af jz&Si;f ay;yg/
bmbm&fr&So
d nhaf emuf om;jzpfol [krm,Gef bk&ifjzpfvmcJo
h nf/ odaY k omf ,if;aemufyik d ;f tkycf sKyo
f w
l Ykd
onfvnf;aumif;? [dEL bmom0ifrsm;wGif wd;k wufaomtjrif ay:xGe;f vmjcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif;? Oa&mywdu
k f
om;wdY k e,fcsUJ um tdE,
d wGif ae&m,lEik d jfcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; rGwpf vifw\
Y k d tkycf sKyaf &;tiftm;rSm avsmh
enf;vmcJo
h nf/ rlvu&Scd ah J om rGwpf vifwo
Y k d nf ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESih f Edik if aH &;wGif xufjrufaomfvnf; aemuf
ydik ;f umvwGif ,d,
k iG ;f oGm;cJMhuonf/ odjYzk ihf NAw
d o
d Qwu
Y k d 19 &mpkwiG f tdE,
d udk odr;f ,lEik d cf jhcJ if;jzpfonf/
h ifcef;pm
181
rGwpf viftyk cf sKyo

f w
l o
Y k d nf olwY k d ;k H pdu
k &f m a'vDNrKdU0ef;usiu
f yk d ifvQif omoemjyKEik d jfcif; r&Scd yh J g/ tdE,
d
wdu
k ef ,fa'owGif omoemjyKy*k K dvw
f rY k d mS qlzo
D al wmfpifBu;D rsm;jzpfNy;D 15 &mpkaemufyik d ;f umvwGif qlzw
D \
Ykd
BuK;d pm;rIaMumifh u&Srf ;D ,m;jynfe,f? b*Fvm;jynfe,f? tmoHjynfe,fww
Y k d iG f tpvmrfuk d vufco
H rl sm; vlrsm;pk
jzpfvmcJo
h nf/
,aeY tdE,
d wdu
k ef ,fa'o\ vlO;D a& xuf0ufausmo
f nf tpvmrfuk d ouf0if,Mku
H nforl sm; jzpf
Muonf/
ta&SUawmiftm&S&Sd rav;a'oodkY tpvmrfa&muf&SdyHk

ta&SUawmiftm&S&d S tif'ek d ;D &Sm;? rav;&Sm;? blEik d ;f ? zdvpfyik d Ef iS h f puFmyla'oodY k tpvmrfomoemonf
ukeo
f nfrsm;ESih f qlzo
D al wmfpifwrY k d w
S pfqifh a&muf&cd S o
h J nf/ a'oodY k tpvmrfomoema&mufcsed o
f nf pydef
ESihf b*'ufww
Ykd iG f rGwpf vifrsm; usq;kH aecsed w
f iG f jzpfonf/ T.W Arnold u ol\ ausmMf um;vSaom The
Preaching of Islam usr;f \ed'gef;wGif a&;om;xm;yHu
k rGe*f w
k d Y k d b*'ufuk d (at'D 1258) wGif 0ifa&mufum
tAq,
D mrif;qufuk d zsuq
f ;D ypfcesd w
f iG v
f nf;aumif;? rGwpf vifwY k f d pyderf S zg'Derfb&k if\ (at'D 1236) wGif ESix
f w
k cf H
ae&csed w
f iG f tpvmrfomoemonf qlrm;Mwm;uRe;f wGif ajcukw,
f u
l m rav;uRe;f pkrsm;wGif wd;k wufpmG 0if
a&mufEik d cf NhyJ ;D jzpfonf/ xdrk Qru rGwpf vifwo
Y k d nf tmz&duwdu
k f tv,fyik d ;f a'o wkwjfynfEiS h f tm&Swu
kd f
ta&SUawmifbuf uRe;f pkrsm;wGif olw\
Y k d ,HMkunfcsurf sm;udk ydaY k qmifaeNy;D jzpfonf/
,aeYacwfumvwGif tpvmrfomoemonf armfu
k d rk d o
S nf ZefZb
D muRe;f txdaom a'o? qD,v
kd t
D eG f
rSonf qdu
k af A&D;,m;txdaom a'o? wkwjyf nf? abmhpeD;,m;rS e,l;*Det
D xd us,jyf efaY oma'oodY k a&muf&ad S e
NyD jzpfonf/ xkrd Qru ydv
k efpum;ajymaom wmwmrGwpf vifrsm;udk vDoal t;eD;,m;wGiv
f nf;aumif;? u,f0ED ?k d
0dvt
f ?kd *dek af 'owGiv
f nf;aumif; awGU jrif&ouJo
h Ykd 'wfcspf um;ajym rGwpf vifrsm;udk auhyu
f v
kd ekd w
D iG v
f nf;
aumif;? taemuftif',
D muRe;f pkwiG f tdE,
