eoLLER,

Allsso rTane

E.

?, !., 1i .*l ir.*i""*i. 1 t: i t |"": i*f,*\,,J :i. -': r, ,li ?,"i i l::; {." '.; d. r r "'I u-6.,*i L-fi f; , t 1 i *

LrturryAtloN oF Jtre
"
-

SIZE POSES A LoT OF PBoBLENAS - Exchongc of subsbcrnces

DigquSion (strrloce oreo, concentrotion graaient,

ond dfstCnee)

- *SA to. .Vo\ume , Rotio

' lvroximunn eize \tnnit o{ I Lorqer thon-size lrrnit :

eetl

ryvsrlf(cc\u\ar

SA ro VouuME Rot,o
O

ISCREASL

S$.,r*oNS ro r1E SA:

O AVO\UAN\CE

IN CFLI. gI?E LEADS TO - Lite Processes qre olgectcd

DECBEASE INI SA:V

Pooa.si.rl

o CrEowte.tRtC so{-uttoNS

- lncreose '

.SA

; Decreose Volurne,, . "

OF
SUPPLY

INCREASE RATE

MoveMeNT rowARps MuurtcELLuLARtf

OCCURBED
THEOR\ES

of nufrients ; ef1r'cicnt tranSp6;'{ o lplpQOVED EFFlcleNB\ To ReDucED DFMAN9 - Specio\izqtiorr oq ce\\s ( i6tcrcettulorty ond lnlrogsttutorly)
-" Higb concentrotr'on

M&N\ TIMES IN EUI<ARYOTFg

- glmUiotic ThCorJ (.9. ehdosYmbiofic theorl) * Slncitio\ Theorl (stime rnotds <rnd citioteS) - Cllonio\ Theorl ($oeclre\, tglq) 'Clrcan a\goe (Chtorophyto) )'iooo epeacs

. The Volvocine
ISOq AMY

geries

Mopes oF RepnooucrtoN
rq6rpl-1olo$icotll 'the Some garnete5 (t \\ \\ - gometes orc of dtqlerent Sizg r Sperm is srrd\er\60n +h e eg \ .\ OOGAM\ (opec,'otized heterogom.l)'i

involves reproduction AN\SO&AMY (r,t+e.ogoml)

of

or )

- cgg is non-motife " spcrrn is

{\oge\\crted

qTgOA :)

o
o

UN\CELLULAR FLAqELLATE \SOqAMY

SMAuu coLoNY Ccetls looh like O FLAT PLA}.IE, MUCILAaE o No D\FFEREN\htos\ , No INTERDEPENDENC-A
O ISOGAMY

INTERCELLULAg CoMMUt,ttC*trON

(tow; brreqrbl

cetts onlT)

a COLON\Y

- B, \(l, or 32 ce\ls tn 1 toJer - dies when dfsruplrcd (nQh inrcrdegcndence)

o OPIIER\CAL (cotnmqnicratioo moc comg\icated)

'

"
o

\SOGAMY ANTERTOR gELLS

.4

t-*RCzER E'(ESPOTS (sgco'.riraUoo)

o cooRgtN AlE FLAOELLAR MOVEMENT (triqtr comrnunrcqfiofr)

" l& or 32 ctLLs " l(c CELLS - no SpeciOl[76tion (vcgeUtive cc\ls. pho{ol1n*rreds) o 62 cELLg - 4 tor, rno+ili\ - *hc rcsV tor reProduclion .' I{TIEROCftMY - {emo\e $ometes nof rcleosed
o \.\ALvES ARE MORE
o
o

FGODUCED (mocc sgeq'alizotron)

g2 to \28

e,u-LLS

HETERO(rAMY

- $emole gornctas nct' re\oogcd, in c/JtScS rccorni trul1 non - molilo

./ornc'

r rnfceiog linlc (Onisogoml 4 oogcrtry)

,\ a\saa )
crYgro :)

I
O

DIVISION\ OF LABOB :

t
t

+
I

- Anttvt'or vc gelotivo celts (gof pfrc'tos1n*tncsfi) ' ru'' - Lange postcriov -:.rc,Produc+rvL,: cetls

VOr.vort
o Sp$ERTCAL COLONTES (SOo - SooO o HoLLoW gPeRe - qbe.nebiurn
ee-$s)

o CEL! gIFEREN\\ATlOt.l: ecvrnaric/Vcge+ofi've- cetls and Qoofoio o 2- 5O scotic-red to +he Pcelcrior - regroduc,tive
o

FgMALE BERB'O^DUCnVE

eclrs + doughfer
Patori\
+o col6rf.f

cptonics

tNTERcf,LtuLAR coMMUNTeAT\oN poSSIBLE

$
oQ cctb

in cobnl

speciot Re?raductit e
Cc

6cxual

lts

cproductioo

Gontun
Pendorino

4 -32

Nonc,

No

lsogorn.l
l

1-b2

\es
ygs

No
No
-{ cs

sogornl

Eudorino
Pleodonno
Volvax

tt

-61

AnisogarrlAnfsoaarnv -

3a-reg
5OO.56000

\cs
No

obgorny

\es

Oogoml

Evtpence

oF

Evou,tnoh.t

' UN\CELLULNR -+ co\onio\ \fgo ' tNlCREftgE lFd S of gELLS lN c,oLoN\ES o C\}nxICyE \N q$A9E oF CDLONT o increosr, in INTERDFPENDENCE arnong vegetoiive o iocreo.se- \n Dtv\sloN or LABoR: ycqcto+ive qncf

cel)s

FcProduc+\ve

crl\

o TSOGAM\ { ANtSoC",cVY -+ oOOAMT o Fcwer FEMALE GAMETES qFe groduced (r,notc

fcaources orc given {o ecch cell'

AovlNTAqEs oF
o
tNcREhsE

MULTIcELLU LARITY \N StzE q orgonism

Tb YoLUME
RATIO

Permits c"eLL sPEgtALrzATroN It\c-gEAse tN suRFAcE ABEA

''-a$c

--f
!

f+*;
*---l----L ,I !

