Organelle chloroplast (plastid)

Major eukaryotic organelles Main function Structure Organisms photosynthesis doublemembrane compartment

endoplasmic reticulum

translation and folding of new proteins (rough singleendoplasmic reticulum), membrane expression of lipids compartment (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)

singlesorting and modification Golgi apparatus membrane of proteins compartment

mitochondrion energy production

doublemembrane compartment singlemembrane compartment doublemembrane compartment

Notes plants, protists has some genes; theorized to be engulfed by the (rare kleptoplastic ancestral eukaryotic cell organisms) (endosymbiosis) rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes, has folds that all eukaryotes are flat sacs; smooth endoplasmic reticulum has folds that are tubular cis-face (convex) nearest to rough endoplasmic reticulum; trans-face all eukaryotes (concave) farthest from rough endoplasmic reticulum has some DNA; theorized most to be engulfed by the eukaryotes ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis) eukaryotes

vacuole

storage, homeostasis DNA maintenance, RNA transcription

nucleus

all eukaryotes has bulk of genome

Mitochondria and chloroplasts, which have double-membranes and their own DNA, are believed to have originated from incompletely consumed or invading prokaryotic organisms, which were adopted as a part of the invaded cell. This idea is supported in the Endosymbiotic theory.

Organelle/Macromolecule

Main function

Structure

Organisms

acrosome autophagosome centriole cilium

helps spermatoza fuse with ovum vesicle which sequesters cytoplasmic material and organelles for degradation anchor for cytoskeleton movement in or of external medium; "critical developmental signaling pathway"[28]. detects light, allowing phototaxis to take place

single-membrane many animals compartment double-membrane all eukaryotic cells compartment Microtubule protein Microtubule protein animals animals, protists, few plants

eyespot apparatus glycosome glyoxysome hydrogenosome lysosome melanosome mitosome myofibril nucleolus parenthesome peroxisome ribosome vesicle

green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids single-membrane Some protozoa, such as carries out glycolysis compartment Trypanosomes. single-membrane conversion of fat into sugars plants compartment double-membrane energy & hydrogen production a few unicellular eukaryotes compartment breakdown of large molecules (e.g., single-membrane most eukaryotes proteins + polysaccharides) compartment single-membrane pigment storage animals compartment double-membrane not characterized a few unicellular eukaryotes compartment muscular contraction bundled filaments animals protein-DNAribosome production most eukaryotes RNA not characterized not characterized fungi breakdown of metabolic hydrogen single-membrane all eukaryotes peroxide compartment translation of RNA into proteins RNA-protein eukaryotes, prokaryotes single-membrane material transport all eukaryotes compartment