d rS aqmif,cl ah J om v,fuv
l rD w
S pfqifv
h nf;aumif; tpvmrfonf
a&muf&ad S eNy;D jzpfonf[k ol\ 19 &mpkuek q
f ;k H csed w
f iG f a&;om;cJah om usr;f wGif a&;om;xm;onfuk d awGU&onf/
pma&;olusr;f jyKcsed f (1896 ckEpS )f wGif urmrY w
G pf vifO;D a&rSm oef;aygif; 200 &Sad omfvnf; ,aeY 2000 jynhEf pS f
wGif urmrY w
G pf vifO;D a&rSm oef;aygif; 1200 ausmaf eNy;D jzpfonf/
Oa&mywdkufodkY tpvmrfomoema&muf&SdyHk
rGwpf vifwo
Y k d nf a&muf&&d S m t&yfwiG f tpvmrfuTejfyaom vlaerIpepfypk H jHzifh b0wnfaqmufcMhu
J
onf/ odjYzk pf ,if;xGe;f yaomtvif;udk cHpm;vmcJ&h aom a'ocHrsm;onf tpvmrfuk d pl;prf;chMJuonf/ ,if;
aemuf vufccH Mhu
J jcif; jzpfonf/
rGwpf viftyk cf sKyo
f w
l o
Y k d nf a&muf&mt&yfwiG f tpvmrf\ tajccHjzpfaom nDrQjcif;ESih f w&m;rQwjcif;
udk usio
h f ;k H Hrk u tpvmrf\ tajccHvUl tcGit
h f a&;udk tjynht
f 0 ay;tyfEik d cf o
h J nf/ a'ocHw\
Y k d edru
h f saom
182
tpvmrf"rArd mef
b0udk jri w
h f ifay;Edik cf o
h J nf/ v,f,majrESih f ud,
k yf ik d f ydik q
f ik d jfcif;udk todtrSwjfyKco
h J nf/ uRejfyKjcif;udk wm;qD;
cJo
h nf/ odt
Y k m;jzihf tpvmrfuk d a'ocHwu
Y k d tm;ud;k tm;xm;&mtjzpf jrifomvufcv
H mjcif; jzpfonf/
Oa&mywdu
k o
f Ykd tpvmrfonf pydev
f rf;aMumif;tm;jzihv
f nf;aumif;? armfvwmvrf;aMumif;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufc&h J m pydeaf 'owGif omoemjyKvyk if ef;udk aZmufcsaqmif&u
G jfcif;r&Sad omfvnf; rGwpf vif
wdY k pyderf S xkwcf &H csed f 1492 ckEpS w
f iG f pydeaf 'owGif tpvmrfuk d ouf0iforl sm;rSm 3 oef;ausmf &Sad eNy;D jzpfonf/
,if;rGwpf vifwu
Y k d k d twif;t"rtm;jzihf rlvbmomw&m;udk ul;ajymif;&ef awmif;qdv
k mcJ&h m ,if;olwo
Y k d nf ,Hk
Munfcsuu
f k d rypfy,fbJ a'orSxu
G cf mG um tmz&duwdu
k af jrmufyik d ;f a'oodY k ajymif;a&TUcJ&h m vrf;c&D;wGif xuf0uf
ausmrf mS owfjzwfjcif;cHc&h J onf/ 'kw,
d vrf;aMumif;rSm armfvwmuRe;f rSwpfqifh ,aeY xif&mS ;pGm&Sad eaom udq
k kd
Adak 'o? tvfaA;eD;,m;ESih f abmhpeD;,m;a'oodY k tpvmrfomoem a&muf&jdcS if;jzpfonf/ onf 14 &mpkEpS f
rwdik cf if jzpfygonf/
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pD;yGm;a&;jyem&yfonf ,aeYtxd vlom;wdY k vspv
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[ Prof V.A. Demant, Religion and the Decline of Capitalism, New York, 1952 P. 147]
tpvmrf\ pD;yGm;a&;tajccHrsm;
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k nf/ ,if;vkyif ef;&yfrygbJ vlwt
Y k d oufarG;0rf;
ausmif;jcif;onf jzpfxeG ;f rvmEdik yf g/ onfwu
d Y k k d wnfaxmifjcif;rSm *s[
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raumif;rI'pk du
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onf/ odjYzk pfvnf; ,if;wdu
Y k k d z&mZfuzD m,mwGif azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