I!*
--t--!

..

,. n
.. -- -.-.-'' ..,..*u

- ___,-..,,___.i_.__ -*t

'

I i

--1*---1 ii

--

-- -'---' '--t^

..

: ;4.-- :

..i.:,---..

=.]tri;r.:-..

-..;.

- 1*'.-1:.4--.*. ..;

.i

.*

' g:fiqg t

AL.ISSA BOLrsR

Meron Auuueu TrssuEs

O EPITHELIAL TISSUES

ANIh4AL TISSUFS
o

CoNNeertvE TIESuE
NERVOUS T\SSUE

6 MUSCULAB TTSSUE

.
o
o

EprmeLtAL TrsSue
FuNCTION

: lines inl-ernol orgons ond c.overs *bg body Outc,r part b exposed to 'oir. of',rin+erno\: fluid; other sideComgoSed

oT

toosernc,nf rncrnbrQnC

gCUs

qrc +tgrrtll

pachcd

TYPFS

- Aocording to 6$Apt /
t' Squomoug
2.. O4uoidal

SrnUCruRe

{'

Colurnnor

- Accordiog to CEII St?E r. Simplc 2. Stra+igiccr 3. Pstudo stro+i$icd ( coturrlnor oa11'

.'.
: , l:

Cour.reerrve Trssue
" LOOSE CO N N ECTIVE TISS UE - octs os Podding undcr
O

( nun PFNsE c.r.)

ekirr, ond evcr'.:{\^Jhcrc
.r

"

bONE AND CART\LASE - rnode up oi cel\s in

hard or s+iff

extrCIeel\ular

rnotrix

g guooD

- rnodc up of ce\\s in a tiquid cnclrix.,., ,....,.: o FUNC\\ON\ 1 rrrnding ond cupport . " ec\\S oro crnbedded tn on E TRACFLLuL*R M&TRIX " cC\\S sccrets rrhe rnolrix o MATR\X : jc\t1 - tihf, or so\id
,",

alsae

).

-E

Cour. (conr.rc cRvE Trrsue)

"
ADIPoSE

TISsUE

- gloroge, insu\q,tiffr,

podd,ing

o BLOO9

- liquid ptosrno motnix - transporl oBoNB.

,

- rigid parts o5 ehc\etoo - 6uPPar+

o
CARTtuACeE

co\\qggrr lioers in co\cfurm 6a\ts

- ruubcrl
.

cottogenous

mq*r.ii .

,.

- $texiot6' gorls og .kcletoo

guggorf

"

F\9ROIr5 CONNECTIVE TISSTIE

pom\lcl gioers
troncs Ond musclcs
,

- gonnecli6g
O

LOOSE CONNE-CT\\'E TISSUE

- loo5e weqve oS qiocrs - widespreod pockiqg r.rrrstcrial - rrotds

o F.uNcf\o$:
orgcrns

in

ptoce

MuscuLAn Trssue
tor
rnovernrn+

/ con\n-qc-\bn;
Skele+e\ , r fibr -lfke
:

"

SKELETAL MuscLE

unbronched $bE.s

{ {
,

striq\ed
ottocrrcd

tr

v
C

rnul+rnqc,t6afic

ii

boncs

vo\un{qr\ rno\remcnts Ot bod}

O C,ARD\AO hJIUSCLE

peripl>ery

Cardr"ac I

a{o 7
o:(gao :)

r b-ilvrecled

bronchcd lioers

- heatt
coh+mctton
5

of

hear+
cctls

gMooTtl MIJSCLE : - Spindrc - Slrogei - unshioted

- digcstivc lrq6t, erterica, b\qdder - CDo+rocfibo ol other {otecnqt oors

Ne*votls
o ScnSes

Ttss us

S{imuli ond transmjts signols cqllcd nerve i.npulSc.s frorn one Ib "ncrvs imgulser" Paft of an an(rno\ {o anothcr o Consis+s of o cct\ oJ and long e,r+<nsions co,$ed denctri*es (towa,rdsl Ce\l bodl) ond oxons (+owo.Os o,nothcr cell or qo effctor-)
NERVE

CeLt s$4ps

rregulo/r o r
socr,nd

etll

appndc,nea
cl

branchc

CELL

Scattcccd in
rnu\ttlovercd

ERRANGEUSI.\

t*conon
s(rT4cc f4tr{|.(

Fodg 6sueri

rnatrix Su@o"fr c+hc.

orgqns

ln she els or bqndlcs

uining r'oicrnat
Organs

lso l<rtcd o,^

h C+.r.lo

Fked

Conccnrfnaf,,qA e

oc l ini ng orqahs or cauiHri

ci1;6, rqicrovilli

Skeleral nruscl

.'lake

in bmio and spira.l cord + all ovgr fty 6O

4 ctlts

Mortri( rJp<
Nnoutn ronioltr,t,

Y6,rted-

grolcin, fioea liqu,id, glct*rou5, {rtrn .}o catch-r ed Extcnsiue Absenl

Ca,rt 4q11414;'

