General formula for Fourier series:

If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2l defined in the

interval c to c+2l then its Fourier series is
0
1 1
( )
2
n n
n n
a
n x n x
f x a Cos b Sin
l l
t t

= =
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
= + +


Where a
0
=
2
1
( )
c l
x c
f x dx
l
+
=
}
, a
n
=
2
1
( )
c l
x c
n x
f x Cos dx
l l
t
+
=
| |
|
\ .
}
,
b
n
=
2
1
( )
c l
x c
n x
f x Sin dx
l l
t
| |
|
|
\ .
+
=
}

And its Parsevals identity is
( )
2
2
2
2 2 0
1 1
1
2
c l
n n
x c
n n
a
a b f x dx
l
| |
|
\ .

+
=
= =
+ + =

}

Case-1: If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2l defined
in the interval 0 to 2l then its Fourier series is
0
1 1
( )
2
n n
n n
a
n x n x
f x a Cos b Sin
l l
t t
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

= =
= + +


Where a
0
=
2
0
1
( )
l
x
f x dx
l
=
}
, a
n
=
2
0
1
( )
l
x
n x
f x Cos dx
l l
t
| |
|
|
\ .
=
}
,
b
n
=
2
0
1
( )
l
x
n x
f x Sin dx
l l
t
| |
|
|
\ .
=
}

And its Parsevals identity is
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
0
0
1 1
1
2
l
n n
x
n n
a
a b f x dx
l

=
= =
+ + =

}


Case-2: If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2l defined
in the interval -l to +l then its Fourier series is
0
1 1
( )
2
n n
n n
a
n x n x
f x a Cos b Sin
l l
t t

= =
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
= + +


Where a
0
=
1
( )
l
x l
f x dx
l
+
=
}
, a
n
=
1
( )
l
x l
n x
f x Cos dx
l l
t
| |
|
|
|
\ .
+
=
}
,
b
n
=
1
( )
l
x l
l
n x
f x Sin dx
l
t
| |
|
|
|
\ .
+
=
}

And its Parsevals identity is
2 2
2 2 0
1 1
1
2
l
n n
x l
n n
a
a b f x dx
l
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

+
=
= =
+ + =

}


Case-3: If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2l defined
in the interval -l to +l and f(x) is even function then its Fourier series is
0
1
( )
2
n
n
a n x
f x a Cos
l
t

=
| |
= +
|
\ .

Where a
0
=
0
2
( )
l
x
f x dx
l
+
=
}
, a
n
=
0
2
( )
l
x
n x
f x Cos dx
l l
t
+
=
| |
|
\ .
}
,
And its Parsevals identity is
( ) ( )
2
2
2
0
0
1
2
2
l
n
x
n
a
a f x dx
l

+
=
=
+ =

}


Note: We use same formula for half range Cosine series in (0, l)
Case-4: If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2l defined
in the interval -l to +l, and f(x) is odd function then its Fourier series is
1
( )
n
n
n x
f x b Sin
l
t

=
| |
=
|
\ .

Where b
n
=
0
2
( )
l
x
n x
f x Sin dx
l l
t
+
=
| |
|
\ .
}

And its Parsevals identity is
( ) ( )
2
2
0
1
2
l
n
x
n
b f x dx
l

+
=
=
=

}

Note: We use same formula for half range Sine series in (0, l)
Case-5: If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2defined
in the interval 0 to 2 then its Fourier series is
( ) ( )
0
1 1
( )
2
n n
n n
a
f x a Cos nx b Sin nx

= =
= + +


Where a
0
=
2
0
1
( )
x
f x dx
t
t
=
}
, a
n
=
( )
2
0
1
( )
x
f x Cos nx dx
t
t
=
}
,
b
n
=
( )
2
0
1
( )
x
f x Sin nx dx
t
t
=
}

And its Parsevals identity is
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
0
0
1 1
1
2
n n
x
n n
a
a b f x dx
t
t

=
= =
+ + =

}


Case-6: If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2defined
in the interval - to then its Fourier series is
( ) ( )
0
1 1
( )
2
n n
n n
a
f x a Cos nx b Sin nx

= =
= + +


Where a
0
=
1
( )
x
f x dx
t
t
t
=
}
, a
n
=
( )
1
( )
x
f x Cos nx dx
t
t
t
=
}
,
b
n
=
( )
1
( )
x
f x Sin nx dx
t
t
t
=
}

And its Parsevals identity is
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
0
1 1
1
2
n n
x
n n
a
a b f x dx
t
t
t

