Hagmayr et al.

(2007) investigated the finance-growth nexus in four emerging economies of Southeastern Europe for the period 1995-2005 and found a positive and significant effect of bond markets and the capital stock on growth. Winkler (2009) reviews the process of rapid financial deepening and the associated

vulnerability and risks for the Southeastern European countries. He argues that the strategy of pursuing financial development through the entry of foreign banks does not guarantee financial stabilityIndicators

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Browse 298 featured indicators from the World Bank's most popular dataset, World Development Indicators (WDI), below. The WDI includes data for 216 economies spanning from 1960 to 2011. Browse 1000+ WDI indicators from the "All Indicators" list below. Please visit the World DataBank to access 7000+ indicators from additional datasets.

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Agriculture & Rural Development

Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land) Agricultural land (% of land area) Agricultural machinery, tractors per 100 sq. km of arable land Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) Agriculture value added per worker (constant 2000 US$) Arable land (hectares per person) Arable land (% of land area) Forest area (% of land area) Forest area (sq. km) Improved water source, rural (% of rural population with access) Land area (sq. km) Land under cereal production (hectares) Livestock production index (1999-2001 = 100) Permanent cropland (% of land area)

Cereal yield (kg per hectare) Crop production index (1999-2001 = 100) Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land) Food production index (1999-2001 = 100)

Poverty gap at rural poverty line (%) Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line (% of rural population) Rural population Rural population (% of total population)

Aid Effectiveness
CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) Net ODA received per capita (current US$) Contraceptive prevalence (% of Net official development assistance and official aid women ages 15-49) received (current US$) Improved sanitation facilities (% of Net official development assistance received population with access) (current US$) Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 Population, female (% of total) people) Income share held by lowest 20% Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%) Life expectancy at birth, female Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15(years) 49) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age Life expectancy at birth, male (years) group) Malnutrition prevalence, weight for Proportion of seats held by women in national age (% of children under 5) parliaments (%) Maternal mortality ratio (modeled Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary estimate, per 100,000 live births) education (%) Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 Share of women employed in the nonagricultural people) sector (% of total nonagricultural employment) Teenage mothers (% of women ages 15-19 who Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) have had children or are currently pregnant) Vulnerable employment, total (% of total Net migration employment) Net ODA received (% of GNI)

Climate Change
Access to electricity (% of population) Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land) Agricultural land (% of land area) Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion cubic meters) Investment in energy with private participation (current US$) Investment in telecoms with private participation (current US$) Investment in transport with private participation (current US$) Investment in water and sanitation with private participation (current US$) Land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area)

Cereal yield (kg per hectare) CO2 emissions (kt) CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) CPIA public sector management and institutions cluster average (1=low to 6=high) Ease of doing business index (1=most business-friendly regulations) Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) Energy use (kt of oil equivalent) Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) Forest area (% of land area) Forest area (sq. km) GDP (current US$)

Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5) Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) Nitrous oxide emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent) Notified cases of malaria (per 100,000 people) Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent) Population growth (annual %) Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million (% of total population) Population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population) Population, total Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)

GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) Improved sanitation facilities (% of Roads, paved (% of total roads) population with access) Improved water source, rural (% of rural Urban population population with access) Improved water source, urban (% of urban Urban population (% of total) population with access)

Economic Policy & External Debt

Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP) Central government debt, total (% of GDP) Current account balance (BoP, current US$) Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) External debt stocks, private nonguaranteed (PNG) (DOD, current US$) External debt stocks, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) (DOD, current US$) External debt stocks, short-term (DOD, current US$) External debt stocks, total (DOD, current US$) IBRD loans and IDA credits (DOD, current US$) Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) Industry, value added (% of GDP) Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) Net ODA received (% of GNI) Net ODA received per capita (current US$) Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$) Net official development assistance received (current US$)

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) GDP (current US$)

Portfolio equity, net inflows (BoP, current US$) Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP) Royalty and license fees, payments (BoP, GDP growth (annual %) current US$) Royalty and license fees, receipts (BoP, GDP per capita (current US$) current US$) GNI, Atlas method (current US$) Services, etc., value added (% of GDP) Total debt service (% of exports of goods, GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) services and income) GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) GNI, PPP (current international $) Trade in services (% of GDP) Gross capital formation (% of GDP) Use of IMF credit (DOD, current US$) Workers' remittances and compensation of Gross savings (% of GDP) employees, received (current US$)