Fq1t.c

Minirnat No diregf
"*Pp
15

ADse/'+
GCn

hood-

e^!9pr

G,rtr'tage
lolood

9r4s no

clecFricel

gc.nccafc

.Sr:gnalS,

to.

suplly

Srce qnd ' mo??thfnl

elpctricclslgnal

i-

q.{soq :)

ALT68+ Bol-LER

FTANT TI S$UFS Pr-nur

oRooT $YSTFM - growth towords gnovlty,3 .gcneralll bclovy,,ground; , . consists of roots : - Root - cpr)derrni5,; 4srtcx ; stete.(voscurlor."frssuc).1 pith o SHooT OYSTEM - grow,Tr-r owol fron4 gravity olong: {he- qrrs - gencrol\ qbovc thc gcound . * cpnsists of fh. stcrrr, gnd {he leaves - , - t!$"..s orc modiii'e-d: shoot syskrn ,, : ., .''
l
:

Oec'ANlzAnoN

rr

rLANT
o

IBSUES

MFRISTFMS

o 6URFAcF ( dermot tfssues) o VRS C-ULRR T|SSUES

- .u

CrRour'.tO ( fundornentol ffssues)

MenrsTEMs
o fl"spor,siote 1or- increosc to nurnbcr o1 eclls.

o Do not sgocialite o" Plqnt tissues qFG o T*qgE TyPs '

declved J-r f rorn

tho mcristerns
Mensterns:
o

( pre cursor cetls)

i- elongafion

Apicol

- Lqterol
- lnte.rcOlOrV -b
nodes

2!ol.tcS ,

(t;."iou.o$*l
: drt+.f

- divist:on

ttntlot+fon

Gut" ";

noor Aprcnr- M rnErgr.rt

" "
Region
T!$HEE- PflIMARY MFRIS'IE-MS

-cl.ltTlf)

oj cmbrlonic, cells ncor the domc - ehoped tf p o3 all sboc'ts *hc 6oUrce og prirnonl ,gr:owth ( lengthcoing)
(*picol
rnenbfcrn/s embnyonio dcscendonts

dlvide, grow, Ond diglcrenffofe to fo"no o shoott prjmonl $issuc

6ys{er"n,...)
1, PcoroorRu

epidecrnis (dcrmal *rssue) Voscqtor *issuc

z, 6couuo MentsreM 3. fnoc*uBluM yrimal

Lnrennu MenrsTEMs
" Two. loteral
roo*s of -ood T plonfs produce Oecgndory groulth ( incr.oses ln diornercr) j 't. Voscular .cambiffin -+ Secondonl vosculqr .l-rssues periderrn ( reploces ep ider rnr s) 2. Cork Aambiun -!
mcristems

in older sterns

and

Roor Apr CAL MENISTEMS

APical merislcrn neor Qlt

lsreRceuAR\ MenstuM Gnowrw

o

rise fo pnofodCrtrt, Greund qnd proccwrbiuwr. Theso tt'qnsitional Merisfe.rns givc rise to Jhe r^oo Frirno.l tdsstre systcms - egidcrrnis, grourd l-tbsucs ond voscu'Qr flss
gives

roof {ips

o Plonts without vosc.r-t\or @rnbfurn (grra.s.s) o &rov'Jth regiOns thqt occ,ur qf lhc knse 4 nodes

Primonl growth - increqsc in lengfh of plonts (qprcal

meris+ern)'o prinoorl rnmisfcrns)

o SecondorT grovtth

- increoss io plont gi.tr,ffi

- Vqgcu\qr combium : bcl-\ leen wood qnd bork - Cor-k Cornbium : found i.t +hc ouler bork

circu.',1e r.,.ot

- Se\ect plonts on\1 Cwoody plonts Such os dieol ond glmnosgecms) * grodugi: wood ood cor k

PnrlnAR\ M enFrEMs
o

ftr

tips

6 Shoot

tip

rneristerns ,(shoo+ systcm)

6te.rn rneristem; leog pnirnondio

bud Prirnordio

o Root

lip

rncristeras

- prirnotl mcristems ore

Pcrmonen*

ond sel; Terpcfuoting

og

DEnrvenvc M
tho -

gnrsrEr.rrs o Produocd r^rben mcrfs*em cclls dividc I forrns {{oe fissuo sysfcms
plont
Prolodct-lr!

r de,veloPs into dccrnql ttssues

*issutProcombiuwrj 6p.vclops in'io vasculqr

I
s

- Ground rnerister,n: lunaornental ,/grov,na *tss'.res - econdol rnerishems

o Vqeculqr ccrmbicrvn

- pcoduccs wood

Ce+rcngth)

'i'' )
d rnc
re f,oo

; produces poFt bork aallcd

cocL

tf I

of' bork Cprci-ecfion) o Cork ecrr4b{qm '-' produces bro}ccHvc loyer

IVIERIsTEMs
-

o peclifttrenliole

FRoM Cir-' DiJTTERENTIATnN

- ony plc.ni cell--hos *rre ooiti+1 te gcow+b
:

og-

dcdiggeren*ia*e

* Lofcrol root torracfion

Adven+iHotrs

tiss

- Wound heolirg * Secondorl cork comloium

PnrruaRv CrRowrH

oF Roors

o Boot cqp - protec*s *he deticcrts rneris*e-ms qS *ho root elongotes through .the ebnasive ssil - gecretes rnucocrs *hq| 1,r5ei6qLcs the coiI o .l Zsnes .t Celts ot strccesf, ivc stot(on - Tone oF cel\ divisiorr
os)

?one of cell
?onc.

elongotion

Gno.rND

oR FustiesaenrrAL
(sctercnphymc)

S cetl digprenfrotioo

Trssues

fibers - for: eupport o Photos\ nthetic, eells " Stoeoge cetls , Filt5in the spoccsfcclls
TYPFS:

( chloren ch1.",a)
.