onfyifvQif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIqik d &f mwGif vlwt
Y k d m; vH;k yrf;BuK;d yrf;rIjyK&ef tpvmrf\ wGe;f tm;
jzpfonf/ tpvmrfph ;D yGm;a&;pepf\ tajccHusaom tcsuw
f pfcrk mS vlom;tm;vH;k udk pD;yGm;a&;wHcg; zGiah f y;jcif;
yif jzpfonf/ vlwik d ;f udk pD;yGm;a&;wGif jri w
f h ifjcif;jyKum obm0o,HZmwESih f obm0ukeyf pn;f rsm;udk wd;k wuf
vmatmifjyKa&;? ukex
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k pf rG ;f tm;udk jrifrh m;pGm wd;k wufatmifjyKa&;? vlwik d ;f twGujfzpfaom pm;a&&dum rsm;udk
vlwpfpw
k nf;u csKyu
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I 00aMumifh tajccHvx
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pD;yGm;a&; a0g[m&t&qdv
k Qif ukex
f w
k pf rG ;f tm; jrifrh m;pGm xkwv
f yk af &;ESih f xGuaf y:vmaom xGuu
f ek yf pn;f rsm;
udk rSeu
f efpmG vlrsm;xHoY k d ydaY k qmifay;a&;yif jzpfonf/
qif;&JErG ;f yg;jcif; yaysmufa&;twGuf vlwef;pm;Sad y;jcif;onf tpvmrfph ;D yGm;a&;pepf\ OD;wnfcsuf
wpf&yf jzpfonf/ tpvmrf\ pD;yGm;a&;pepfonf qif;&JErG ;f yg;olrsm;\ 'kuu
k d yaysmufaprIEiS h f vlom;wdY k BuKHawGU
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pm;0wfaerIjyem&yfrsm;udk wGe;f tm;ay;ajz&Si;f um vlrb
I 0\ tajctaeopfoY k d ydaY k qmifay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
t"dutm;jzihf ukz&f 0f g'udk wdu
k cf u
k d cf ah J y&m vlom;wdt
Y k m; ukz&f zf ufoY k d ydaY k qmifaomt&monf ,if;pD;yGm;a&;
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Y k d pm;0wfaerIajyvnfa&;twGuf tajccH
tm;jzifh jyKjyifay;jcif; jzpfonf/
188
tpvmrf"rArd mef
wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0'gawmfwpf&yfuk d wd&rf ZD u

D sr;f wGif atmufygtwdik ;f awGU&onf/
]vlom;wd\
Y k tajccH&ydik cf iG [
hf o
l nf olwt
Y k d wGuf aexdik Ef ik d af pzdY k tdraf umif;aumif;&S&d rnf/ cEmud,
k f
udk zH;k uG,Ef ik d zf Y k d t0wfaumif;aumif; &S&d ygrnf/ olwpY k d m;oH;k zdY k pm;a&&dum ESih f a&onfvnf; &S&d ygrnf/}
(wd&rf ZD u
D sr;f )
tpvmrfu vlwik d ;f tzdY k olw\
Y k d pGr;f aqmifcsuEf iS t
h f nD pm;a&&dum twGuf BuK;d yrf;jcif;udk tm;ay;onf/
qif;&JErG ;f yg;jcif;ESih f iwfrw
G af cgif;yg;jcif;udk umuG,af om tpDtrHrsm;udv
k nf; jyKapjcif;jzihf vlw\
Y k d tajccH&
ydik cf iG rh f sm;udk &,lay;onf/ vlww
Y k d iG f iwfrw
G af cgif;yg;rIEiS h f qif;&JryI aysmufatmif wdu
k cf u
k d &f m vlw\
Y k d touf
arG;0rf;ausmif; ckid rf matmif BuK;d yrf;csuEf iS hf ukex
f w
hf ifjcif;omvQif t"dujzpfonf/ vlwt
Ykd m;
rsK;d jyKe;f atmifjyKaom pDrcH suu
f k d tpvmrfu tm;ay;jcif;rjyKonht
f jyif ,if;tjyKtrlrsm;udk Iwcf sjypfwifonf/
ta&;ESiyh f wfouf usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefu atmufygtwdik ;f owday;xm;ayonf/
]toifwo