+
=
= =
+ + =

}

Case-7: If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2defined
in the interval - to and f(x) is even function then its Fourier series is
( )
0
1
( )
2
n
n
a
f x a Cos nx

=
= +

Where a
0
=
0
2
( )
x
f x dx
t
t
=
}
, a
n
=
( )
0
2
( )
x
f x Cos nx dx
t
t
=
}
,
And its Parsevals identity is
( ) ( )
2
2
2
0
0
1
2
2
n
x
n
a
a f x dx
t
t

=
=
+ =

}

Note: We use same formula for half range Cosine series in (0, )


Case-8: If the function f(x) is a periodic function with period 2defined
in the interval - to and f(x) odd function then its Fourier series is
( )
1
( )
n
n
f x b Sin nx

=
=

Where b
n
=
( )
0
2
( )
x
f x Sin nx dx
t
t
=
}

And its Parsevals identity is
( ) ( )
2
2
0
1
2
n
x
n
b f x dx
t
t

=
=
=

}

Note: We use same formula for half range Sine series in (0, )
Complex form of Fourier series:
If the function f(x) is defined in the interval (c to c+2l). Then the
complex form of the Fourier series is
f(x) =
in x
l
n
n
A e
t
| |
+
|
\ .
=

,where A
n
2
1
( )
2
in x
c l
l
x c
f x e dx
l
t
| | +
|
\ .
=
}

Case-1:-If the function f(x) is defined in the interval (0 to 2l). Then the
complex form of the Fourier series is
f(x)=
in x
l
n
n
A e
t
| |
+
|
\ .
=

, where A
n
=
2
0
1
( )
2
in x
l
l
x
f x e dx
l
t
| |
|
\ .
=
}



Case-2:-If the function f(x) is defined in the interval (-l to +l). Then the
complex form of the Fourier series is
f(x)=
in x
l
n
n
A e
t
| |
+
|
\ .
=

, where A
n
=
1
( )
2
in x
l
l
x l
f x e dx
l
t
| | +
|
\ .
=
}

Case-3:-If the function f(x) is defined in the interval (0 to 2). Then the
complex form of the Fourier series is
f(x)=
( )
inx
n
n
A e
+
=

, where A
n
=
( )
2
0
1
( )
2
inx
x
f x e dx
t
t

=
}


Case-4:-If the function f(x) is defined in the interval (- to +). Then the
complex form of the Fourier series is
f(x)=
( )
inx
n
n
A e
+
=

, where A
n
=
( )
1
( )
2
inx
x
f x e dx
t
t
t
+

=
}








Fourier transform and Fourier integral:
1) If the function f(x) is integrable in (- +) then
F()=
1
( )
2
i u
e f u du

t
+

}
is Fourier transform and
f(x)=
1
( )
2
i x
e F d

t
+

=
}
is inverse Fourier
transform and
f(x)=
1 1
[ ( ) ]
2 2
i u i x
u
e f u du e d

t t
+ +

= =
} }

is called Fourier integral
Case-1:If f(x) is even then
F()=
( )
0
2
( )
u
f u Cos u du
t

=
}
is Fourier transform and
f(x)=
( ) ( )
0
2
F Cos x d

t

=
}
is inverse fourier
transform and

f (x)=
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
2 2
u
f u Cos u du Cos x d

t t

= =
(
(
(

} }

is called Fourier integral
Case-1: If f(x) is odd then
F()=
( )
0
2
( )
u
f u Sin u du
t

=
}
is called Fourier transform
and
F(x)=
( ) ( )
0
2
F Sin x d

t

=
}
is called inverse
Fourier transform and f(x)=
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
2 2
u
f u Sin u du Sin x d

t t

= =
(
(

} }

Fourier integral
Case-3:Fourier Cosine transform is
F
c
()=
( )
0
2
( )
c
u
f u Cos u du
t

=
}

And Inverse cosine transform is

f(x)=
( ) ( )
0
2
c
F Cos x d

t

=
}

And f(x)=
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
2 2
c
u
f u Cos u du Cos x d

t t

= =
(
(

} }

is called Fourier cosine integral
Case-4:
Fourier sine transform is F
s
()=
( )
0
2
( )
s
u
f u Sin u du
t

=
}

And Inverse sine transform is f(x)=
( ) ( )
0
2
s
F Sin x d

t

=
}

And f(x)=
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
2 2
s
u
f u Sin u du Sin x d

t t

= =
(
(

} }
is
called Fourier sine integral