R3ren6h.gmo
o
o

l\ TARENcHYMA
o
6

- Pqren\ma j bosic rissue t\pc- Cotlenchynnq' i strppor+s \oung. plon+s - Sclerc-nehJ-o i Suppoct for rno,ture
sph"rcrical

,y

o t go rar"+t' 6gcotrncl

bostc *r'ssuer *ygc Sghenca\

),

nSSue

s longe a thin i firts u9 sga"e &

*'og"

;o A'SirnPle tissue cornposed of

-hqpes cetls; most cDmmon

Hqvt, +krio prtrmq wotls

Living

\pr ot ffsSur

rnctobolizing +issuc
oYsqq,:,

t
I

I
u.cg. Chlovenfi-g
o f unctions:

, oere.nch\rro

- sfurogc (storch, oil droptcts, qin,.wq,ter, ond wolhd hcoling k regen erolion

solts)

Co*eN*IYMA
o O eimplo tissue found beneo*h ihe cpt'dermis in rpoun$ slerns Ond in tongc ve{ng of le qves ( " etrf hgs ", in celery ')

o provides o ftexiole suppor* sTstrffr ( t;f. our ske(cfal sysfc.n) o tound uniprrnll throughout the pton| d tlongoled cells fhqt hovc runevcnll lhickencd cell walls (esp' in |ho c o\{ve o} rnofurfll

SC'EAENG}IYMA
o

O sirnP\c, *lcsus
two tlpcsj

Opcctalizcd

for sftuc,ltrral support i

Sqlereochlrna: . no visitcle onqancllgg . wox -4 cAll

oczr.rrs

io rnqny

oreds

- fiocrs - sclercids

. have bo+h prr'mer1 qnd secondanl ggl[ nolls. b oFtc,h ilcod 4| funclfonfl\ rno{trrifl

Frstns

o \ong, topcred cells thqh ofite,n oo"Lu" in groups or elumFs (aoundonf tn the wood ond bart< of fto"rcring plcnfs) o tound in leqves 8< Btel-65 o prirnqry fun otion fs supporl
o
o

S"r-e RErDs'
Short , cuboidol cclls common

in

shclls

o1 nuts ond pr*s of lruils

lound in oll plont FQrts, usuolll clugtercd

o pfmarl lunclion is tbr prole6frbn

lescutAF
o

'Trssues

senduct water .q6;l solutes

p\ont

; sqpport aM strcngth o1 ff'e

p\ant

o
alsoa')

tranggor{ t cqltinucus }rhroughorrt

Xr LEM

\P*s of voscu\q,t- lissuo, - Xllern: conducts wolet' ond r.rtnerslr - Phloem I crnduc*s Solutes / lood - Conlinucs *hroughout |hc A\on{

" oonducfion 6S HeO lrowr roots 1o teoves " mqhe,s uP * the wood " compose-d of r. Vesse\'Elements - elongofcd cclls wi+h
'.

6ccondorJ

',^rolls

o Dead o+ functronal rnoturitl 1 pcrloralej

diomelcr 2. Trqchcicls - elongolcd , nornow cells with secoodony functtonol mo+uri+1 ; pi*ted o Xllern liuers o Xllcm porcnch\rnq " Xllern rols 3' Porenchlrne cells qnd nOurs

o LAogc

wq\ls

I deod

o*

VEsser, Er-eMENTs
" \et'colt1 found fn ongiosperms ond qtd in transpor-tlng \^,trltr ..,- o rnOve,rnc-n+ of wcler Cqn bo $rqnsvc.sc o( tongifudinol

lnrcnHps
o

\ef cottl f$nd in gyrnnos psrms oncl seedlcss vasculqn ptonfs ond oid in hoosporfing wqtr o rnovernen+ t wQ$ee fs onll lcngituadq2l

Pnr,oer.r
o

rnoYts solLtts (eSpec-ratlT corboh.,6drates)

Phloom

o compoSe.cl

ol:

Ph yr, ior"gt.olly

(ugqr +mnspo+

drL!ai!5

l. Sitve tube cells - stongqtcd ce\ls forming fubes o End walls have pores lo.rning sicvo platcs " Alive ol lunctionol mcrturitl o Carrl food
oysq4 r)

'2. Componion ce\ls "

phloem giuers

c-onnecfcd

*o ihe sisvc tubc threugh pbsrnodes

o porenchTma ccl\s adoining. {r,c sicvc tr.rbc cells

S,*" T.'.,"to''ifr ,ile?K'

t\

UEnulu

o 6ieve tubc rnembers coh Secrctc o gcotcin catled callosq *o glug sicve plotcl stop ftow oS tood iq the phlocm is domogcd

