A SEMINAR ON TOPIC INFLUENZA DEPARTMENT OF MICRO BIOLOGY

SESSON-2011-12

Submitted To:

Submitted By:
MONIKA SINGH
M.Sc. IInd Year

INFLUENZA
Introduction, commonly referred to as the flue is an infectious disease caused by RNA virus of the family Orthomyxovixidae (the enfluenza virus), that affects birds and mammals. The most common symptoms of the disease are chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing , weakness/ fatigue and general discomfort. Influenza may produce nausea and vomiting particularly in children, but these symptoms are more common in accurately, referred to as stomach flu Flu can occasionally cause either direct Viral pneumonia or Secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza is transmitted through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus. Influenza can also be transmitted by direct contact with bird dropping or nasal secretions, or though contact with contaminated surfaces. Influenza viruses can be inactivated by sunlight, disinfectant and detergents.

CLASSIFICATION
In virus classification influenza virus are RNA viruses that make up three of the five genera of the family orthomyxoviridae. Influenza virus A Influenza virus B Influenza virus C

 These virus are only distantly related to the human parainfluenza viruses, which are RNA viruses belonging to the paramyxovirus family that are a common respiratory infections in children such as croup but can also cause a disease similar to influenza in adults.

INFLUENZA VIRUS A
This genus has one species , influenza A virus wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A. The type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the three influenza types and cause the most severe disease. The influenza A virus can be subdivided into different serotype based on the antibody response to these virus. The serotypes that have been confirmed in humans ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, are : H1N1, which cause Spanish flue in 1918, and Swine flue in 2009. H2N2, which caused Asian Flu in 1957. H3N3, which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968. H5N1, which caused Bird Flu in 2004.

INFLUENZA VIRUS B
This genus has one species, influenza B virus. Influenza B almost exclusively infect human and is less common than influenza A .

INFLUENZA VIRUS C
This genus has one species, influenza C virus, which infects humans, dogs and pigs, sometimes causing both severe illness and local epicemics.

MORPHOLOGY
The influenza virus is typically spherical, with a diameter of 80-120 mm but pleomorphism is common. The virus core consist of ribonucleoprotein in helical Symmetry. The negative sense single standard RNA genome is segmented and esists as eight pieces. Projecting from the envelope are two types of spikes Hemagglutinin spikes and Neuraminidase peplorners are shown on the surface of the particle.

RESISTANCE
The virus is inactivated by eating at 500 C for 30 minuts. It remain riable at 0-40C for about a week. It can be preserved for years at 700C or by freeze drying. Ether, formaldehyde, phenol, Salts of heary metals and many other chemical disinfectants destroy infectivity.

LIFE CYCLE
Influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected birds through their droppings.

 The viruses bird to a cell through interactions between its hemogglutinin glyeoprotein and sialic acid sugars on the surfaces of epithelial cell in the lugs and throat. The cell imports the virus by endocytosis. In the acidic endosome, part of the haemagglutinin protein fuses the viral envelope with the vacuoles membrance, releasing the firal RNA (V RNA) molecute. These proteins and VRNA form a complex that is transported into the cell nucleus. The V RNA is either exported into the cytoplasm and translated, or remains in the nucleus. Newly Synthesized viral proteins are either secreted through the Golgi apparatus on to the cell surface or transported back into the nucleus to bird V RNA & form new viral genome particle. The V RNA and viral core proteins leave the nucleus and enter this membrane protrusion. The mature vius buds off from the cell in a sphere of host phospholipids mambrance, acquiring hemagglutirin and neuraminidase with this membrane coat. The viruses adhere to the cell through hemagglutirin, the mature viruses detach once their neuraminidase has cleaved sialic acid reduces from the host cell. After the release of new influenza virus, the host cell dies.

Segns and Symptoms

Symptoms Fever Cough Nasal Congestion Sensitivity 68-86% 84-98% 68-91% Specificity 25-73% 7-29% 19-41%

Some Common infection of flu

Birds are through to be the main animal reservoirs of influenza viruses. The main variants named using EhPS convention are Bird flu, Human Flu, Swine flu, Horse flu & Dog flu. In pigs, horses and dogs, influenza symptoms are similar to human, with cough, fever & loss of appetite.

Bird flu
The symptoms following infection with low-pathogen city Arian influenza may be as mild as ruffled feathers, a small reduction in egg productions, or weight loss combined with minor respiratory disease. As the virus spreads rapidly in the crowded conditions seen in the intensive farming of chickens and turkeys, these outbreaks can cause large canonic losses to poultry farmers. In the future, H5N1 may mutate or reassert into a strain capable of efficient human-tohuman transmission.

Swine flu
In pig Swine influenza produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite. Although mortality is usually low, the rirus can produce weight loss and poor growth, causing economic loss to farmers. In 2009, Swine oigien H1NA virus strain commonly referred to as Swine flu caused the 2009 flu pandemic, but there is no evidence that it is endemic to pigs (i.c. actually a Swine flu) or of transmission from pigs to people, instead the virus is spreading from person to person. This strain is a reassortment of several strains of H1N1 that are usually found

separately in huma, birds, and pigs.

Prophylaxis Influenza vaccines have been in use for many decades. The original vaccines consisted of the virus grown in the allergic cavity of eggs, partially purified, and inactivated with formation. Due to the presence of egg protein in it, this vaccine may cause reactions in allergic individuals. The whole virus vaccine induces fever and local pain. Subunit vaccines have been introduced to nunneries toxic reactions. While killed vaccines induce the formation of circulating antibodies, they do not lead to any local protection in the respiratory tract.

 Amantadine and Rimantadine are useful in the treatment of influenza. They reduce the overage duration of the disease and cause symptomatic improvement, through virus shedding and antibody response are not affected. Zananuivir, a new drug designed to block uialneuraninidase has been found effect ire in the treatment and presention of enfluenza.