Chapter3 CochannelInterference

SOURCE: MOBILECELLULARTELECOMMUNICATIONS BYWILLIAMC.Y.LEE

Cochannel InterferenceReduction Factor

q=D/R D=f(KI,C/I) whereKI isthenumberofcochannel interferingcellsinthefirsttierand C/I isthereceivedcarriertointerferenceratio atthedesiredmobilereceiver

whereqk isthecochannel interferencereductionfactorwith kth cochannel interferingcell

Thepropagationpathlossis40dB/dec Hence, q=(6*C/I)^1/r =(6*63.1)^1/6=4.41 C/I=18dBismeasuredbytheacceptanceof voicequalityfromthepresentreceivers.

ExploringCochannel Interference AreasinaSystem

Fordetectionofseriouschannelinterference areasinacellularsystem,twotestsare suggested. Test1 FindtheCochannelInterferenceAreafroma MobileReceiver

channel(f1)recordsthesignallevel channel(f2)recordstheinterferencelevel noiselevelisrecordedinf3

 1.C/I >18dBthroughoutmostofthecell,the systemisproperlydesigned. 2.C/I <18dBandC/N >18dBinsomeareas, thereiscochannel interference. 3.C/N andC/I <18dBandC/N C/I ina givenarea,thereisacoverageproblem. 4.C/N andC/<18dBandC/N >C/I ina givenarea,thereisacoverageproblemand cochannel interference.

Test2 FindtheCochannelInterferenceAreaWhichAffectsa CellSite

RealTimeCochannelInterference MeasurementatMobileRadioTransceivers
signalis interferenceis Thereceivedsignalis where

 theaverageprocessesonX andY are

Thesignaltointerferenceratio

 Thesamplingdelaytimeshouldbesmallenoughto satisfy Determiningthedelaytimetomeettherequirement ofEq.(6.313)forthiscalculationisdifficultandisa drawbacktothismeasurementtechnique. Therefore,realtimecochannelinterference measurementisdifficulttoachieveinpractice.

DesignofanOmnidirectional AntennaSystemintheWorstCase
Theworstcaseisatthelocationwherethe mobileunitwouldreceivetheweakestsignal fromitsowncellsitebutstronginterferences fromallinterferingcellsites. ToprovethataK =7cellpatterndoesnot provideasufficientfrequencyreusedistance

Cochannel interference (a worst case).

Thenthecarriertointerferenceratiois

q = 4.6 C / I = 54 or 17 dB, which is lower than 18 dB. use the shortest distance D-R for all six interferers as a worst case

 C/I receivedisalwaysworsethan17dBand couldbe14dBandlower. Aheavytrafficsituation ThesystemmustbedesignedaroundtheC/I oftheworstcase. Acochannelinterferencereductionfactorof q =4.6isinsufficient.

 Inanomnidirectionalcellsystem,K =9orK = 12wouldbeacorrectchoice.Thenthevalues ofq are

Interference with frequencyreuse patterns K = 9 and K = 12.

DesignofaDirectionalAntenna System
calltrafficbeginstoincrease usethefrequencyspectrumefficiently avoidincreasingthenumberofcells WhenK increases,thenumberoffrequency channelsassignedinacellmustbecome smaller theefficiencyofapplyingthefrequencyreuse schemedecreases

DirectionalAntennasinK=7CellPatterns

ThreeSectorCase
ThemobileunitatpositionE willexperiencegreater interferenceinthelowershadedcellsectorthanintheupper shadedcellsectorsite. Thisisbecausethemobilereceiverreceivestheweakest signalfromitsowncellbutfairlystronginterferencefromthe interferingcell.

Let q = 4.6; then Eq. (6.5-1) becomes

C / I could be 6 dB weaker than in Eq. (6.5-2) in a heavy traffic area as a result of irregular terrain contour and imperfect site locations. The remaining 18.5 dB is still adequate.

 SixsectorCase divideacellintosixsectorsbyusingsix60beamdirectionalantennas onlyoneinstanceofinterferencecanoccurineachsector

Forq =4.6,

subtract6dBfromtheresultofEq.(6.54),theremaining23dBisstill morethanadequate. Whenheavytrafficoccurs,the60sectorconfigurationcanbeusedto reducecochannelinterference.

DirectionalAntennainK=4CellPattern
ThreesectorCase K =4,thevalueof

If,6dBissubtractedfromtheresultofEq.(6.55), theremaining14dBisunacceptable.