Se

ltssues
of water
Pothogens, obsorpfioo, rrrrorl royc. )

o protect{oo
o p,r.veflk dcssicafion 'D lo99

. epidermiS ( r'rcrboceogs plonts) +.{oprnos+ layer - crrticle i prcrents dcssicotioo ond t'nvestcn 6f wqter, confrol of goS cxchongg (gro*ec*tuc o peridernn or eorlq loy cr ( woody gtan*s)

produced Rrorn ccrl<

ePiderrnis

carnbiurn

or

pericle

rm of woodl

plonls

Drnrur,itt*oo"
o epi6lcrmis

trro
ceils

\p*
..lls

Pqreneh\rno

- guord

o tlO chloroplosts

Cut,"te
o

woxl loye.-secreted b1 epidcrrnol cclls of stcrns ond o Preven+g wotcr loss ond diftusion of Soses
A

leovcs

Gueno

Cer-r-s o fornnr fhe fi^y opniT colled +h slonnalo

PenrDERMrs " wood\ plonts iniholll

thol spli*s qs *bc Alon'i - thesc plonts olso hqve- pcridcrm , r{hieh is sevenol cells *t1ict
prodtrcc an eprdermr\
ft.rt<lerra
n

to""ns tlnder rrfrc e.gidcrvnis. - peride,rrn eomposes *t-re- ou*er

-ofsa4 t

bon11

TyPeS:

' Parench.ftY)a cellg' -

- Guqrd cells: prrn tinl ogcningp(ctr-c) r No cbteroplqs*t

composed

oF *vro \e"s "f

cells

"

C.ork cCtls

: S6crete SuOenn
Dermal:
o

hnvrau TissuE
o
D

o cork oorenehYrno I
Coverr'Og

gg1'dgrmal rnodilicotions

- hAirs oa" trigf'omeS

foerl- hoirs

: obsorpttoo o$ wolcr " $uOrd cells " fortn Sfornq+O S- Sqs excbonge o gtonds: 646di1icd eells c,onlqining oits or othen SubsJqnces

o Pre-venJs dehycrrcrhbn o profec-h.on

for^

ThoHsFoRr

ff*h'nNrs

o Cc\\ulqr lgvel $rqnsporf

" Lofcrql $ronspod o Long - dioionce fransyorf

Pler.m NurRmoN
o Chemicol cornposifroo

of p)onts - 8o % 95% oF herboceous plqn+s is HtO * plonts groyl r^noin l.f \ occurrrulofr ng waler in the- cen*nel voc(,toles of l+ein cells - Corboo, hlclrogen, oXlgen org .tfre most ebundanl e,lernc.nfs io lho dr1 weigh+ of o plon+ of {be mlneml

EsscuTrAL Nurerer.irs
'
Flrgdroporlt'c S*r^ucturc -Lrsed to deferrnine whtch qre oc+uo\lr1 csSenfia I nufricnl-s; i
omounts

o Mocronulrienls - elerncnts requircd k^f plon'fs r'n t^clo1-ivel1 lor,ge

"

Ml'cronul-n'cnts

ele

mcnls oceded 'bT plonts I'n srnetl

qrnou ols

-a{s00,

AL-GsFv

$O\JER

I"""'iJ t ,,.r*'* f'*' * a itc -

u.*" i\..i

:i"*i I \ -*o *J r .
"*

{.-"i i"*,

*Ti

-?

,f,t* r.
t''

t
'

Diaesuonl
o Alt anirnols ore he+erotrophs

o Dijqercnt "nodes o Modes of

evidence

of

ogportun':trc f.edcfs leeding evolved

feedfng

Cs+ructure

- funcfi'on) cor' 6e used

os

ctn

evolsfl'6nq.t

.n Also
r.
2..

io

mpo

rtmcotq

ti

zafion

rnu+uolfg+t'c retccltlcngLfp

3. gresence

lunec,ELLrrLAR
-e9. lood
o EXtrocCttulAr

vs. ExtnecELrurAR
vacuole.s

o{ tof

o lntrocellutar - occL)ys within lood

vocuotes

Te+h

in

furornccrum, clmoeboclks

of

V,
spohge

carnidore

- oc(/.rrs Witt-,in SgecioliZed - \ncornp\e{e vS. complete

c,ornpqrl-men1s

on

raiuore

ff:

rrsrbivorc

lucorrPLETb'
A

sing\e ogcning is pccsent for bolh entronce ot fo6d ond exit of

wos+cs

,-

o Gogtrovoscqlor covify of Cnidorions o Gostro dtrrnis - hos e peciaiized cells thcrt Secrete drbestive ehzJrnc-J o Hldro\ysis of mqcromolecutes f,s ir*yracctlulqF f Qnidorraqg " liok 'io

comg}elc

CoT"TPLETE

" Cyening of lood is dillercnt f*- exit of vyoste " S?eciotized regions of the o\imen1or1 ccnal " C-ornp\erif1 varics in eoch Phllum

rnoterta\s

MoDEs oF FesprNc'
o Herbivorc

"

Exkocetlulor hydrolys(S

of

food

BtouoleorLes D Pr+siq
e) ArruohTdrori-er,.

a Cornivore

s) r-i9ras /6otS 4) Nqclcr'c Actds, Nucteotriles

o ornnivore - Derth'hon

&9".t

-> Slaro+zes
.t

fa*s
Anino aeids Prt"kin
huctet'c aeU

- Atirnenfary canal

-o(s4. :)

Mopii or
" fluid* feed-ers ' bulk teeder:s-

F;IprN.,

" Suspension 1e-edcre o Substrqte feedcrs

SrmntoTtc RenrroNs*lP
q Ver:te.br^qtes ocquired slmuioHc, re1ofl'onshi.p wr*h rrlicroscopic ongonis

in

pho.c-ssing

food

.:

bun M^,fr 3lilfi;u#"-d$l* Pro.*r,No

o lnges*fon

: .Lorgo

orOI,,; eqy,r',1t

Digestion

DroesrroN rN Hu*^,ss
.. ,, :- .-9:P!:irraLrg:

o Absorp*ioo (ernst! inlesline). 9r-Elinrriqction (.lorqc infesfine )

;okpans

,.

