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Axial Force, Shear Force, Torque and Bending Moment
Axial Force, Shear Force, Torque and Bending Moment
2-1
The approach used depends on the problem and what the designer requires from the diagrams. For example, many problems require only the maximum values of the shear and moment, and the locations at which these values occur. The Graphical Method is most useful for these situations. In other cases, a beam may be subjected to a loading that is a fairly complicated function. For these situations, the Basic Method may be needed. You should know how to use both methods and recognize when to apply them! Sign Convention (Section 6.1 in Mechanics of Materials) We define the sign convention for internal shear force and bending moment: Shear Force Bending Moment
Positive internal shear force tends to rotate the free-body diagram clockwise. Positive internal bending moment causes the beam to sag. Also known (informally) as the smile rule. Bending moment is drawn on the compression side of the member. Summary of Steps for Basic Method: 1) Determine the support reactions for the beam. 2) Specify an origin for a co-ordinate x along the length of the beam. 3) Section the beam with an imaginary cut at a distance x, and draw the free-body diagram. 4) Determine shear and bending moment as a function of x using equilibrium equations. 5) Repeat steps 3 and 4 for all regions between any two discontinuities of loading. 6) Draw, to scale, the functions on a sketch of the beam.
2-2
Basic Method Example Consider beam ABC from the example in Section 1.
D
Pin
1.0 m
B F
60 N/m C 0.5 m
0.5 m
0.5 m
0.5 m
Determine the axial force, shear force, and bending moment diagrams for the beam ABC.
2-3
2-4
Mathematical Relationship Between External Loading, Internal Shear, and Internal Bending The previous example shows that: 1) axial force (and shear force) diagrams change abruptly at the location of a concentrated axial force (or applied force); 2) for a region of a beam without external applied forces, the shear force has a constant value, and the bending moment is a function of x; [see section AB of the beam in the previous example] 3) for a region of the beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load (UDL), the shear force is a function of x, and the bending moment is a function of x2. [see section BC of the beam in the previous example]. In fact, we can prove that (see Section 6.2 of the textbook):
dV ( x) = w( x) dx i.e. the slope of the shear force diagram at x is equal to the negative of the value of the loading function at x; and, dM ( x) = V ( x) dx i.e. the slope of the moment diagram at x is equal to the value of the shear function at x. From Eq. 2-1 we have:
(2-1)
(2-2)
2-5
Graphically:
2-6
The following table, taken from your textbook, illustrates a number of common loading cases. It shows how shear and moment diagrams can be constructed on the basis of knowing the variation of the slope from the load and shear diagrams. Make sure that the relationships make sense, but you should not memorize the table!! You should always work from the basic relationships, Eqs. 2.1 to 2.4.
2-7
Graphical Method Example 1 Consider the cantilever beam subjected to the loading w(x). Draw the internal forces on a typical element of the beam, and hence derive the differential equations relating bending moments, shear forces, and applied loading, i.e. Eqs. 2-1, 2-2. Use these differential equations to draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following cases: (a) w(x) = 20 kN/m; (b) w(x) = 20x kN/m w(x) (add soln from Campbell notes)
2-8
2-9
35 kN/m
40 kN/m
1m
2m
3m
2-10
2-11
Finally, we end this section with a discussion of torque diagrams. These are usually simpler than shear and bending moment diagrams, and can be illustrated with the following example. Example Draw the torque diagram for the cantilever shaft shown. Determine the maximum torque in the shaft. 1m 1m 1m fixed end
5 kNm
7 kNm
12 kNm
2-12
2-13