DirectionalAntennainK=4CellPattern
SixsectorCase Thereisonlyoneinterfereratadistanceof D+R Withq =3.46

If6dBissubtractedfromtheresultofEq.(6.56),the remaining21dBisadequate. Underheavytrafficconditions,thereisstillagreatdealof concernoverusingaK =4cellpatternina60 sector.

 Twodisadvantagesof60 sectorsarethat (1)theyrequiremoreantennastobe mountedontheantennamastand (2)theyoftenrequiremorefrequenthandoffs becauseoftheincreasedchancethatthe mobileunitswilltravelacrossthesixsectors ofthecell.

Reducingthecochannelinterferenceby loweringtheAntennaHeight
Onfairlyflatgroundorinavalleysituation,lowering theantennaheightwillbeveryeffectiveforreducing thecochannelandadjacentchannelinterference. OnaHighHilloraHighSpot theeffectiveantennaheightish1 +H.

 Ifwereducetheactualantennaheightto0.5h1,theeffective antennaheightbecomes0.5h1 +H.Thereductioningain resultingfromtheheightreductionis

If

loweringantennaheightonthehilldoesnotreducethe receivedpowerateitherthecellsiteorthemobileunit.

 InaValley Theeffectiveantennaheightasseenfromthemobileunit shownishe1,whichislessthantheactualantennaheighth1.If he1 =2/3h1 andtheantennaisloweredto1/2h1,thenthenew effectiveantennaheight Thentheantennagainisreducedby theloweredantennaheightinavalleyisveryeffectivein reducingtheradiatedpowerinadistanthighelevationarea.

 InaForestedArea Theantennashouldclearthetopsofanytrees inthevicinity Decreasingtheheightoftheantennawould notbetheproperprocedureforreducing cochannelinterferencebecauseexcessive attenuationofthedesiredsignalwouldoccur inthevicinityoftheantennaandinitscell boundaryiftheantennawerebelowthe treetoplevel.

Reductionofcochannelinterferenceinacellularmobilesystemisalwaysa challengingproblem.

(1)increasingtheseparationbetweentwocochannelcells notadvisable asthenumberoffrequencyreusecellsincreases,thesystemefficiency decreases (2)usingdirectionalantennasatthebasestation goodapproachwhenthenumberoffrequencyreusecellsisfixed. Theuseofdirectionalantennasineachcellcanservetwopurposes: (1)furtherreductionofcochannelinterferenceiftheinterferencecannot beeliminatedbyafixedseparationofcochannelcellsand (2)increasingthechannelcapacitywhenthetrafficincreases. (3)loweringtheantennaheightsatthebasestation notrecommended suchanarrangementalsoweakensthereceptionlevelatthemobileunit

ReductionofCochannelInterferencebyMeansofa TiltedAntennaPattern Therearetwowaystotiltdowntheantennapatterns; Theelectronicdowntiltingistochangethephasesamong theelementsofacollineararrayantenna. Themechanicaldowntiltingistodowntilttheantenna physically.

 Ifthetiltanglesareveryclose,downtiltinghasnoeffectin reducingtheinterference. Inordertoincreasetheangleseparation,theantennaheight canplayabigrole. Thedowntiltingcanhelpinstrengtheningtheweaksignal spotsinthecell.

TypesofNoncochannel Interference
AdjacentchannelInterference NearEndFarEndInterference Interferencebetweensystems UHFTVInterference Longdistanceinterference

AdjacentchannelInterference
nextchannel(thechannelnexttothe operatingchannel)interference neighboringchannel(morethanonechannel awayfromtheoperatingchannel) interference.

NextChannelInterference
nextchannelinterferencewillarriveatthe mobileunitfromothercellsitesifthesystem isnotdesignedproperly. mobileunitinitiatingacallonacontrol channelinacellmaycauseinterferencewith thenextcontrolchannelatanothercellsite. Thefilterwithasharpfalloffslopecanhelpto reducealltheadjacentchannelinterference, includingthenextchannelinterference.

NeighboringchannelInterference
Thechannelswhichareseveralchannelsaway fromthenextchannelwillcauseinterference withthedesiredsignal. afixedsetofservingchannelsisassignedto eachcellsite. Ifallthechannelsaresimultaneously transmittedatonecellsiteantenna,a sufficientamountofbandisolationbetween channelsisrequiredforamultichannel combinertoreduceintermodulationproducts.