.- ' ";''ltnorth, pbor:gnx,

'

of

digesfron .
.esopbogus- s*omach,

smoll 8{ ta.ge

inlceilt'ne

Acressol glonds og
9

diges*too

- solivov:1 glands ) psnereqg. liver. gatl blodder Mouth : inges*fon 8. digesfion

Dr'ges*ion b.egins

in 91e onol ea,v,i\, - rnechonfcql ond chemicql digeS*(on - Sqlivqrrl omrllose : brcaks dovrn follso-ccnoridc ond glycogeo

Scrlivo: qtso fUnctions qs qn*ibocJeerlo.l Agenf

*,

neufrali?es crcrbi*y

PHanvr.tx
tl+ger 9or*roo of fhe throaf o Where air and dige-s*cd {ood
rnee*

" Digestcd bo\! af {ood (.Aott,rs) enfecs " Epiglotlr's'. qcfs os s seo"l to.preveni flod fornentcn'g *hc olr Passog r $o-t"lrr's ! {oor
I

aec').

EsopnAous
a Upper portrbn

: s+rr'otrd

rnusde

o Lorxer porfi on 1 Srnoo*h rnusc\e

the ghorlnx 4o *re stomach " Peris+q\sis : \^Jave - likc wrorlCmeni in alie'rcn{aqy tyol " Goto\el ce\ls : sgectolieed cet\s thoi lines the esophagus - fle\ease r^ucug that Co vecs *he boluE
Con91c.c+s

PenrsratsNt
o \AJqw -\ihe mo{ion rcsponsib\c'F. }hc movecnen{

of

dtQested jood (n *he

JronrAcH
o

a\ime.nfaq conol
$\orcs ond digests lood o Cordiqc Sphineter prcvenK bockflow " o Pltoric sphinctcr : regulotcs entranc< of ocridic chlmc to fbe srnqtl inlcsltne o Secrete digestive juicg - Mixed wi{h pod through churning o5 fhe stomooh l_hrour.gh slutootn
fnUsCtc, Con*rac*ionS

o Chieg gg[s

Sec,rc$es gePsinogon

" Porit+q\ ce\lE -

secre+e Hcl
cells

.-hfOl - clisrugts thc cxlroccltutqr n-rafrir gf pkrnl and ont'mol " Pepsin - active form of gepsinoqen * hldro ll zes grolcir'rs

1"1erk: bes$

in qn qcidic environrnenf

S{omo.ch ltning

t'S g ro}e ctcd

- Rrst, pc.psi'nogen is on\] <rcfivottd $hen Secretcd lnto the lurnc,n du lo *he ac*r'on of ,the acidic HCI (gepsihogn acttvotrbn- gosi+ivc feeduocD - Second\, pos.",". of gob\et ce\ls*hot secrete rnucuE
o Produet - o.cid c,hlrnc

S$arru

luresrtNg
of
and obsorp*ioo of the a\irnv$etr1 aLral
drgce*r'or"r g'1eo,o:)

o Mdo. orgon

Longesf sec*t'on

Divicled {nto threc Secttons'. duodenum,jqjcntrm, ilcum

gDupdenrrn

- Sife of mixfng of acrutc .jlric.t (dtge*ftoo) o o SQienurrn X lleurn -. absor.p+t'on

ch\rrve ondc'ib,cr: d{t'ge5*t'v,e

:1

Swrelu lrtresrNE
o Corbohl dra+c .dlges-Hon. " Profein Digcstr-'on e Nucleic Rr Actd Di.gesfisn^-. o Fofl\ Acid Dtqcsfron CEN Bo}TY DRATF DTCTESTTON
.

o Storch, gllcoqeh, Qnd o*l'rer po\socchorrdes tho+ v:tere d\csiecl

the mou*h is furtlncc dfges*ton

- ,.rl .

" Pqncreottc orn\lose o Motlase :.Splils rnql+6sc tnto its gl,r.or" - unjfs , -r:_- o Disocchqrides. : abso..rbe-d b1.'{n{cstr'nal egithett'urn

Prreu.r

DrrresnoN
-lang-c Pot19-cp*t'dc

-.-.r -.. .t.Tr1P"sin..qnd ehlnoolr\psin ' .brmkdown

\ike pepsio ' Digep+rdos-e - sglif s6oU pcq-hfddse

c-]nqin

" Corboxlgepfidost * breokdown pol:l gep}rbes -in ils .cqrboxyl ." Amino pcp*rdost : brc,akdown .pep#ido.sc, in.-ifs 'iri+nog.rrr,rs
o Er*f,ro Peg*idase - S+l',.vq+rs,.P4nCrcotrc enZl.mcs
,

Fnd end

ti

"

lnl-esti

hq\ enzym Enter:ogtpfr'doSe

arninopep*t'close, entenoFcpftldc,E

o Poncreotr'c en*1rneE --"TrTpsinog*-n.. ?roca.rboxypee{-id,est, Chlmcr}vrylusinog