Education
Children out of school, primary, female Progression to secondary school, male (%) Children out of school, primary, male Public spending on education, total (% of GDP) Expenditure per student, primary (% of Public spending on education, total (% of GDP per capita) government expenditure) Expenditure per student, secondary (% of Pupil-teacher ratio, primary GDP per capita) Expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP Ratio of female to male primary enrollment (%) per capita) Gross intake rate in grade 1, female (% of Ratio of female to male secondary enrollment relevant age group) (%) Gross intake rate in grade 1, male (% of Ratio of female to male tertiary enrollment (%) relevant age group) Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary 15 and above) education (%) Literacy rate, youth female (% of females Repeaters, primary, female (% of female ages 15-24) enrollment) Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages Repeaters, primary, male (% of male 15-24) enrollment) Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages School enrollment, preprimary (% gross) 15-24) Persistence to last grade of primary, female School enrollment, primary (% gross) (% of cohort) Persistence to last grade of primary, male School enrollment, primary (% net) (% of cohort) Primary completion rate, female (% of School enrollment, secondary (% gross) relevant age group) Primary completion rate, male (% of School enrollment, secondary (% net) relevant age group) Primary completion rate, total (% of School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)

relevant age group) Progression to secondary school, female (%)

Trained teachers in primary education (% of total teachers)

Energy & Mining

Alternative and nuclear energy (% of Energy use (kt of oil equivalent) total energy use) Combustible renewables and waste (% Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) of total energy) GDP per unit of energy use (constant 2005 PPP $ Energy imports, net (% of energy use) per kg of oil equivalent) Energy production (kt of oil equivalent) Pump price for diesel fuel (US$ per liter) Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per Pump price for gasoline (US$ per liter) capita)

Environment
Access to electricity (% of population) Agricultural methane emissions (% of total) Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions (% of total) CO2 emissions (kt) CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) Fish species, threatened Forest area (% of land area) Forest area (sq. km) GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum) Land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area) Mammal species, threatened Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters) Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) Nitrous oxide emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent) Organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions (kg per day) Organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions (kg per day per worker) Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent) Plant species (higher), threatened Population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population) Water pollution, chemical industry (% of total BOD emissions) Water pollution, clay and glass industry (% of total BOD emissions) Water pollution, food industry (% of total BOD emissions) Water pollution, metal industry (% of total BOD emissions) Water pollution, other industry (% of total BOD emissions) Water pollution, paper and pulp industry (% of total BOD emissions) Water pollution, textile industry (% of total BOD emissions) Water pollution, wood industry (% of total BOD emissions)

Financial Sector
Bank capital to assets ratio (%) Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) Claims on central government (annual growth as % of broad money) Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy (annual growth as % of broad money) Credit depth of information index (0=low to 6=high) Deposit interest rate (%) Domestic credit provided by banking sector (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) Interest rate spread (lending rate minus deposit rate, %) International migrant stock, total Lending interest rate (%) Listed domestic companies, total Market capitalization of listed companies (current US$) Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP) Money and quasi money growth (annual %) Net migration Portfolio equity, net inflows (BoP, current US$) Private credit bureau coverage (% of adults) Public credit registry coverage (% of adults) Real interest rate (%) Risk premium on lending (prime rate minus treasury bill rate, %) S&P Global Equity Indices (annual % change) Stocks traded, total value (% of GDP) Stocks traded, turnover ratio (%) Strength of legal rights index (0=weak to 10=strong) Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (current US$)

Gender
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) Children out of school, primary, female Children out of school, primary, male Long-term unemployment, female (% of female unemployment) Long-term unemployment, male (% of male unemployment) Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) Persistence to last grade of primary, female (% of cohort) Persistence to last grade of primary, male (% of cohort)

Contraceptive prevalence (% of women ages 15-49) Economically active children, female (% of Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%) female children ages 7-14) Economically active children, male (% of male Prevalence of HIV, female (% ages 15-24) children ages 7-14) Economically active children, study and work, female (% of female economically active Prevalence of HIV, male (% ages 15-24) children, ages 7-14)

Economically active children, study and work, male (% of male economically active children, ages 7-14) Economically active children, work only, female (% of female economically active children, ages 7-14) Economically active children, work only, male (% of male economically active children, ages 7-14) Employees, agriculture, female (% of female employment) Employees, agriculture, male (% of male employment) Employees, industry, female (% of female employment) Employees, industry, male (% of male employment) Employees, services, female (% of female employment) Employees, services, male (% of male employment)

Primary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group) Primary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group) Progression to secondary school, female (%) Progression to secondary school, male (%)

