The coverage for MR test shall be 1.Fudamentals of Stat 2.SPSS/Entering/Manipulating/Screening Data 3.T-tests 4.ANOVA 5.CHI-square 6.

Multiple regression -Siva

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)

Nominal Data: These are data which classify or categorise some attribute they may be coded as numbers but the numbers has no real meaning, its just a label they have no default or natural order. Examples:, town of residence, colour of car, male or female (this last one is an example of a dichotomous variable, it can take two mutually exclusive values. Ordinal Data: These are data that can be put in an order, but dont have a numerical meaning beyond the order. So for instance, the difference between 2 and 4 in the example of a Lickert scale below might no be the same as the difference between 2 and 5. Examples: Questionnaire responses coded: 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = indifferent, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree. Level of pain felt in joint rated on a scale from 0 (comfortable) to 10 (extremely painful). Interval Data: These are numerical data where the distances between numbers have meaning, but the zero has no real meaning. With interval data it is not meaningful to say than one measurement is twice another, and might not still be true if the units were changed. Example: Temperature measured in Centigrade, a cup of coffee at 80c isn't twice as hot a one at 40c. Ratio Data: These are numerical data where the distances between data and the zero point have real meaning. With such data it is meaningful to say that one value is twice as much as another, and this would still be true if the units were changed. Examples: Heights, Weights, Salaries, Ages. If someone is twice as heavy as someone else in pounds, this will still be true in kilograms.

Typically only data from the last two types might be suitable for parametric methods. If you are not sure whether two columns of data are paired or not, consider whether rearranging the order of one of the columns would affect your data. If it would, they are paired. Paired data often occur in before and after situations. They are also known as related samples. Non-paired data can also be referred to as independent samples. Scatterplots (also called scattergrams) are only meaningful for paired data.

Ranks, scores, or categories are generally non-parametric data. Measurements that come from a population that is normally distributed can usually be treated as parametric. If in doubt treat your data as non-parametric especially if you have a relatively small sample. Generally speaking, parametric data are assumed to be normally distributed the normal distribution (approximated mathematically by the Gaussian distribution) is a data distribution with more data values near the mean, and gradually less far away, symmetrically Examples: Non- parametric data: t-tests, Pearsons correlation Parametric: Wilcoxon signed rank test, mann whitney test, spearmans rank correlation coefficient.

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