?r
!i
J

ocFr'votes, Tnlesinogen Procorbor.l ecgfidose, Chpnodtl esi noge.,

{ I

Nuclclc AcrD DreFSTraN

Tnlesin

: ac+ivctcg

il-

litl

l'-

Ii

" Nu.cleqstS. .:, hldmllze nrrclcie qcr:ds " X_onUelcoges : h:ldrollZe nuclciC Ocl'ds" on ,if9- +c.rmfnal , ,.-,: .." Endotrrrc\eageE -.- hldrollze nucleic "-acids ur-ith"in o 6ther ent\mcs hldnoLlzc *hc -nr.rc\co-*r'cles info iK connponenB
'

t I
l"

a1f4.t),

Fnrn Faro DeestoN

o Bi\e so\fs

: emulsill
:

Emulsif icot{on

igeslsd {ots in fhe duodnurn incrca.sc SA 6f to{ molec-ulel

crnd

AgsonFtrosr
- folds found in *he Srnoll in,l-cstr'ne M/u^avillus - rnicroscoprt lingerlikc prqjcc+ions thct fhc.eases the obsor ption of mqteria\s o Eoch vi(luS is Connecfcd .tb a capii\ory,(Bv) frtlworL and locfcols
Vi//us
C

- " Liposc "

digcsts {cr}

rno\ecutte s

TnluspoRr oF ]furarENTs
Possive Dillustoo
Active Tronsprl

Llmpha$c \s+crn)

x Nutricnts thal

vvsrg 6lrE6r-bd

crc lronsfoccnd in*o whqf +ht body nteds

Chllomicroo

small etobule fhqt ls

proleins

combina*r'oo

tds, chblesfrrot,

cooted r^rith

HonMoNEs Tner Rec'uuATE Drcuestrou

o Gos*rin - stimulqtcd \ gostn'c juices - tnhibilcct q \ow pt\

- 9trrnutaiec

secretioo

of

gqEfn'c tru{ce4

o Errl'ero$os+rones - grEuP of enE\rnes ts,r"'d In *hc duodenurn o C66\eclstohdnin CCct<) - Slirnu\crtcd b\ $a$s and ornino

o.eids

- Sttnulotcs $ail bladder +o rclease filc. o Secre{tn - s*irnutofcd bl fhe ocidic cblrnc - Stirnu\o{e! poncreqs fo .ehcrsc bicqrt)onots r lf cfrlme is rcAch tn {a+s, i$ stimutoRs fht clusclenurn }o re\eoSc other en=\mes +c, Slon down drlexlian ie *he slomo.ch

Len

re l.rresrlNE
cclted

o A\so

the

colon

o Ccc-uwr - srnql\ pouch fhai hos diflcrcnt functr'ons o Appendix - smqll cec-urn fo*d in rnon o Rec+um - ponh'oo of +h. large inlcg*t'nt tha'l tcrnporari\1 sforcs fcces
at3a4
:J

Moln functrbn of calon ts -,fo . reaasorb- w-otrr- -. Fec,cs -: -v{ec}c- -*trot \ ro.g, }o,r:rted, oficr cligestr'oh ! Conlpacfnccs .r-q.eg.ends. on-.-wotgtr *hct rvqs,. reqbsorbed Inlssfinol Bsetafl'o - connr.non exa.rr.plc rs A. oo/t
Sov-e mut.u,ob'sfre *-rclo*r'ooship
-

n*ittt hos*
nceded

.,-:

Cz.ener:otc. m-efim"nc.

o,r hldregen. suFide

O,,

o SOmc

gCodgfCe _.Vrl:l-amfos :+hd(l-.orc,

*he

brcdw
I

NurnmoN
d t.lutr:ilional\1 odcquotc
dicf

comPosed

ot:

',fucl ( chcrn{col energl)

" or-gontc For^,r matcn'als ( carbon skclctons) o, escn*r'q,l n*trienfs (subs*onces +h.e,onirnql -eannof mo.ke)

BfuauerNo TllE, Fueu,

.--6

ljorncosto,tie nn,cphqnfsm : bcrluaw:er -*hc onirnalh guel 6 AI?.s thoJ were produced qre budgf+ad Otpen.drlng on .The enegT o Fets -ho:re '$hg -.hrghest. arnou,nl-*eg, AtP
q .h\ucogc Crsnver,sfore tls-,on- cxoynPlc .of
ho

Tequire.

meos*,qtdc mecb-o

n tsr'n

te I$BAtANgg
o-

(lndcrnou.rrsh nncn*
:--

C.olorr'r. aeftcr encsl

-OYet

nout:{:hmgot

,rssults to- obesifl o

Mqlnour:r'shrncn*

- De1{ctent- in

.'Fssat*Tr^r*
e Eqsfn+icr,l,

Nurartirrs, :

an1 -, csscrotJial hu+hlcnfs

-

" Essenlhl Arnlno--&llds

"
o-

Yilanaing

Minerols

orl*')r

EssHtrrAL Amruo Acrx

" T"T pfo phan, mefhioninc, Vqlinc, Threoni nf, lso lewcrnt, Llsinc, fl islrdinc ( inpnfs)
PbenTlcr

lctnine, !etacr'nc,

Delicicrrcl r'n one oi lhese -.J rcsult in+o grolein c{cfr'cfency _ " EsseNnru Ferw AcrDs o Essenh'a\ fd\ qct'ds belong +o *he trnsq+urotcd .fo\ ocr.d groufs o An e<ornplc is Iinole(c acicl o Pclicieneier qrr rar

