Insect management in vegetable seed production field

Comparative Test of Some Tropical Indigenous Natural against Maize Grain Weevil (Sitophilus sp.; coleoptera) Under Storage in the Tropical Region of Nepal Y.P. Sah Introduction:
At present, one of the major concerns is the increasing demand of maize by agro-based industries. Maize is second most important crop of Nepal. There has been remarkable increased in area of production since the establishment of the Nepal Maize Development Program in 1972 to achieve food security. The corn area and production increase through the joint efforts of scientists, extension workers and farmers including national and international agencies and through the five-year Agriculture Prospective Cut Worms (Agrotis sp.) and White grubs, larvae of chafer beetles (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) cause damage to wide range of crops throughout the world {Neupane, 2033 and Joshi, et.al 1991.). This pest is reported from all maize cultivation districts of Nepal in different crops such as maize, cabbage, cauliflower, potato, etc. The Cut worms and white grub problem is serious for agronomical and horticultural crops respectively in the problem identification done through PRA tools in 8 OR sites of ARS, Pakhribas command area during 1999 (Shrestha, KP, 2000). The main genera found in Nepal are cut worms (Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon) and white grub Holotrichia, Melolontha and Phyllophaga (Joshi, 2051) Appropriate and effective control tactics was not done through use of tropical indigenous natural pesticides in the Nepal. Only concentrated on chemical insecticides the control of cutworms. The chemicals pesticides were health hazard to human and animal and create the environment pollution. Therefore, it is essential need to find out the effective and appropriate indigenous natural insecticides for the control of cutworms in the maize field. Nepal is a developing country. More than 90% of its population are engaged in subsistence agriculture and related activities. Its staple food is cereals, which contribute 52% to the national economy. One of the most important cereals is maize. Apart from being a staple food, it is emerging as an industrial crop. It is used for the production of oil, animal feed, glucose and many others. Baby corn for salad vegetable has an export potential in canned form. Moreover, the future demand for corn in Nepal is expected to grow by 4% per year over the next 20 years.

Abstract
The result of experiment showed that Neem cornel powder @ 20 gms found superior 31% maize grains were observed infested followed by Toria cake power @ 20 gm observed 36% infested after 9 months storage. The effectiveness was showed 68% and 64 % respectively as compared with control treatments observed 97% grain infested after 9 months of storage. The shade dry Neem leaf piece @ 20 gm was observed 41% grains infested and effectiveness was 58% as compared with control and occupied 3rd rank. The fourth rank was obtained by Neem cornel powder @ 10 gm observed 45% grain infested and showed 54% effective than control. The shade dry Bakaino leaf piece @ 20 gm, Toria cake power @ 10 gm, Neem cornel power @ 5 gm, Toria cake powder @ 5 gm also found effective up to 6 months and after 9 months storage its observed 50%, 53%, 56% and 59% grains infested respectively and the percentage of effectiveness was found 48, 46, 43 & 40% respectively as compared with control treatment. The check Celphos observed 13% grain infected, where as other check Bojo observed 22% grain infested after 9 months of storage. The

effectiveness of celphos and bojo showed 87 and 78% respectively as compared with control. The experiment result clearly indicated that tropical indigenous botanical materials are Neem cornel powder @ 20 gm, Toria cake powder @ 20 gm and shade dry Neem leaf piece @ 20 gm/kg of maize grain found effective to prevent damage by weevils up to 6 months and they are friendly to environment.

Materials and Methods:

A post harvest experiment was implemented under laboratory room on maize grain against corn grains weevil through used of tropical indigenous natural botanical materials. The treatments are Neem cornel powder @ 5, 10 and 20 gms/kg of maize grains (T1, T2 and T3), Toria seed cake powder @ 5, 10 and 20 gms/kg of maize grains (T4, T5 and T6), shade dry Neem leaf piece @ 20 gms/kg of maize grains (T7), shade dry Bakaino leaf piece @ 20 gms/ kg of maize grains (T8), for check Bojo Powder @ 5 gms/ kg of maize grains (T9), Celphos (Fumigant) as per recommended (T10) and control (T11). The experiment was conducted in CRD with three replications in year 2064/65 and 2065/66. The 10 liters capacity plastic buckets were used in experiment. The buckets were filled up with 5 kg insect and disease free Arun-2 yellow maize grains. The buckets were covered and shield with packing tape for prevent the weevils comes out from the buckets. The buckets were leveled with permanent marker pen. The initial data of the used maize grains were recorded such as germination %, 1000 grains weight, insect and disease infestation. The observation was continuously recording by using light penetrate box and magnifying lance. Initial observation: 1000 Grain weight : 316 gms Percentage of Insect damage : 0% Percentage of diseases damage : 0% Germination percentage : 88% Moisture percentage : 13.5%