NearEndFarEndInterference
InOneCell InCellsofTwoSystems

NearEndFarEndInterference InOneCell
Thecloseinmobileunithasastrongsignal whichcausesadjacentchannelinterference Inthissituation,nearendfarendinterference canoccuronlyatthereceptionpointinthe cellsite.

NearEndFarEndInterference InCellsofTwoSystems
thefrequencychannelsofbothcellsofthe twosystemsmustbecoordinatedinthe neighborhoodofthetwosystemfrequency bands.

AvoidanceofNearEndFarEnd Interference
Thenearendmobileunitsarethemobile unitswhicharelocatedveryclosetothecell site. Thesemobileunitstransmitwiththesame powerasthemobileunitswhicharefaraway fromthecellsite.

 d0 Thedistancebetweenacallingmobiletransmitteranda basestationreceiver dI Thedistancebetweenamobiletransmittercausing interferenceandthesamebasestationreceiver. TheratiodI/d0 isthenearendfarendratio. Theeffectofthenearendfarendratioonthecarrier adjacentchannelinterferenceratioisdependentonthe relativepositionsofthemovingmobileunits.

InterferencebetweenSystems
InOneCity InAdjacentCities

InterferencebetweenSystems InOneCity
Intersystem interference. (a) System A cell sites in system B cell coverage; (b) int erference between two cellular geographic service ar ea (CGSA) systems.

InterferencebetweenSystems InAdjacentCities
Twosystemsoperatingatthesamefrequencybandandin twoadjacentcitiesorareasmayinterferewitheachotherif theydonotcoordinatetheirfrequencychanneluse. Mostcasesofinterferenceareduetocellsitesathigh altitudes Inanystartupsystem,ahighaltitudecellsiteisalways attractivetothedesigner. Suchasystemcancoveralargerarea,and,inturn,fewercell sitesareneeded. However,iftheneighboringcityalsousesthesamesystem block,thentheresultisstronginterference,whichcanbe avoidedbythefollowingmethods.

 1.Theoperatingfrequenciesshouldbecoordinatedbetweentwocities. Thefrequenciesusedinonecityshouldnotbeusedintheadjacentcity. Thisarrangementisusefulonlyfortwolowcapacitysystems. 2.Ifbothsystemsarehighcapacity,thendecreasingtheantennaheights willresultinreductionoftheinterferencenotonlywithineachsystembut alsobetweenthetwosystems. 3.Directionalantennasmaybeused. Forexample,ifonesystemishighcapacityandtheotherislowcapacity, thelowcapacitysystemcanusedirectionalantennasbutstillretainthe hightower. Inthissituationfrequencycoordinationbetweenthetwosystemshasto beworkedoutatthecommonboundarybecausealltheallocated frequenciesmustbeusedbythehighcapacitysysteminitsservicearea butonlysomefrequenciesareusedbythelowcapacitysystem.

UHFTVInterference
Twotypesofinterferencecanoccurbetween UHFtelevisionand850MHzcellularmobile phones. InterferencetoUHFTVReceiversfromCellular MobileTransmitters InterferenceofCellularMobileReceiversby UHFTVTransmitters

 InterferencebetweenTVandcellularmobile channelsisillustratedinFig

 SomeUHFTVchannelsoverlapcellularmobilechannels. Thesetwotypesofservicecaninterferewitheachotheronly underthefollowingconditions. 1.Bandregionwithoverlappingfrequencies. Twoserviceshavebeenauthorizedtooperatewithinthe samefrequencybandregion. 2.Imageinterferenceregion. TheTVreceiverorthecellularreceiver(mobileunitorcell site)canreceivetwotransmittedsignals,forinstance,one fromaTVchannelandonefromacellularsystem,and produceathirdorderintermodulationproductwhichfalls withintheTVorthemobilereceiveband.

 LetfTm =mobiletransmitfrequency
=fRc =cellsitereceivefrequency =fTc 45MHz

fRm =mobilereceivefrequency
=fTm +45MHz =fTc =cellsitetransmitfrequency fT,TV =TVtransmitfrequency fR,TV =TVreceivefrequency

Thirdorderintermodulationgivesthefollowingresultsintwo casesofinterferingUHFTVreceivers. Case1. WhenthemobiletransmitterislocatednearaTV receiver Let

mobiletransmitfrequencyfTm liesinthe825 to845MHz band TVtransmitfrequencyfT,TV liesinthe780 to800MHzband, fTm willinterferewiththeTVreceiverasseenfromEq.(7.93). Thisinterferenceregioniscalledtheimageinterference region.

