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ME401 Volumetric Efficiency
ME401 Volumetric Efficiency
ME401 Volumetric Efficiency
The mass ow rate through a Poppet valve is usually described by the equation for compressible ow through a ow restriction: m = o co A E PT Po
1/
2 1
PT Po
(1)/
1/2
Hence, upstream stagnation pressure Po , temperature To , density o and sound speed co = RTo ; and static pressure just downstream of the ow restriction PT . For ow into the cylinder through an intake valve:
Po = the intake system pressure, Pi PT = the cylinder pressure.
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ME 401 (2011)
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Eective area of valve assembly, AE = CD AC = CF AS Valve curtain area, AC = Dv Lv , CD = discharger coecient and its value is not a strong function of lift.
2 Valve seat area, AS = (/4)Dv , CF = ow coecient.
Lv is valve lift & Dv is valve diameter. Typical maximum values of Lv /Dv are 0.25. Choked ow occurs at a valve throat if Pup Pdown Pup Pdown =
cr /(1)
Estimate the maximum ow rate through an exhaust valve, if the valve curtain area is 2.7 103 m2 , the valve CD is 0.6 and the cylinder pressure and temperature are 500 kPa and 1000 K. Assume that exhaust system pressure is 105 kPa, = 1.35, and R = 287 J/kg K.
Pup Pdown
500 105
+1 2
= 1.86
if = 1.35
For choked ow, valve static pressure, PT depends on Po and independent of downstream pressure. The choked ow rate, mcr is mcr = o co AC CD
c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)
= mcr = o co AC CD
co =
o =
Po RTo
= 1.74 kg/m3
RTo =
= 1.02 kg/s
2 +1
(+1)/2(1)
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Volumetric Eciency
Volumetric Eciency
Denitions/Terminology
Induction Process: the events that take place between inlet valve opening (vo ) and inlet valve closing (vc ). Fresh Mixture: the new gases introduced to the engine cylinder through the inlet valve. These gases consist of air, water vapour, and fuel in carbureted engines and of air and water vapour only in Diesel and other fuel-injection engines. Subscript i is used in referring to the fresh mixture, and subscript a in referring to the air in the fresh mixture. Charge: the contents of the cylinder after closing of all valves; the charge consists of the fresh mixture and the residual gases. Residual Gas: the gases left in the charge from the previous cycle. Subscript r is used in referring to these gases.
c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines ME 401 (2011) 5 / 20
Volumetric Eciency, ev
Engine intake system the air lter, carburettor, and throttle plate (in a SI engine), intake manifold, intake port, intake valve restricts the amount of air which an engine of given displacement volume (Vd ) can induct. The parameter used to measure the eectiveness of an engines induction process is the volumetric eciency, ev . ev = ma ma N 2ma 2ma 4 ma = = a,i Vd a,i Vd N a,i Ap S p
= mass of air inducted into the cylinder per cycle = air induction rate into the cylinder = engine speed, Ap = piston area, S p = av. piston speed If a,i = a,o (atmospheric air density): ev measures the pumping performance of the overall inlet system. If a,i = inlet manifold air density: ev measures the pumping performance of the cylinder, inlet port and valve alone.
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Volumetric Eciency
ev of an Ideal Cycle
Factors Aecting ev
1
2 3 4 e760 e761 5 6 7
Fuel type, fuel/air ratio, fraction of fuel vaporized in the intake system, and fuel heat of vaporization Mixture temperature as inuenced by heat transfer Ratio of exhaust to inlet manifold pressures Compression ratio Engine speed Intake and exhaust manifold and port design Intake and exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings
1 (rc 1)
Pe Pi
+ ( 1)
For (Pe /Pi ) = 1, the term in { } = 1.0. xr = residual gas fraction. For ideal case: ev (Ta,o /Ti ); Actual engine: ev
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(Ta,o /Ti )
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ME 401 (2011)
Some of the variables are essentially quasi steady in nature (i.e. their impact is either independent of speed or can be described adequately in terms of mean engine speed), or dynamic in nature (i.e. their eects depend on the unsteady ow and pressure wave phenomena that accompany the time-varying nature of the gas exchange processes.)