Treatments:
Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Materials and dose Neem cornel powder @ 5gm/kg Neem cornel powder @ 10gm/kg Neem cornel powder @ 20gm/kg Toria seed cake powder @ 5gms/kg Toria seed cake powder @ 10 gms/kg Toria seed cake powder @ 20 gms/kg Neem leaf piece @ 20 gms/kg Bakaino leaf piece @ 20 gms/ kg Bojo Powder @ 5 gms/ kg

T10 T11

Celphos as per recommended (1/4 Tab) Control

Insesectdamagemaizegrainswereseperatedfromrandamlysamplegrainsbyusing lightboxandinsectdamagepercentcalculatedas:

No.ofinsectdamagegrains Perceninsectdamage= x100 Total No. of observed grains

Post harvest experiment implemented in store

Observation in Lab by trained manpower

Results:
The result of experiment showed that Neem cornel powder @ 20 gms found superior 31% maize grains were observed infested followed by Toria cake power @ 20 gm observed 36% infested after 9 months storage. The effectiveness was showed 68% and 64 % respectively as compared with control treatments observed 97% grain infested after 9 months of storage. The shade dry Neem leaf piece @ 20 gm was observed 41% grains infested and effectiveness was 58% as compared with control and occupied 3rd rank. The fourth rank was obtained by Neem cornel powder @ 10 gm observed 45% grain infested and showed 54% effective than control. The shade dry Bakaino leaf piece @ 20 gm, Toria cake power @ 10 gm, Neem cornel power @ 5 gm, Toria cake powder @ 5 gm also found effective up to 6 months and after 9 months storage its observed 50%, 53%, 56% and 59% grains infested respectively and the percentage of effectiveness was found 48, 46, 43 & 40% respectively as compared with control treatment. The check Celphos observed 13% grain infected, where as other check Bojo observed 22% grain infested after 9 months of storage. The effectiveness of celphos and bojo showed 87 and 78% respectively as compared with control. The experiment result clearly indicated that tropical indigenous botanical materials are Neem cornel powder @ 20 gm, Toria cake powder @ 20 gm and shade dry Neem leaf piece @ 20 gm/kg of maize grain found effective to prevent damage by weevils up to 6 months and they are friendly to environment. Table. : % of grains damaged by weevils after 9 months and % of effectiveness by used materials Treatments % of grain damage 2064/6 5 NCP@5g 54.91 2065/66 Average damage % % of effectiveness 2064/6 5 55.87 43 2065/6 6 42 42.5 7 Average effectiveness % Ranks

56.82

T1 NCP@10g T2 NCP@20g T3 TSCP@5g T4 TSCP@10g T5 TSCP@20g T6 NLP@20g T7 BLP@20g BP@5g T9 Celphos T10 Control T11 T8 46.36 43.64 45.00 52 55 53.5 4

32.18

29.74

30.96

67

69

68.0

57.57

59.62

58.60

40

39

39.5

51.91

54.44

53.18

46

45

45.5

34.76

36.44

35.60

64

63

63.5

39.47

42.16

40.82

59

57

58.0

49.52 26.22

51.38 18.26

50.45 22.24

48 73

48 82

48.0 77.5

5 Check

14.90

11.42

13.16

84

89

86.5

Check

95.89

98.46

97.18

contro l

* Percentage of damage and effectiveness compared with control treatment ANOVA Table Analysis of variance 2065/66 Source of Variance Degree of freedom 10 Sum of Squares Mean square Compute dF Tabular F 5% 16478.18 2 310 1647.818 116.949 2.30 1% 3.26

Treatment

Experimental Error

22

14.090

Total

32

16788.18 2

C.V. = 8.24 ** = Highly Significant at 1% level

Series 1. 1st year damage%, Series 2. 2nd year damage%, Series 3 both year average, Series 4 % effectiveness year1, Series 5 % effectiveness year2, Series 6 % effectiveness 2 year average,