Y k d nf pD;yGm;a&;Muyfwnf;rIuk d pd;k &drpf w
d jfzifh rdrw
d \
Y k d om;orD;rsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;rjyK
MuESi/h f igt&Sijfrwfonfom olwt
Y k d m;vnf;aumif;? toifwt
Y k d m;vnf;aumif; &dum cs;D jri jhcf if;
jzpfonf/ uJo
h aY k d om trIupd o
nf tvGeBfu;D rm;aom jypfru
I sL;vGejfcif; jzpfayonf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 17 ; 30)
vlO;D a& xde;f odr;f rI\ t"duvrf;aMumif;rSm ukex
f w
k pf rG ;f tm;ESih f pm;a&&dum rsm;udk tvsyH ,fxw
k jfcif;
yif jzpfonf/ wrefawmjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfwpf&yfrmS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/
]pm;a&&dum \ wHcg;onf tvm[ft&Sijrf wf\ t&&Syf viaf wmftxd jzpfonf/ vlwt
Y k d wGuf pma&;&dum
&SmazG&ef tcGit
h f vef;onf rsm;ajrmifpmG twm;tqD;rJh &Sad eygonf/} (uefZv
k [
f umtdu)f
wrefawmfjrwfred aY f wmfro
l nfrmS Opmypn;f ayg<u,f0olwo
Y k d nf qdwrf sm; arG;&ygrnf/ qif;&Jorl sm;
onf Muufrsm;arG;jcif;jzihf toufarG;jrLa&;twGuf oufawmifo
h ufom jzpfapEdik yf gonf/
(tdAaf erm*sm)
odt
Y k m;jzihf tpvmrfonf vlwpfO;D csi;f tm;vnf;aumif;? vlUtzGUJ tpnf;tm;vnf;aumif; pD;yGm;a&;
jyem&yfrsm;udk wd;k wufpmG jzpfxeG ;f atmifjyKa&;ESih f ukex
f w
k pf rG ;f tm;udk twwfEik d q
f ;k H tjrifq
h ;k H txd tusK;d
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odY k usew
f pfzufwiG f qif;&JErG ;f yg;rIuk d yaysmufapa&;udk aqmif&u
G af pjcif;jzifh aumif;jrwfaom vlUabmiftzGUJ
tpnf;udk wnfaqmufaponf/ tpvmrf\ vkyx
f ;k H vkyef nf;rsm;onf taemufwik d ;f enf;vrf;rsm;ESih f uGjJym;
onfuk d EdiI ;f ,SOMfunhf avhvmEdik yf gonf/
h ifcef;pm
189
3/ ]][vmvf}} pm;xdu
k Ef iS hf ]][&mrf}} rpm;xdu
k u
f kd cGjJ zmjcif;
tpvmrfonf xGuu
f ek yf pn;f tvsyH ,fa&;ESih f pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufru
I k d tm;ay;onfreS af omfvnf; ,if;
wdu
Y k k d w&m;0ifreS u
f efaomenf;vrf;jzihf &,ljcif; &Sd r&Su
d v
k d nf; qef;ppf&ef trdeaY f y;onf/ rnfonht
f jrwftpGe;f
rqdk r[kwrf w&m;aom enf;vrf;tm;jzihf &,lcah J omf ,if;onf *s[Er\
f i&Jr;D omvQijfzpfrnf[k qdo
k nf/
usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefEiS h f ['D;qfMo0g'awmfwiG f [vmvf ormtmZD0enf;vrf;tm;jzihf &&Sad om pm;a&&dum
onfomvQif vlwt
Y k d wGuf cGet
f m;&Sad om tpm;tpmtjzpf tpvmrfu vufco
H nf/ rnfonht
f &myifjzpfap
r[kwrf w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzih&f ,lcah J omf ,if;t&mrsm;onf [&mrf rpm;xdu
k af om t&momvQijfzpfonf[k
tpvmrfu jy|mef;onf/
]tdk vlom;taygif;wd?Y k yx0DajrBu;D twGi;f &Sad eaom t&mrsm;teuf oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,faom aumif;jrwf
aom [vmvfypn;f rsm;udo
k m pm;oH;k Muyguke/f } (uk&t
f mef- 2 ; 168)
wrefawmfjrwfuvnf; rdeaY f wmfro
l nfrmS . .
