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Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Time/Place:
Office Hours: E-mail/call for appointment. Course Text: Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design By: Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, and William P. Robbins, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. Reference: Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications By: M. H. Rashid, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2004, ISBN 0-13-101140-5
Voltage-Control Devices
Current-Control Devices
Controllable
Half Controllable
Short Circuit
OFF State:
Open Circuit
Power Diode
Power Diode is the simplest, uncontrollable power electronic switch. Power diode is forward biased (ON) when its current is positive and reverse biased (OFF) when its voltage is negative.
A Anode
Cathode
Thyristor
A
Anode
Thyristor is a controllable three-terminal device. If a current pulse is applied to its gate, thyristor can be turned on and conduct current from its anode to cathode, provided a positive anode-tocathode voltage exists. However, in order to turn a thyristor on, gate current must be above a minimum value called IGT. After Thyristor turns on, if its current, i.e., anode to cathode, reaches above a minimum value called latching current (IL), the gate current is no longer required. Thyristor will continue to conduct until its current becomes less than a minimum value called holding current (IH).
Gate G
Cathode
Thyristor
MT1
MT2
Gate G MT1
Power Transistors
C
Collector
Power Transistors have the characteristics of conventional transistors. However, they have the capability of conducting higher collector current. They have also higher breakdown voltage (VCEO). Power transistors are designed for high current, high voltage, and high power applications. They are usually operated either in the fully on or fully off state.
Base B
Emitter
Power MOSFETs
Power MOSFETs are voltage-controlled devices. They are usually N-channel and of the enhancement type. Most of power MOSFETs are off when VGS <2v and are on when VGS >4v. When a power MOSFET is on, there is a small resistance, i.e., less than 1, between drain and source and when it is off, there is a large resistance (almost open circuit) between drain and source.
D Drain
Gate G
Source
Gate G
Emitter
Overvoltage Capacitor
Phase A
Main objectives: To keep the loss in the switch as well as the other components as low as possible. Reduce the parasitic effects and physical size as much as possible.
MCT
600 V, 600 A
Low voltage, low power : Medium power level: High voltage, high power:
SCR
Power Electronics
Power electronics is the technology for conversion and processing of electric power and its applications. It provides the basis for a variety of new electrical circuit architectures that allow substantial improvements in performance and flexibility.
AC/DC DC/DC Converters DC/AC AC/AC The objective of a converter is to match the voltage and current requirements of the load to the source. They convert one type or level of a voltage or current waveform to another.
AC/DC Rectifiers
AC/DC converters employing Thyristors with phase control and line commutation have been used widely to convert AC to DC power for applications like DC drives, electrochemical processes, etc. In order to alleviate the problems of low frequency harmonics generated by the line commutated converters, PWM type converters are being used in several applications. PWM rectifiers have an advantage that the input line side power factor can be set at desired value (leading, unity power factor, or lagging)
AC
AC/DC Rectifier
DC
AC/DC Rectifiers
io
iS
AC
T1
T2
R
VS
vo L
D2 D1
AC/DC Rectifiers
D1
AC
D3
D5
ia
AC
vd
Id
AC
D4
D6
D2
AC/AC Converters
AC voltage controllers and cycloconverters. Due to phase control, they have problems related to harmonics and VARs. Directly converts power in a largefrequency range. The line-side power factor can be programmed to be near unity for all loads. Main drawback is non-availability of cheap AC switches.
AC
AC/AC Converter
AC
DC/DC Converters
Converts unregulated DC to regulated DC and widely used in DC motor drives.
DC
DC/DC Converter
DC
DC/DC Converters
iin
S
iL
iL
+
id
L D
+ vD Vin
S
+ Vin vD D
+ Vo -
Vo -
iin
S1
io
D1
S1
D3
S3
io
Vin
+ v -
+ V in
D1 S2
Vo D4 S4
Vo
D2 S2
Type B Two-Quadrant
Four-Quadrant
DC/AC Inverters
Convert power from DC to variable voltage variable frequency AC used in AC drives, induction heating, etc.
PWM voltage source inverters with front-end diode rectifiers are most commonly used. Main applications are Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD).
DC
DC/AC Inverters
AC
id
TA+
DA+
TB+
DB+
A Vd B
io vo
TA-
DAN
TB-
DB-
DC/AC Inverters
id TA+ DA+ Vd 2 TB+ DB+ TC+ DC+
Vd
Vd 2
TADA-
TBDB-
TCDC-
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
Circuit Theory Systems and Control Theory Semiconductor Devices Simulation and computing Programming Power Transfer Systems Signal Processing Electronics Electromagnetics
MICROCOMPUTERS
CONVERTER CIRCUITS
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Source #1 Source #2
Load #1
Load #2
Source #N
Load #M
Generation
Utilization
Transportation: trains and locomotives, electric and hybrid electric buses, magnetic levitation.
Commercial: electronic ballasts, light dimmers, hand power tools, personal computers, battery chargers, electric fans. Medical: fitness machines, laser power supplies, medical instrumentation. Industrial: movers, machine tools, induction heating, elevators, timers, pumps and compressors, printing press machinery, dryers, contactors and circuit breakers, modern industrial automation systems. Other applications: robotics, computerized control systems, active filters, converters for integrated circuits, fuel cells, adjustable speed drives, industrial automation systems.
Vs
Motor L
Pumps, Blowers, and Compressors Rolling and Cement Mills Paper and Textile Mills
Variable Speed AC/Heat Pumps Hydro/Pump Storage Variable Speed Wind Generation
Automotive
Aerospace
DC
AC
Commutator
Homopolar
Synchronous
Induction
Wound Field
PM
Brushless DC
Sine Wave
Step
Hysteresis
Reluctance
1-phase
3-phase
Series
Shunt
Compound
Separately Excited
PM
Wound Field
Switched Reluctance
Synchronous Reluctance
Surface-mounted
Interior-mounted
PM
Hybrid
Variable Reluctance
Wound Rotor
Squirrel Cage
Cf2
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Buck-Boost converter of a 6/4 SRM Classical two-switch per phase converter of a 6/4 SRM
Phase I Phase II Phase III
L C
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
S1
S3
S5
a Vd b c 3-Phase BLDC
S4
S6
S2