 Case2. WhenthecellsitetransmitterislocatednearaTV receiver Let

cellsitetransmitfrequencyfTc liesinthe870 to890MHz band, fT,TV liesinthe780 to800MHzband, fTc willinterferewiththeTVreceiver,asshowninEq.(7.96). Thisinterferenceregioniscalledtheimageinterference region.

InterferenceofCellularMobile ReceiversbyUHFTVTransmitters
Case1.Let

themobileunitreceiverfrequencyfRm liesinthe870 to890MHzband, fT,TV,whichliesinthe780 to800MHzband, willinterferewiththemobileunitreceiver,asshowninEq.(7.910).

 Case2.Let

cellsitereceiverfrequencyfRc liesinthe825 to845MHzband, fT,TV,whichliesinthe780 to800MHzband, willinterferewiththecellsitereceiveras showninEq.(7.913).

 Case3.Whenamobilereceiverapproachesa TVtransmitter,itiseasytofindthat transmissionfromtheTVstationwillnot interferewiththereceptionatthemobile receiver

 Case4.Whenthecellsitereceiverisonly1mi orlessawayfromtheTVstation,interference mayresult. whenthecellsiteisveryclosetotheTV station,theinterferencedecreasesasaresult ofthetwoverticalnarrowbeamspointingat differentelevationlevels. Forthisreasonitisadvisabletomountacell siteantennainthesamevicinityastheTV stationantennaiftheproblemsofshielding andgroundingcanbecontrolled.

LongDistanceInterference
OverwaterPath OverlandPath

PowerControl
WhoControlsthePowerLevel? Thepowerlevelcanbecontrolledonlybythe mobiletransmittingswitchingoffice(MTSO), notbythemobileunits therecanbeonlylimitedpowercontrolbythe cellsitesasaresultofsystemlimitations.

UseofParasiticElements
Interferenceatthecellsitecansometimesbe reducedbyusingparasiticelements,creating adesiredpatterninacertaindirection. Currentsappearinginseveralparasitic antennasarecausedbyradiationfroma nearbydriveantenna. Adrivenantennaandasingleparasitecanbe combinedinseveralways.

1.Normalspacing.
Parasitic elements with effective interference reduction. (a) Onequarter wavelength spacing; (b) onehalf wavelength spacing; (c) combination of a and b.

cellsitedirectionalantennaswithanonwindresistantstructure:afour elementstructurethathasonlyoneactiveelement.

2.Relativelyclosespacing.
Inrelativelyclosespacingtwoelementsare placedascloseas0.04l. Threecasescanbedescribedhere.

a.Thelengthsoftwoelementsareidentical.
Twoelements,oneactiveandoneparasitic,areseparatedby only0.04l. Atthisclosespacing,thecurrentflowingintheparasiteis verystrong. Thetwoelementsformanullalongthey axisinthehorizontal planeandalongthez axisintheverticalplane. Thereisadirectivegainof3dBrelativetoasingleelement. Thehorizontalpatternandtheverticalpatternoftheclosely spacedarrangementareshowninFig.6.16a.

b.Thelengthoftheparasiteis 5percentlongerthanthat oftheactiveone. >>Adirectivegainof6dBis obtained. c.Thelengthoftheparasiteis shorterthanthatoftheactiveone. >>theparasiteactsasadirector >>Againof8dBisobtained.

DiversityReceiver
Thediversityschemeappliedatthereceiving endoftheantennaisaneffectivetechnique forreducinginterferencebecauseany measurestakenatthereceivingendto improvesignalperformancewillnotcause additionalinterference.

CrossTalk AUniqueCharacteristicofVoiceChannels Inamobilecellularsystemthereisapairof frequencies,occupyingabandwidthof60kHz, whichwesimplycalla''channel. Afrequencyof30kHzservesareceivedpath, andtheother30kHzaccommodatesa transmittedpath.

ChannelCombiner
Achannelcombinerisinstalledateachcellsite. Thenallthetransmittedchannelscanbecombinedwith minimuminsertionlossandmaximumsignalisolation betweenchannels. wecaneliminatethechannelcombinerbylettingeach channelfeedtoitsownantenna Thena16channelsitewillhave16antennasforoperation. Itisaneconomicalandaphysicalconstraint.

Different kinds of channel combiners. (a) Fixedtuned combiner, (b) tunable combiner, (c) ring combiner.

Demultiplexer attheReceivingEnd

 Everycellsitehasbeenassignedtooneof threeSATtones.