]taumif;qH;k aom tvkyBfuK;d yrf;csuo
f nfum; [vmvfenf;vrf;tm;jzihf pm;a&&dum rsm;udk &SmBujHcif;
yif jzpfayonf/} (tvf r'Dem 0vftpd v
f mrf)
][vmvf rSeu
f efaom enf;vrf;tm;jzihf pm;a&&dum &SmazG&,ljcif;onf tvm[ft&Sijfrwfvrf;ay:wGif
ppfo&l aJ umif;wdY k ppfcif;jcif;yrmjzpfovdk [vmvf ormtmZD0enf;jzihf pD;yGm;&SmBuNHy;D nzufwiG f yifyef;EGr;f &dpmG
tdypf ufaejcif;udk tvm[ft&Sijfrwfu ESpNfcKu
d af wmfro
l nf/} (tvf r'Dem 0vftpd v
f mrf)
uJo
h yYkd if rrSeaf omenf;vrf;jzihf &SmazG&,laom t&mrsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f Ny;D vnf; wrefawmfjrwfu
atmufygtwdik ;f Mo0g'ay; owdjyKaponf/
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h f mvQif oifah vsmf
ayonf/}
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pD;yGm;a&;pepfonf Opmypn;f &SmazGpak qmif;jcif;ESih f ,if;Opmypn;f rsm;udk rSeu
f efaomenf;vrf;wGif toH;k csjcif;
wnf;[laom nDrQaom tajcay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;ayonf/ odjYzk pfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;udk vkyu
f ik d Mfu
&m w&m;rQwaom enf;vrf;jziho
f mvQif [vmvfreS u
f efaom Opmypn;f rsm;udk &,lapjcif;jzpfonf/ onf
pD;yGm;a&;udk vlUtoH;k cs vlUtus;Kd jyK vkyif ef;bufoY k d qG,
J v
l mapaomenf;vrf; jzpfonf/ odaY k om enf;vrf;tm;
jzihf &SmazG&,lxm;aom Opmypn;f udk tjyKoabmaqmifaom vlUtusK;d jyK vlraI &;bufoY k d vTaJ jymif;ay;ygonf/
odaY k om pD;yGm;a&;pepfonf tjcm;olwt
Y k d wGuf Si;f yrf;ESyd pf ufaom enf;vrf;? tjcm;olwu
Y k d k d 'kua y;aeaom
enf;vrf; rjzpfEik d yf g/
tpvmrfu [&mrf[
l wm;jrpfxm;aom t&mrsm; enf;vrf;rsm;udk tEkpw
d Nfy;D avhvmMunhyf gvQif
190
tpvmrf"rArd mef
,if;enf;vrf;ESit
h f &mrsm;onf vlwpfO;D csi;f jzpfap? vltzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yfv;k H udjkzpfap ,if;olw\
Y k d kyyf ik d ;f qdik &f m
ESih f pdwyf ik d ;f qdik &f m tajctaeudk ysupf ;D ypfrnf/ odrY k [kwyf gu vlom;avmuBu;D vlrq
I ufqaH &; qufo,
G f
rIrsm;? wef;wlnrD QrrI sm;? vGwv
f yfrrI sm;twGuf ke;f uefvyI &f mS ;rIrsm;? w&m;rQwrIrsm;? nDrQajc&Sad om vlrt
I zGUJ t
pnf;\ tajctaersm;udk usO;f ajrmif;'kua &mufatmifjyKaomenf;vrf;rsm;yif jzpfaMumif;udk awGU&S&d ygrnf/
abm*aA'bmom&yf\ Iaxmifrh q
S &kd vQif tpvmrf\enf;pOfenf;vrf;onf 0,fvt
kd m;\ tjrifq
h ;kH
(Maximisation of Consumption) \ ae&mwGif jzpfxe
G ;f rI\ taumif;jrifjcif; (Optimisation) udk
tpm;xd;k um pD;yGm;a&;&m tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f rIrsm; ay:xGe;f vmapygonf/
4/ twd;k pm;jcif;udk ydwyf ifjcif;

tpvmrf\ pD;yGm;a&;tajccHwiG f twd;k pm;jcif;udk [&mrftjzpf ydwyf ifNy;D ,if;onf pD;yGm;a&;pepf\
tBu;D rm;qH;k SO;f yrf;ESyd pf ufenf;tjzpf tpvmrfu cH,o
l nf/ twk;d pm;jcif;\ enf;vrf;pHu
k k d [&mrftjzpf owf
rSwNfy;D ,if;twd;k pm;olonf tvm[fEiS w
h f refawmfuk d qefu
Y siw
f u
k d cf u
kd o
f t
l jzpf azmfjycH&ayrnf/ usr;f awmf
jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f twd;k ESiph f yfvsO;f Ny;D azmfjycsuu
f k d avhvmygrnf/
]tk d . . . tDrmef,Mku
H nfow
l ?Y k d twd;k udk xyfw;k d xyfw;k d jyKum pm;oH;k jcif;rjyKEiS /h f tvm[fopd w
d u
f kd
xm;&Su
d m aqmif&u