VrrnnmNs
" O jOrric molcc-r.rleS thal qrc o Two $1ecs :
reqr,ri

rccl reto+r'wely

i$

Sr'1, ornor,tDt

- Wqfcr- soluble

. B- vitor"rf ns, C
- Fqt - Solublt

" A,D,F,k

MrusnALs BauencFp Der

o lnorgo"rrie nutrieplts tha$ qre rnuircd in Small " E-g. Cqtcium, Phosphoru.S, Sodiqy^n
o,rnoLrnJ-s

o Whot entrs = rrvhqt leove-s " ll is eqsicr lo |okc tn caloriec in fhe 6od.f +r,urn +o burn (| 6 The t"ud pyrornid Serveg as o guidc. in fhe h{nd of foocls thof Ehoutd be takcn i6 -

MecHlNtcAL DrctisTros
o thcrCogL Sl
o trrerr{b (*cc+Vr)

vs. Cuer,,leAL DrcrFsno N

otncr<4-Se SA

girzcrd

o Brce,k

og Macro/holeualcs dow n into simptet

in*estrhc

gcrfstalg;5

sqbs+,a.nces

c tnroll

qon'qh*c.

e,t'lovnfegl digc$$on

o tOr$C infcsfrne: fc - Obsotb

v,lOtc,r

LY99A tsoLLER

ir,
;:i +i ri '1

r" ',

r ?1
!

.l^

r-

'ir

I lt TitmspoRr Mecnm.usvls
&unI

rr, *lb

.".* l\.,''t i

.\

;,,

; f. ! ,"'r':.J-.: i

'""n4 |

. *."i

*t

f"' i* tti

l$#rtEr.i..I
,,
!:

I
Tonici+1

" Posgive

Puaur Thnusrcnr Tissuts

X1 lero

'

- Coace/^+ratton of
substo,nce

Ac{ive

*hlportonic : lot^: wAt-C,r Foffr*ta\ I hr'gh cool(Yhggolonig: hr qh $t?l

Phloern

TnnxsPoRT MrcHnNBMs (c",Nr-)

o pqggive Tronspor.l

low cotlc. r isc'{onic: eQoal; yb oe+ raorrCnCnt

" Bulk

possive

Di1g1jgor.,

-'Fqcrtito+ea Di6usion
Osrnosis

o Actfve

Tmnsport

desl

- gr*ta+ion
mis

Pr+ur

Tn nuseoRr Tissues (coxr.)

Vesset elcnnc.nts
Trochc.,r'dg

Tronsoori

rElocler

o X1lcw1

{lre .nsirohrnca+ Yrnlqr : cqggan'a4

L" ann,.oa

l" bo.tft"r, of we{r *rc-r p*t {o c-cr+cr ao f--J $

slrip
gocr

nsqrc'.

Phloern

rt>qaq oq .1mglost.
t^

'.{ater

- ,Sieve

tubc

mernber
cetl5

pc-a

doer, o6,( Chaola .orq{/

Pnogrwr oF TennrsTRrAL Ranrrs

o Ances{rql Plon{s - transporl is " Modcrn Plonts
.l4rnough df6usbn

C.omoonion

-- eefi (n J

) batrlet / g^ad
Co", droog.

hJhich cbcx,rtd go in

lnerusFoar lN h*r.rrs
" Threc ecales og plon* - lntr4cellular
o Epidcmnal cells - Shorl diStoncc I ccll -to
o A+

- frorn roots fo sboo*s - tonq df sfqn cc lronsgorf

trronsporl

-Cell

+he tevcls of tisgues ond ogcrns - Long distane-e.; xylcm 6nl phloer,o

olsoa )

ErrectS oF hfeERENcES tN WntEn PorennAL

o'[i survive - Plor*s rnug*
o O srnosis bolonco

wcler uploke ond

loss

Determincs

- ls

the net upioke or wqtcr logs b\ o cell ogfected b1 solute concenfra*ron ond Pressurc

*T:

H::';:.-.*
o'nd pressurC defcrmines tho

*hqr combines +hc emecfs

dtre

or solu+e
wq*cr

cfion of

rnovt,rrncn+

of

Woler

ftows from regrbns ofr

r^,igl"r

woter potcnliol 1s rcgions of lcw

wqler potentiol - bofb prcssunc qod

sotu'l-e' concenfrcttron

off e c{ \^'q+er

Po+ent{

Wotcr potcnttol - ol4ects trpiahe ond loss of woter \ Plonl cells lq s tloccid cell is ploced In en envinonment wi{h a highcr sotufe Q-onccn+pfrlio4 , the cell will lose wotcr onl become ptosrno tyeed lg e ttre sar,^e 1\oct id cell ie gloced in o eolutron rnrith o lowcr solrria
Cohcentro*ion

+fie cc(l

\^r

i ll

gain wa1er qnct bccorne tungid

How Weren Movs,s

o Plqgmodes rnqlo o 1mp\cref

Buur Fow tN t osc. - h9T1l.lcE T,eeNgFoRr

o

"

APoP\ast

\n bu\k t-\ow - rnovemcnt t $lui/ iq fhe xllem ond phloarn it driven b1

diiterenecs 6rl- oppogilc ends o3 |he
,(v lcrn

prcssl

Ycssels

and

Sievc

THe Xruerq Sne ANb PHLoEM Snp

o

Xllern St'p - roo* prcssurc PressurD ltorn

trqnsPiccr+ion

c-ohcsion

lensfon mecjranfsm

o Phlocm Sqg
a1sDa

*hcor'1' trqngloco*ion