Fundamental/base quantities Quantity Length Mass Thermodynamic Temperature Time Amount of substance Luminous intensity Electric current Physical

Quantities Quantity Force Pressure Work Power Frequency Current Voltage Resistance Orders of Magnitude Order 10 10 10 10 10 Notation (prex) Tera (T) Giga (G) Mega (M) Kilo (k) Hecta (h) 10 10 10 10 10 Order Notation (prex) Pico (p) Nano (n) Micro () Mili (m) Centi (c) SI Unit (symbol) SI Unit (symbol)

Order 10 Density:

Notation (prex) Deca (da) 10 SI Unit:

Order

Notation (prex) Deci (d)

Know: fundamental vs derived units random error vs systematic error (how to reduce/eliminate) accuracy vs precision

Physical properties used to measure temperature: Fixed points Celsius scale: ice point & steam point Kelvin scale: absolute zero & triple point of water relation between physical property (L) and temp. if it varies LINEARLY with temp.

L L =
Mode Conduction Convection Radiation Factors that affect the rate of radiation: emitters goodpoor reectors poorgood absorbers goodpoor (radiators) Description

dull black shiny black white silvery

Matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant random motion. Phase Molecular arrangement Intermolecular separation Intermolecular forces Motion of molecules Intermolecular separation when heated Motion of particles (when heated) Internal energy: sum of random kinetic and potential energy of molecules in a substance Phase affects potential energy of molecules; Temperature affects kinetic energy of molecules Pressure: SI unit: Solid Liquid Gas

Pressure law the pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature [PRESSURE INCREASES PROPORTIONALLY WITH TEMPERATURE] Charles law for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the absolute temp. (in K) [VOLUME INCREASES PROPORTIONALLY WITH TEMPERATURE] Boyles law For a xed amount of an ideal gas kept at a xed temperature, P [pressure] and V [volume] are inversely proportional (while one doubles, the other halves).

P V T = PV T

[PRESSURE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO VOLUME]

Thermal Capacity (heat capacity) : The energy needed to raise the temp. of an object by a unit temp. without a change in phase SI Unit: JK

C = Q (Q is heat energy)

Specic heat capacity: the energy needed to raise the temp. of a unit mass of a substance by a unit temp. without a change in phase SI Unit: JK kg

c = Q

Q = mc (Q) power x time

Know: boiling vs evaporating Factors affecting rate of evaporation: Temperature Surface area Humidity Motion of air Volatility (how easy it evaporates) External Pressure

Latent heat : energy needed to change phase of a substance without a change in temp. Specic latent heat : energy needed to change the phase of a unit mass of a substance without a change in temperature SI Unit: J kg

l=Qm

Know: specic latent heat of temp. vs specic latent heat of fusion

Power = energy time

Vector quantities : magnitude & direction Scalar quantities : magnitude only Scalar quantities mass pressure temperature distance speed energy volt resistance current time Vector quantities displacement velocity acceleration force weight moment

Distance : total length of travel irrespective to the direction of the motion SI Unit: m Displacement : the shortest dist. measured from a xed point in a given direction SI Unit: m Speed : rate of change of distance SI Unit: ms

Speed = distance travelled time taken

Velocity (v) : rate of change of displacement per unit time SI Unit : ms

v = displacement time taken Average speed = total dist. total time

Acceleration : change in velocity in unit time SI Unit: ms

a = nal v - initial v (v) time

positive & negative signs for vectors rep. direction

On a graph: Displacement
area

Velocity
gradient

Acceleration

Free fall : free fall is the object falling under the inuence of gravity with the absence of air resistance (acceleration is 9.81ms, downwards) Terminal velocity : constant speed a falling object attains towards the end of its fall

Mass : the amount of matter and a measure of inertia Weight : gravitational force acting on the mass

w = m x g (g = 9.81 ms)
Newtons 1st law of motion: an object will remain at rest or at constant speed in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it