G Mfu? odrY k o
S m toifwY k d atmifjriftusK;d jzpfxeG ;f rI jzpfrnf/}
(uk&t
f mef - 3 ; 130)
xdrk Qru usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f atmufygtwdik ;f owday;xm;onf/
]tvm[ft&Sijf rwfonf pD;yGm;ukeo
f ,
G jf cif;udk [vmvfciG jhfyKouJo
h Ykd twd;k pm;jcif;udk atmuf
ygenf;vrf;jzihf jyKMuonf/
(1) vdt
k yfaeaomoluk d aiGaMu;ay;um owfrw
S &f uftwGuf [&mrfyw
d yf if wm;jrpfonf/}
(2) owfrw
S &f ufuek q
f ;k H aomtcg t&if;ESit
h f wd;k ESpcf pk vH;k aygif;pyfum ,if;tay:odY k ESpx
f yf twd;k ,ljcif;/
(3) vuf0wfvufpm;ESih f tjcm;toH;k aqmifypn;f rsm;udk aygifEu
H S m aiGacs;jcif;? tu,f ta<u;ESit
h f wd;k
rqyfEik d yf gu ,if;ypn;f rsm;udk odr;f ,lvjkcd if;/
tpvmrfonf ,if;enf;pepfjzihf pD;yGm;a&;&Smjcif;ESih f acgif;yHjkzwfjcif;udk [&mrfomru SO;f yrf;ESyd pf ufrI
tjzpf owfrw
S u
f m ydwyf ifco
h J nf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfwpfcw
k iG f twd;k ESiq
h f ufE,
G af omoltm;vH;k udk
Iwcf sxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ twd;k \tusK;d qufrsm;onf ud,
k u
f siw
h f &m;ydik q
f ik d &f momru pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m
wd;k wufr?I vlraI &;qdik &f mESih f Edif k if aH &;qdik &f m tusK;d pD;yGm;udyk ifvQif zsuq
f ;D ypfonfuk d awGU&ygrnf/ twdwu
f mv
u vlUtzGUJ tpnf;0ifwt
Y k d m;vnf; twd;k pepfonf zsuv
f zk d suq
f ;D jyKouJo
h Y k d ,aeY rsuaf rSmufumvwGiv
f nf;
pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk tjrpfrpS ,dr;f ,dik ,
f ,
k d iG ;f vmatmif jyKaeonf/ pepfq;k d t& Edik if w
H umwGif vuf
h ifcef;pm
191
wpfqyk pf m t&if;&Siw
f Y k d rif;rlaeouJo
h Y k d Edik if w
H pfEik d if cH si;f wGiv
f nf; vufwpfqyk pf m t&if;&Siw
f \
Y k d cs,v
f ,
S BfuK;d
udik rf aI tmufwiG f pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeonf a&muf&ad S e&onf/ olw\
Y k d &nfreS ;f csuu
f m; olwyY k d ik d q
f ik d rf u
I k d qxuf
xrf;yd;k jrifrh m;Bu;D xGm;vmatmifjyKNy;D trsm;jynfow
l o
Y k d nf olwx
Y k d uf edru
h f sap&efom jzpfonf/
5/ pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m usi0hf wfowfrw

S af y;jcif;
tpvmrfonf ukeo
f ,
G af &;vkyif ef;&yfwiG f usio
h f ;k H &ef pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m usi0h f wfwpf&yfuk d vrf;Teaf y;
onf/ vrf;Tecf suo
f nf pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif wdusreS u
f efrEI iS h f oem;Muifemwwfaom pdw"f gwfwu
Y k d k d arG;zGm;
onf/ usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefu pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;aqmifwmESiph f yfvsO;f Ny;D atmufygvrf;Tecf suu
f k d ay;xm;
onf/
]tk d . . . tDrmefouf0if,Mu
k H nfot
l aygif;wd?Y k toifwY k d pD;yGm;a&mif;0,fpOfumv ypn;f Opmrsm;
udk tcsi;f csi;f rw&m;aomenf;vrf;jzihf pm;oH;k jcif;rjyKMuESi/hf tcsi;f csi;f oabmwlnrD jI zihf
ukeo
f ,
G pf ;D yGm;a&;enf;vrf;jzihf tjrwftpGe;f udk &SmazGMuyguke/f } (uk&t
f mef - 4 ; 29)
azmfjyyg vrf;Tecf sut
f m;jzihf tvm[ft&Sijfrwfonf rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzihf pD;yGm;&Smjcif;udk ydwf
yifxm;Hrk u tjcm;olwt
Y k d m; acgif;yHjkzwfjcif;? tajctaeudMkunhNfy;D tcGiah f umif;,ljcif;wdo