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) Ratio of female to male primary enrollment (%) Ratio of female to male secondary enrollment (%) Ratio of female to male tertiary enrollment (%) Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%) Repeaters, primary, female (% of female Fertility rate, total (births per woman) enrollment) Gross intake rate in grade 1, female (% of Repeaters, primary, male (% of male relevant age group) enrollment) Share of women employed in the Gross intake rate in grade 1, male (% of nonagricultural sector (% of total relevant age group) nonagricultural employment) Teenage mothers (% of women ages 15-19 Labor participation rate, female (% of female who have had children or are currently population ages 15+) pregnant) Labor participation rate, male (% of male Unemployment, female (% of female labor population ages 15+) force) Labor participation rate, total (% of total Unemployment, male (% of male labor population ages 15+) force) Unemployment, youth female (% of female Life expectancy at birth, female (years) labor force ages 15-24) Unemployment, youth male (% of male Life expectancy at birth, male (years) labor force ages 15-24) Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages Vulnerable employment, female (% of 15-24) female employment) Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15- Vulnerable employment, male (% of male 24) employment)

Health
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of women ages 15-19) children under 5)

Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)

Births attended by skilled health staff (% Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) of total) Contraceptive prevalence (% of women Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) ages 15-49) Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) Notified cases of malaria (per 100,000 people) Out-of-pocket health expenditure (% of private Fertility rate, total (births per woman) expenditure on health) Health expenditure per capita (current Population ages 0-14 (% of total) US$) Health expenditure, public (% of total Population ages 15-64 (% of total) health expenditure) Health expenditure, total (% of GDP) Population ages 65 and above (% of total) Immunization, DPT (% of children ages Population, female (% of total) 12-23 months) Immunization, measles (% of children Population growth (annual %) ages 12-23 months) Improved sanitation facilities (% of Population, total population with access) Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%) of urban population with access) Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 Prevalence of HIV, female (% ages 15-24) people) Life expectancy at birth, female (years) Prevalence of HIV, male (% ages 15-24) Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages Life expectancy at birth, male (years) 15-49) Teenage mothers (% of women ages 15-19 who Life expectancy at birth, total (years) have had children or are currently pregnant) Malnutrition prevalence, height for age Unmet need for contraception (% of married (% of children under 5) women ages 15-49)

Infrastructure
Air transport, registered carrier departures Internet users (per 100 people) worldwide Annual freshwater withdrawals, agriculture (% Mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers of total freshwater withdrawal) (per 100 people) Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 total freshwater withdrawal) people) Annual freshwater withdrawals, industry (% of Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people) total freshwater withdrawal) Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion Passenger cars (per 1,000 people) cubic meters) Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent Rail lines (total route-km) units) Daily newspapers (per 1,000 people) Renewable internal freshwater resources

per capita (cubic meters) Renewable internal freshwater resources, Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) total (billion cubic meters) Fixed broadband Internet subscribers (per 100 Road sector diesel fuel consumption per people) capita (kt of oil equivalent) Road sector energy consumption (% of total ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports) energy consumption) Road sector gasoline fuel consumption per ICT goods imports (% total goods imports) capita (kt of oil equivalent) ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP) Roads, paved (% of total roads) Improved water source, rural (% of rural Secure Internet servers (per 1 million population with access) people) Improved water source, urban (% of urban Vehicles (per km of road) population with access) Internet users

Labor & Social Protection

Employees, agriculture, female (% of female employment) Employees, agriculture, male (% of male employment) Employees, industry, female (% of female employment) Employees, industry, male (% of male employment) Employees, services, female (% of female employment) Employees, services, male (% of male employment) Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) GDP per person employed (constant 1990 PPP $) Labor participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) Long-term unemployment, female (% of female unemployment) Long-term unemployment, male (% of male unemployment) Long-term unemployment (% of total unemployment) Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) Unemployment, total (% of total labor force)

Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24) Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24) Vulnerable employment, female (% of female Labor force, total employment) Labor participation rate, female (% of female Vulnerable employment, male (% of male population ages 15+) employment) Labor participation rate, male (% of male Vulnerable employment, total (% of total population ages 15+) employment)

Poverty
Income share held by fourth 20% Poverty gap at national poverty line (%)

Income share held by highest 10% Income share held by highest 20% Income share held by lowest 10% Income share held by lowest 20% Income share held by second 20%

Poverty gap at rural poverty line (%) Poverty gap at urban poverty line (%)