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Volumetric Eciency
Volumetric Eciency
ic
md
io
1 mi = md i V d i Vd io In a limiting case in which ow is always choked: (+1)/2(1) A E ci 2 ev = for choked condition (ic io ) Vd +1 = ev = 0.58
c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq
e830
evb = ev (Z = 0.5)
ic io
1 Z
for = 1.4
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The Mach index is not a parameter that characterizes the actual gas speed; rather, it characterizes what the average gas speed through the inlet valve would have to be to realize complete lling of the cylinder gas at that particular piston speed. The Mach number for that average inlet gas speeds would be Z /0.58 for = 1.4.
c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines ME 401 (2011) 10 / 20
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Volumetric Eciency
Volumetric Eciency
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Volumetric Eciency
Volumetric Eciency
Factors Aecting ev
Homework Problems
If an engine has a bore of 0.1 m, stroke of 0.08 m, inlet ow eective area of 4.0 104 m2 and inlet temperature of 320 K, what is the maximum speed it is intended to be operated while maintaining good volumetric eciency? (4137 rpm) Calculate the ratios of the inlet valve area to piston area for the 3 congurations as shown in Figure below. If the Mach index in case is held to Zi = 0.6, ci = 400 m/s, Ai = 0.35ni (/4)di2 (ni = number of intake valves), what is the maximum piston speed in each case?
ev /evb = 1.0
Pe /Pi 1 rc 1
evb = ev (Pe /Pi = 1.0) As values of Pe /Pi and rc are varied, the fraction of the cylinder volume occupied by the residual gas at the intake pressure varies. As this volume increases so the ev decreases.
e896 e877 c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines Factors Aecting ev ME 401 (2011) 13 / 20 c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines Factors Aecting ev ME 401 (2011) 14 / 20
Volumetric Eciency
Volumetric Eciency
= 1+
mf ma
Ma Mf Ma Mf
mw ma
Ma Mw mw ma
1 1
= 1 + (F /A)
+ 1.6
For conventional liquid fuels such as gasoline the eect of fuel vapour (and ) is small. For gaseous fuels and for methanol vapour, ev is signicantly reduced by the fuel vapour in the intake mixture.
c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines ME 401 (2011) 15 / 20
If no heat transfer to mixture, mixture temperature decreases as liquid fuel is vaporized. For complete evaporation of iso-octane, with = 1.0, T2 T1 = 19o C. For methanol, temperature depression is 128o C. In practice, heating occurs; also, fuel is not completely vaporized prior to entry to the cylinder. Experimental data show that decrease in Ti due to fuel evaporation more than osets the reduction in Pa,i due to the increased amount of fuel vapour: for same heating rate, ev with fuel vaporization is higher by a few percent.
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Volumetric Eciency
Volumetric Eciency
e880
e897 c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines ME 401 (2011) 17 / 20 c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)
No signicant dierence in ev between three engines at a given value of Z , in spite of the fact that the Reynolds numbers are dierent in the proportion of 2.5, 4 & 6.
Volumetric Eciency of Engines ME 401 (2011) 18 / 20 Volumetric Eciency Similitude in Air System Design
Volumetric Eciency
Dimensional Analysis
ev = ev (Pe /Pi , rc , Ti , Tc , Z , , )
N
ev = evb
i =1
Ki
evb = ev ( at baseline temperature, Ti = 330 K). Eect of Coolant Temperature (Tc ): ev = evb 1450 Tc + 1110
where, evb are baseline volumetric eciency obtained for the set of operation parameters:
1
Pe /Pi := K1 = 1.0 Ti := K2 = Tc := K3 = . . .
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Pe /Pi 1 rc 1
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