Y k nfvnf; SO;f yrf;
jcif;wGif tusKH ;0ifomG ;onf/ pD;yGm;ukeo
f ,
G af &;e,fy,fwiG f vlom;wdt
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h t
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f mef\ rumNrKdUwGif usa&mufcah J om vrf;Tecf suf tm,wfawmf
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192
tpvmrf"rArd mef
aom
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ukeyf pn;f rsm;udk tcGiah f umif;udak rQm
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d if&h t
d S yfaom t&nftcsi;f [k
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Y k k d oH;k pGrJ jIyK&mwGif vlt
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f ifjyoonf/ odjYzk ifh Opmypn;f aiGaMu;rsm; jyKe;f wD;jcif;
udk &yfpu
J mtjyKoabmaqmifaom tusKd;jyvkyif ef;wGif vkyaf qmiftoH;k csaponf/ usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefu] toifwo
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f mef - 7 ; 31 )
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ausmif; BuKd;pm;olonf tvm[ft&Sijfrwf\vrf;wGif avQmufvrS ;f oljzpfonf/ [dw[
f efxw
k u
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Y f ck d o
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k uf0,f pkNyKH aejcif;udk rESpo
f ufonft
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vlt
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f ikd af om aiGaMu;Opmypn;f rsm;onf <u,f0csr;f omolwpYkd yfMum;wGif vSnyfh wf
oH;k pGaJ ejcif;om rjzpfygapESi/f h } (uk&t
f mef - 59 ; 7 )
wrefawmfjrwfuvnf; atmufygtwdik ;f Mo0g'>rufMum;cho
J nf/
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Zum;ofonf aiGaMu;<u,f0csr;f omolwt
Y d k zdY k qif;&Jom;wd\
Y k &ydik cf iG t
h f jzpf ay;tyf&ef wm0ef&o
d S nf/
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193
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rsm;pGmaom qG'um[frsm;udk owfrw
S x
f m;onfjzpf tajctaeESih f tcsed t
f cgtvdu
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pdw"f gwfonf aiGaMu;tay: rufarmjcif;pdwu
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l t
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d o
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f mef - 2 ; 219 )
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194
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f mef - 4 ; 95)
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(uk&t
f mef -8 ; 72)
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f mef - 47 ; 12)
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f Y k d olwaY k d &mufc&h J onf/} (uk&t
f mef - 2 ; 214)
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f mefu rl*sm[D'\
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Ykd m; uk&t
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BuK;d yrf;avmh/ ,HMkunfjcif;t&mwGif cdik NfrMJuavmh/ t&Sijfrwf\ wm0efuk d wpfoa0rwdr;f xrf;
aqmifavmh/ odrY k o
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OLN OLN OLN

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