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population) Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) (% of population) Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line (% of rural Income share held by third 20% population) Poverty gap at $1.25 a day Poverty headcount ratio at urban poverty line (% of urban (PPP) (%) population) Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) (%)

Private Sector
Average number of times firms spent in meetings with tax officials Documents to export (number) Documents to import (number) Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) Ease of doing business index (1=most businessfriendly regulations) Export value index (2000 = 100) ISO certification ownership (% of firms) Lead time to export, median case (days) Lead time to import, median case (days) Logistics performance index: Overall (1=low to 5=high) Merchandise trade (% of GDP)

Net barter terms of trade index (2000 = 100) Export volume index (2000 = 100) New businesses registered (number) Firms using banks to finance investment (% of Start-up procedures to register a firms) business (number) Import value index (2000 = 100) Tax payments (number) Import volume index (2000 = 100) Time required to start a business (days) Informal payments to public officials (% of firms) Time to prepare and pay taxes (hours) Investment in energy with private participation Time to resolve insolvency (years) (current US$) Investment in telecoms with private participation Total tax rate (% of commercial profits) (current US$) Investment in transport with private participation Trade in services (% of GDP) (current US$) Investment in water and sanitation with private Value lost due to electrical outages (% participation (current US$) of sales)

Public Sector
Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP) Military expenditure (% of central

Central government debt, total (% of GDP) CPIA economic management cluster average (1=low to 6=high) CPIA policies for social inclusion/equity cluster average (1=low to 6=high) CPIA public sector management and institutions cluster average (1=low to 6=high) CPIA structural policies cluster average (1=low to 6=high) Expense (% of GDP) IDA resource allocation index (1=low to 6=high)

government expenditure) Military expenditure (% of GDP) Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP) Tax payments (number) Tax revenue (% of GDP) Time to prepare and pay taxes (hours) Total tax rate (% of commercial profits)

Science & Technology

Royalty and license fees, payments (BoP, current US$) High-technology exports (% of manufactured Royalty and license fees, receipts (BoP, exports) current US$) Patent applications, nonresidents Scientific and technical journal articles Patent applications, residents Technicians in R&D (per million people) Research and development expenditure (% of Trademark applications, direct nonresident GDP) Researchers in R&D (per million people) Trademark applications, direct resident High-technology exports (current US$)

Social Development
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 Prevalence of HIV, male (% ages 15-24) women ages 15-19) Economically active children, female (% of Proportion of seats held by women in female children ages 7-14) national parliaments (%) Economically active children, male (% of male Ratio of female to male primary enrollment children ages 7-14) (%) Economically active children, study and work, Ratio of female to male secondary female (% of female economically active enrollment (%) children, ages 7-14) Economically active children, study and work, Ratio of female to male tertiary enrollment male (% of male economically active children, (%) ages 7-14) Economically active children, total (% of Ratio of girls to boys in primary and children ages 7-14) secondary education (%) Economically active children, work only, Refugee population by country or territory female (% of female economically active of asylum children, ages 7-14) Economically active children, work only, male Refugee population by country or territory (% of male economically active children, ages of origin

7-14) Share of women employed in the Labor participation rate, female (% of female nonagricultural sector (% of total population ages 15+) nonagricultural employment) Labor participation rate, male (% of male Unemployment, female (% of female labor population ages 15+) force) Unemployment, male (% of male labor Life expectancy at birth, female (years) force) Vulnerable employment, female (% of Life expectancy at birth, male (years) female employment) Vulnerable employment, male (% of male Prevalence of HIV, female (% ages 15-24) employment)

Urban Development
Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban Pump price for diesel fuel (US$ per liter) population with access) Improved water source, urban (% of urban Pump price for gasoline (US$ per liter) population with access) Road sector diesel fuel consumption per Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people) capita (kt of oil equivalent) Road sector energy consumption (% of Passenger cars (per 1,000 people) total energy consumption) PM10, country level (micrograms per cubic Road sector gasoline fuel consumption per meter) capita (kt of oil equivalent) Population in the largest city (% of urban Urban population population) Population in urban agglomerations of more than Urban population (% of total) 1 million (% of total population) Poverty gap at urban poverty line (%) Vehicles (per km of road) Poverty headcount ratio at urban poverty line (% of urban population)

Topics
Agriculture & Rural Development Aid Effectiveness Climate Change Economic Policy & External Debt Education Energy & Mining Environment Financial Sector Gender Health Infrastructure Labor & Social Protection Poverty Private Sector Public Sector Science & Technology Social Development Urban Development

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